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GUERNSEY, 1814-1914: MIGRATION IN A MODERNISING SOCIETY Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Rose-Marie Anne Crossan Centre for English Local History University of Leicester March, 2005 UMI Number: U594527 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U594527 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 GUERNSEY, 1814-1914: MIGRATION IN A MODERNISING SOCIETY ROSE-MARIE ANNE CROSSAN Centre for English Local History University of Leicester March 2005 ABSTRACT Guernsey is a densely populated island lying 27 miles off the Normandy coast. In 1814 it remained largely French-speaking, though it had been politically British for 600 years. The island's only town, St Peter Port (which in 1814 accommodated over half the population) had during the previous century developed a thriving commercial sector with strong links to England, whose cultural influence it began to absorb. The rural hinterland was, by contrast, characterised by a traditional autarkic regime more redolent of pre­ industrial France. By 1914, the population had doubled, but St Peter Port's share had fallen to 43 percent. The countryside had undergone an economic transformation, and subsistence farming was replaced by quarrying and commercial horticulture for export to Britain. The country parishes had become more open to the outside world, but their linguistic and cultural distinctiveness was eroded, and, in terms of anglicisation, they began to converge with the town. Non-Islanders never comprised less than 20 percent of the population 1841-1901. Most migrants came from England, with a late nineteenth-century influx from France. There was substantial rentier migration, but the majority of immigrants were artisans or labourers. English migrants formed the basis of an Anglo-Guemsey proletarian class which facilitated insular economic growth by fulfilling a demand for manpower which natives, more interested in landholding, were unable to satisfy. This class came to predominate within St Peter Port, and, to a lesser extent, the northern quarrying parishes. Prior to World War I, however, it remained virtually absent from the four purely rural south-western parishes. Anglicisation nevertheless took hold in these parishes, as it did elsewhere. Migrants should not therefore be seen as the primary cause of Guernsey's cultural and linguistic transformation, but as an aspect themselves of the wider process of economic modernisation and cultural homogenisation affecting Europe as a whole. Pre­ existing political links with Britain virtually guaranteed that such a process would result in Guernsey's cultural, as well as economic, integration with Britain. CONTENTS Introduction 1 The Changing Economy 11 Population Trends 31 Emigration and Immigration 45 Immigration: Who, Where From and When? 73 Relations with the Host Community 1.) Public and Administrative 124 Relations with the Host Community 2.) Communal and Individual 166 Changing Identities 209 Conclusion 246 Appendices 250 Bibliography 254 APPENDICES Number Page 1 Jurats, 1814-1914, with period of tenure 247 2 St Peter Port Constables, 1814-1914 249 FIGURES 1 Channel Isles and adjacent French and English coasts 1 2 Island of Guernsey, 1814 2 1.1 Guernsey parishes 15 1.2 Cutter 'Courier1, St Sampsons, 1876 20 1.3 Workforce, Longue Hougue quarry, St Sampsons, c. 1900 24 2.1 Population growth in 4 groups of parishes, 1821-1911 36 3.1 Bar chart comparing comparing immigration with emigration, 52 and proportions of native and non-native emigrants 3.2 Proportions of non-natives in parish populations, 1851 & 1901 58 3.3 Native and non-native age structures, 1851 63 3.4 Native and non-native age structures, 1901 63 4.1 Relative cohort sizes, 1841-1901 74 4.2 Comparison of birth counties in Town Church marriage register 77 and St Peter Port Register of Persons sent out of the Island 4.3 Guernsey's eighteenth-century sphere of influence 79 as a smugglers' supply base 4.4 South-West birthplaces, St Peter Port Register of Persons 80 sent out of the Island 4.5 New English arrivals, 1851-1901 81 4.6 New Irish arrivals, 1851-1901 91 4.7 Irish birth counties, St Peter Port Register of Persons 93 sent out of the Island 4.8 New Aldemey-bom arrivals, 1851 -1901 99 4.9 New Jersey-born arrivals, 1851-1901 100 4.10 Contract for Aberdonian quarrymen recruited for Herm, 1824 104 4.11 Norman birthplaces, 1830 migrants census of St Peter Port 106 4.12 French new arrivals, 1851-1901 108 4.13 Facsimile page, States Stranger Register, 1892-1914 111 4.14 Cotes-du-Nord birthplaces, States Stranger Register 114 4.15 French female stonecrackers, c. 1900 115 5.1 West coast children, 1870s 128 5.2 Clifton Steps, St Peter Port, 1890s 129 IV 5.3 St Peter Port Poor Law expenditure totals, 1858-1914 140 5.4 Stranger relief as a proportion of total St Peter Port 143 poor law spending over 5 decades, 1858-1907 5.5 Spending on removals as a proportion of St Peter Port 144 stranger expenditure over five quinquennia, 1861-85 5.6 Deportations from St Peter Port, 1843-79 150 5.7 Facsimile page, draft Bill to amend the laws relating to 159 removal of the poor from the Channel Islands 6.1 St Martins Douzaine, 1870s 171 6.2 Facsimile page, St Saviours marriage register, 1828 172 6.3 St Peter Port, residential districts 191 6.4 Vale and St Sampsons, showing semi-urban migrant 196 settlement area 7.1 Map of north-west France and Channel Islands, 1780 211 7.2 Family vinery, 1890s 231 v TABLES Number Page 1.1 Guernsey sailing fleet, 1807-1894 18 1.2 Granite exports, 1810-1913 22 2.1 Comparative offshore island population densities, 1821 32 2.2 Parishes ranked in order of population density, 1821 33 2.3 Population of minor western Channel ports, 1821 34 2.4 Guernsey population increase 1821-1911 35 2.5 Comparative population increase 1821-1911 36 2.6 Under-registration of births and deaths in Guernsey, 1841-1880 39 2.7 Crude birth and death rates in Guernsey, 1841-1911 41 2.8 Crude birth rates in England & Wales, Guernsey and France, 41 1841-1911 2.9 Crude death rates in England & Wales, Guernsey and France, 42 1841-1911 2.10 Natural and actual increase in Guernsey's population, 1821-1911 44 3.1 Net migration by decade, 1800-1911 46 3.2 Numbers of non-native males arriving per decade, 1841 -1901 50 3.3 Numbers of non-native females arriving per decade, 1841-1901 51 3.4 Gross migration flows by decade, 1841-1901 52 3.5 Distribution of non-natives in 1827 55 3.6 Non-natives as a percentage of Guernsey's total population, 56 1841-1901 3.7 Non-natives as a percentage of town population 56 and of non-natives island-wide, 1841-1901 3.8 Non-natives in the Vale, St Sampsons, St Andrews 57 and St Martins as a percentage of total parish populations and of non-natives island-wide, 1841-1901 3.9 Non-natives in Castel, St Saviours, St Peters, Torteval 57 and Forest as a percentage of total parish populations and non-natives island-wide, 1841-1901 3.10 Composition of combined Vale and St Sampsons population, 59 1851-1901 3.11 Comparative sex ratios, 1841-1901 61 3.12 Occupations of all Bailiwick males ranked by sector, 1851-1901 65 3.13 Occupations of non-native males ranked by sector, 1851-1901 65 3.14 Non-native males aged ten and over by social class, 1841-1901 69 4.1 Non-Guernsey birthplaces, censuses 1841-1901 73 4.2 English deportees by county, St Peter Port removals register, 75 1842-1880 4.3 English spouses by county of origin, Town Church marriages, 76 1700-1814 4.4 Distribution of English immigrants by parish, 1841 -1901 82 4.5 English adult male new arrivals by social class, 1851-1901 82 4.6 Irish deportees by county, St Peter Port removals register, 93 1842-80 4.7 Civilian non-natives in Alderney ranked by place of origin, 97 1851-71 4.8 Distribution of French immigrants by parish, 1841 -1901 109 5.1 Ratepayers as a proportion of parish populations, 1836 and 1905 137 5.2 Parish poor rates, 1879 138 6.1 Results of 1893 religious census of Guernsey 176 6.2 Percentage of household heads by district and by social class, 192 St Peter Port, 1851 & 1901 6.3 Non-natives aged 20 and over as a percentage of all over-20s, 192 St Peter Port districts, 1851 & 1901 6.4 National groups (adults aged 20 and over) as a percentage of all 193 non-natives aged 20 and over, St Peter Port districts, 1851 & 1901 6.5 Percentages of co-resident spouses in 3 sets of parishes and 3 199 different birthplace combinations, 1851 & 1901 6.6 Percentages of co-resident spouses in virilocal and uxorilocal 200 unions in 3 sets of parishes, 1851 & 1901 6.7 Percentages of non-native males aged 20+ married to native 201 females, and non-native females aged 20+ married to native males, co-resident unions, 1851 & 1901 6.8 Percentage of Guernsey marriages by combination of name types 203 and by decade, 1814-1913 viii ABBREVIATIONS I.A.
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