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Ca na da B i b l i o t héque na t i o na l e da Ca na da

th e beet qua lity Lee imeg ee euive ntee ont m re produitee evoe ie ti on end le ib il l t l ue rend eo g y p g i n . compte te nu de lo condi t ion et ’ in w ith the de le ne tt ete de i ee w g empie ire f ilme . et e n conf ormit e ovec l ee conditio ne do cont ret de i m f l e ge . r covere ere fil med Lee ee e mpla l ree origina ux dont la couve rt u re e n e nd ending on pa pie r eet l mprimoe eont f il m“en comme nce nt il l uetreted impree pa r l e pre m ie r pl at et en te rmi nant eoit pe r l a epproprl ete . All derniere page qui com port e une e m pre i nt e ' ‘ d be i i on the d im reeeion ou d ill u r n g nn ng p et atio . eoit pa r l a eecond et reted im rec lat n p p . ee l o l e ce e . Toue l ee aut ree ee e mpl a irae g e with e pri nted originaux eont f il mee en co mme nce nt pa r l a pre miere pa ge qui compo rte une e m pre i nte ' ' d impreeeion ou d il l uetration et en te rmi na nt pa r la derniere pa ge qui com porte una te ile r e mp ei nte .

' Uh dee eymb ol ee euive nte eppe re it re eu r l o der i re ime ue cr f h n e ge de che q mi o i c e . ee io n l e " “ : to m l i nif see ey bo e e g l e A SuivR E . l e m “ “ ey b ol e V eig nif i. F I N .

fil Lee cartee l a nch bl ux be med et . p ee . ta e a . etc . . pe uve nt etre f il mee a doe ux d r u on f f r n ee too l e rge to be ta e ed ct i di e e te . re ere f il med Loreq ua ie doc u m e nt eet t rop gra nd pour et re d r r r u t n un l i h ii l m co ner . left to ep od i e aoul c c e . eet f i e e part i r ' n f r m e de l an ie eu erie ur a ch e de a uch y e ee e g p g u . g e e droit e . me il l uetrete the et de ha u t an baa. en pre na nt l e nomb re ‘ d imag ee neceeea ire . Lee diag rammee eu iva nts t r il l ue e nt la met hode .

THE HERALDY OF CANADA

G EO RG E SH ERWOO D H O D G I NS

' Re rint fro P Records o p ed m ape rs . V l . XI V of the

n ario H ca O t istori l Socie ty .

TO RONT O

Published by the Society I 9 | 6

TH E H E RALDR Y O F CA NA D A .

8 1 C an ad a Ba s s w oo n H o no rs

r a o v e rd The sc i enc e of he ral d ) is n exampl e f e ol ut io n . Th wo ” s u re of en oose e w as on e the de n n the e d E q i , t l ly appli d, c sig atio of shi l b n n h T he r nk m d us m ea r er or attenda t to a k ig t . a i pl ie was th a il itary m m on an nex t be o th of n h . The sh e d w as of r e i e, d l w at k i g t i l p i n u t i n o d o as s r e o f porta nc e f or defe ce in w a r as fo gh l e n days , ft en a e i s n n on e w n ed s m d v b perso al encou t ers, and up th shield as pai t o e e ice y which the ch eva l ier or mou nted man was k nown by his f ol low ers on the m o h is h ures ere field of batt l e . H e came with hel et n h ead, but is f eat w " v r often hidden be hind a cl osed iso r pol ished stee l .

n a r n w s w w a r The sh ield or escut ch e o , associ ted, as it o igi al ly a , ith , ‘ ' i s f n s ef u r s n n , n ow t el ls the t y o a natio peac l p ogre s , a d th e cha ge has c ome about so gr adual ly and so i mpercept ibly that no one associat es the ' r s of ru f u n d en n on the w rr r s d p oduct a f it l la , wh show erstwh ile a io sh iel . or n n n n u s e with au ght of w a r , s ees a yth i g i co gruo s i n the e cuteh on of “ n h mb ems of r r u i ndu r the k night bea ri g t e e l p ospe o s st ia l l i f e . The ” r the om of o r do not now b boast of h er ald y , p p p we , el ong ex cl usi vely “ m m nor a r e e to- du d n to the ar ed ca p, th y y associate o ly wit h the pomp ” f s w a nd ci r cumsta nce o gl or i ou ar .

The art of h er aldry ha d f or its pri mary object the iden tification of e r r or and dev e w n on u ou or the mail d wa i , a ic was or the s rt t . cloth jack et , “ ” h rmour n e w as the C of r m ov er t e st eel a , h e c it oat A s . The dev ice m w as also pai nt ed on the shi e ld. Later it became the. ea ns of recordi n g in r n h n ationa l succ ess w a , wh e pl aced on t e shiel d o f a v ict o r ious com m nder r e ser v in the r d on of us r ou u n a , p g t a iti s il l t i s h o ses , a d sti l l l a l er , the s n z on of the a ni n of nob e f m e i n the d s w n r ig ali ati o l a ili s, ay he w iti n g w as ifil c l and the a rt f n nk d u t o pri ti n g was u now n .

The modern use of h er al dry is simply a symbol ical disti ngu ishing of mil i es and i ndi vidua l s rom o r f am s and nd v fa f the i l ie i i i dual s, j ust as a n me d ff eren es em n er r n a i tiat th . Ma y ors a d miscon cepti ons h a ve been ca used by some w r it ers a ss e rti n g or i mplyi n g th a t the possessi on of a o of ms m e mt mo c at ar a k s a . re hon or abl e than some one w ho has not a

o of r ms. s is dis n m n n o on a nd h c at a Th i t i ctly th e Ger a ti . is not t e E ng v e The rm l ish i w . G e a n idea ca sied t o its logica l concl usio n t ends to odu e absu di es in so l l f e e the m m n pr c r ti cia i , wh il ore a ly E ngl ish concep n n ot n om b e d n a n tio is i c pati l w ith ig ity d common sense . " T H E H E R AL D R Y O i CAN AD A.

r u n The he ra l ds of ea r ly days a ppeal ed powe f lly to the imagi natio .

f r to the lo ve of display a nd to th e honor a r isi ng om bold chal l enge in the l is a n b ore h o r n ron w r . o e ts d ef t e l we i g f t of a . I t brought f rth m n k s o f n ormed or v rous h v b l i e tho e l egio s , f f al o ac ie ement y ’ " o e s m o R m th rice ha me red ha rdih o d in a rduous thi ngs.

O r n he v on s is s e igi ally t de ice t he h ield, it as er ted by some notabl

u r w a s the r - br o r th of r v s o i a tho it ies . c oss ace e heads i o n ri et , r a atiflen ng b r n e n r o ors n ou n u s a , pai t d i b ight c l to sta d t co spic ou ly from the gr ound o ma be the s S colo r f the sh i e ld. It y that c r o s of t . Geor ge or of St . Ah “ " re sk e f m e drew we at first t he leto n ra e of the sh ield, l ike th upri ght “ " ' a n the bow - o s o f bo s s ma o d t p piece a y kit e . Thi y r may not be the r r e x n n of r d c but the ross s r co ect pla atio he al ic harges, c e lat er acqu i ed

re ous s n fi n e . The v r n the e th n th a l igi ig i ca c che o . , the pil , e pal e , a d e “ ” b n re th r r n or d n r s of s e e d a e ot h e p i ci pa l i a ie the hi l d.

' m n on a n en the r mou rs r h v n so As t i e we t . d wh a re c aft ad ad a ced t hat wh at sti ff en i ng pieces the r e might ha ve been w ere not c onspicu ous “ n or bro ur f of he o w as on the shield, the e tire field ad s ace t escutche n f m r b r n he e r s of lef t clea r or o e e la o ate desig s , in which t r p esentation

- b be h e on a nd w a r r the k n s re ed. i rds , asts, t e w ap s th e gea of igh t w e plac e f I n he ral dry when beast or bi rd appea r d it was not t ru e to li e . m o Some charact eristic w as ex agger ated in for r c ol or . The t al ons of of the on ue and ws of be s s the ude of bod the bi rd prey , t g cla a t , attit y . h or the f u e e had er s n nce the positio n of t e h ead watch l y , al l h aldic i g ifica em o o n ur e or de m apa r t from a ny att pt to f ll w at pict a livin g for .

’ r s e r as of Wh en the h e rald s ar t t ur ned to mo e peace ful object ,

n r ud l l ordshi w a s o ten domi n i on came i n t o bein g . A k i gdom o fe a p f n r ron s n an hese w ere repr ese nt ed by the ar ms of an ear ly ki g o pat ai t, d t s v r e s n of hus adopted by su cc eedi n g o e ig n i stead thei r own arms. T r m he nat i onal or t e r r it orial a rms appea ed. A pa ph l et recently publ is d “ ” rs om on n d B e l on The on R a m n 1 91 2 . i n Paisley by M e ss . Th s a l , L i pa t , ’ f n m es h n u n ur says t hat as pers onal leade r o a at ion s a r i , t e Ki g wo ld at ou not a n x u v e de r ee the be r er of na onal al ly be in a special , th gh e cl si g , a t i m h to the u on of o rms a r ms. F rom su ch a r s t e step evol ti c unty or city a or r m v e now l e s n fi an e en used on w as l ogi cal . C orp at e a s ha a ga l i g i c c wh

the of a comme rcial c ompa n y .

h n on of an r in a sense The arms of the pr ov in ces of t e D omi i C ada a e, , er e is dev e c ind es the e l t of t er rit or ial ar ms. I n each th a ic wh i h icat f a y the n ew wor ld pr ov i nce to the l and f r om which the ear ly B ri ti sh settl ers

v e has r ef er en e to the sov ere n of r e B r in. came . This de ic c i g ty G at ita - D T i l l I H E R AL D R Y ( P CAN AD A. 7

o e v nc i l l l l t' l l G eo rge V . is Ki ng f Ont ar io a nd al l th ot he r pro i es as as he

‘ e u n r r is Ki ng in th Co ty of S u ey .

r t o e m O n r e a t o f Just he re an i nterest i ng fa may he n ti l . the g seal ‘ t s V l h - i G s t a nada t he re i s t he La tin s upe rsc ri ptio n l e o r g iu . rati B rita nnia ru m e t T e rr a rum T r a nsmnr iuarum q une in D itio ue S uut B rit a n ' n e I l e l e uso r l u iae l m e ra to : in F a ua ds um. ica , R x . F idei , d p Sigil l

b c o f G o o f Un d n T ra nslat ed it r eads : G eo r ge y the G ra e d, the ite Ki g do m o f G reat B rita i n a nd I rela nd a nd o f t he B rit ish l l o i uinio ns beyo nd E m r f l ndia —The i n n f n o f F t . o t he Seas , K i g . D e e de r the a i h pe ro Seal " C n a ada .

The t itles of the lat e Quee n i ct e ria in the Lat i n tongu e read V ictoria D e i G rati n B ri ta nnia r u m Regi na ; F ide l D e fe nso r ; i ndi ne ” ' m e r h es r x . F e t u t s w the B I pe rat i re ly re ed, he as styl ed, of ritis Isl ( the ‘ - r t n ni m inel ~ nd ) u n D f nde o f t he. P word B i a a ru u g I rel a . Q ee , e e r aith , i m r o f n B m a t u 1 d 1 5 p ess I dia . y I pe rial St te , Edwa r cha pter . th e

‘ Royal t it l e was made to i ncl ude the B riti sh l ) o min io us beyo nd the Seas . " rs o u 901 B e n ed This Act, which bea date f 1 7th A gust , 1 , r eads : it e act ' b the n e n e s b dv e a nd con y K i g s Most E xc l l e t Maj ty . y a nd wit h the a ic se nt o f th e Lo rds Spi r it u al a nd Tempo ral a nd Commo ns in th is pr esent “ P r m n . mb d n b r the m o o w : a lia e t asse le , a d y the a utho ity of sa e , as f l l s It shal l be lawf ul f or H is Most G racio us Majesty w it h a v i ew t o the rec og ' y ro niti e n of H is Majesty s D ominiom be ond t he Seas . by H is R oyal P m n nd he S m n cla atio u er t G reat eal of the Un ited Ki ng do . issu ed with i

six f er the n of act to m k e such 1 i tions the ths a t passi g th is . a to styl e and titl es at pr esen t a ppe rta i n i n g to the Impe r ia t ow n of the " U n d n dom a nd its e s ite K i g dependenci s as to H i Majesty M y seem fit .

Th er e is in th e enacti n g cla use of this a nd all th e I mpe r ial Statut es the n s v e n n o f P m i h n o f ece sary ad ic a d co se nt arl ia e nt . a nd n t e wordi g the stately super sc r i ption of the G reat Sea l ther e is the r ec ogn iti on o f the u n ity of t he gr eat Empi re of which Te nnyso n so t ru l y says

Wel ded each and al l i nto one I mperi al whol e One B r n e an u — one f one fla one fl e one with itai h art d so l l i e . g , e t , ’ thr onef

The Ca nadian coats of a r ms are di v ided ac ross the sh i e ld so t hat tw o and me ee d n on each has . so th r . isti ct spaces wh ich the d ev ices or “ r s r l e T he r h cha ge a e p ac d. uppe third of t e sh i el d is cal l ed the f ” h h “ f ” “ ” t e en r d t e . and o chie , c t al thi r ess th e l wer part th e base .

I n but. the f s not r n n n h al l two , es is p ese t , sh owi g o l y t e body of the n the sh iel d a d ch ie f . I n h er aldry the col or or t i nct u r e of the field is

T H E E A " A A A H R LDRY OI C N D .

iv en and s m g first, the concise tate ent of the devices on the shiel d is called “ ” A m f ol l ow s the of rms and each ite in regular . h The colors or tinctures of eraldic shields are , Blue ; . “ ” R ed P r r ; , Green ; , Purple ; , Black . Ope is the natural colors of the objects represented . The metals are spoken of as

. w Or , for gold , shown as yellow The ord is derived from the French Or, the gold , and Latin aurum may have suggested the phonetic spelling . “ ” A s rgent is the word for silver , usually shown a white . The field is b is the space upon which the or o ject depicted placed . Our i i r llustrat ons show the colo s as indicated here .

the Many of brooches, pins and souvenirs of Canada sold in jewel ’ l r e er s shops a incorrectly made and wrongly colored , so that much of i i i h the r h stor c and eraldic significance is obscured or lost . l ONTARIO , the province taking its name from the great in and nt r i o sea that lies along its southern shore , O a y , the beautiful lake ; a “ ” w as Mohawk word , wit h long drawn accent on the i . The province

26 1 868. granted a by Royal Warrant dated May , This “ ” was the year after confederation , and the blazon in heraldic language runs

Vert , a sprig of three leaves of Maple slipped Or ; on a . ” the cross of St . George .

Translated the meaning is that the color of the shield is green . m s This . it has been said by some . was in compliment to the any settler

of Irish origin who first peopled w hat was once called Upper Canada .

This is most unlikely , as green is not the heraldic color for Ireland ; it has the is blue in the royal ar ms . The popular idea no doubt arisen from “ l ” fact that Ireland has been poetically called the Emera d Isle . The verdure of this favored land is cau sed by its being the recipient of a ver y large portion of the prevailing west erly winds which sweep over ' efi ect the Atlantic , and , with the of the Gulf Stream , bring moisture ,

and so produce mild climatic conditions favorable to vegetation .

e e The sprig of three leaves of Maple , slipp d , indicat s that the leaves h n r i each wit a stalk are joi ed together, as indicated by the word sp g . u mn ea The tinct re is that of the autu l f, gold . The chief holds the cross y of St . George . In English heraldr this is the red upright cross on a

white or silver ground . This cross is seen conspicuously on the white

e . s nsign of the Royal Navy The cro s of St . George, and that of St .

A - A . . ndrew , seen in the Union Jack , were , according to Mr . C Fox Davies . “ ” ' v not ori ginally national , but were fighting ces to accord h A wit the war cries of the armies of these countries . t present time . n however, they are practically ational symbols , and TEE cross of St . ’ t as George on On ario s shield , and there used , is the territorial device of

the Sovereign .

The origin of the Maple Le af as the floral emblem of Canada pr ac 1 860 tically dates from , when Edward VII th en Prince of Wales , visited

n u . n this cou try . altho gh the first actual a d authoritative u se of the Maple T H E E A H R LDRY OF CAN AD A.

a w as .b a 1 A Le f y the Imperi l Government in 859. represe ntation of this deV i -ce a rs 1 00th was placed on the regiment l colo of the R eg iment . This “ corps was ra i sed in Canada and was called the Prince of Wales R oyal a C nadian Regiment . The colors were prese nted in En gland by the r Prince in Janua y, 1 859 .

ba k Th e maple leaf, however , was identified with Canada as far c as i the war of 1 81 2 . In that war the Brit sh and Canadian soldiers , when n m fig hting in the woods , often partially concealed their scarlet u ifor s by cutting slits in the breasts of their tun ics and inserting leaves and Sprays of maple . In moving forward they were thus in a measure protected and th thereby secured some advantage , like the victorious army at moved against Macbeth , when Birnam Wood did come to Dunsinane . The first use of the maple leaf in Canada was at the reception of the A Prince of Wales (Edward procession was being provided for , in which the various national societies had been requested to take part . A n 2l st meeti g was held in Toronto on the of August , 1 860, to arrange m o . . . atters , and a moti n was introduced by the late Dr J H R ichardson , at one time lecturer on anatomy in the Toronto School of Medicine n s That all native Canadians joi ing the proces ion , whether identified with the national societies or not should wear the Maple Leaf as an

i i h . emblem of the land of their b t This motion , seconded by Mr . F . H . th e H oward , was adopted . From account given in the Toronto Globe of BW Se t embe r 1 860 a p , , we learn that the Can dians took part in the pro cession , some wearing silver maple leaves and others those supplied by nature .

Thus the floral emblem of Canada had its origin , and these leaves , which were even then turning to the golden hues of autumn , have in this color been accorded a place on the of the Province where they were first used . The maple leaf and the maple wreath have since received official sanction ( it is the leaf of the silver maple that is usually

r taken as our emblem ) , and Ontario on its escutcheon the memo y of those early autumn days when , as expressed in happy phrase by the “ n M aul Rev . Joh cC , then President of Toronto University : The hope of ” the Province salutes the hope of the Empire . E A A A A T H E H R LDRY OF C N D .

On February 27th, 1 909, a second Royal Warrant gave Ontario a 1 Th e : , and . warrant reads

e . Cr st Upon a wreath of the colors , a passant , sable .

m - This eans that the crest wreath in green and silver, those being the tinctures of the body of the shield and of the chief. On this wreath

is - a black bear shown walking with his fore paw raised, the head being

- in profile . The crest wreath was in olden days two twisted strands of as the silk of the same colors principal tinctures of the shield , and placed “where crest and joined . The supporters are described thus : On the dexter side , a moose , and on the sinist er side a Canadian ” . both proper .

The dexter side of shield is at the right hand of the man beh ind it . h e Si and t nister is the side near his left hand . The sinister is “ ” descr i bed as a Canadian deer - the common deer of the Canadian Th m “ woods . e otto is in Latin and reads : Ut I nce it Fidelis Si c ” p Per manet “ . This freely translated mea ns : As loya l she became so ” , shall she ever remain .

QUEBEC , the older and the lower of the Canadas , has a coat of

. 26 1 868 arms rich in historic significance The Royal Warrant of May , , descri bes the arms in heraldic lang uage thus

ss tw o fleu r - - l is On the fe gules , between de in chief, azure , and a

sprig of three leaves of Maple , slipped , vert , in base ; a passant ” guardant Or .

in eur - - To put this plain language , there are two blue fl de lis on a in golden grou nd the chief or upper third of the shield . The is the n middle third and on it is a gold lio like that in the Royal Arms , placed “ ” r e and r on a d ground, below it, or in base , which is the lower thi d of

the shield , there are three green maple leaves w ith stalks, conjoined like tl ose r e r r of Ontario, but here they a g een leaves on a golden ground . The similarity of the form of the three maple leaves in the Ontario ” and Quebec coats connects Upper and Lower Canada , these being the original territory from which the confederated Dominion takes its name ii ebe c Canada . The green leaves of Q are in the color of spring, while

the gold leaves of Ontario indicate the autumn . The Maple Leaf is to

Canada what the is to England , the Thistle to Scotland , and the

r Shamrock to I eland . The Maple Leaf appears on the coinage and post n age stamps of Canada , and where a wreath is authorized as on a G over ’ in the or s boat flag, Canada , the Maple wreath is used instead of laurel

which appears on other British colonial flags . The Maple Leaf forms the ’ ' badge of the Queen s Own Rifles , and it is on the accoutrements of other

Canadian regiments .

The fess or central portion on the Quebec shield shows a gold lion

on a red ground . This is practically one of the lions out of the Royal “ ” Arms . This lion is described as passant guardant . It is in the act “ ” ~ Th of walking with fore paw raised . e is passant . The head , “ is t a the is s r urned tow rd beholder, and de c ibed as guardant the ani s aa w o A A to T m: a s r r C N AD . mal is on the watch and looks out ward from the shield as if to observ e hi s

Th ~ sur roundings before he takes another step . e lion as here used de ’ f notes the Kin g s sovereignty in the Province o Quebec , and in this m sense it is an example of we territorial device or ar s of dominion .

fleur - - l ia o Two de in blue , upon a golden g round , in chief, den te the

r - - l is French origin and early sovereignty over the province . The fleu de is probably one of the oldest emblems in existence . There has been much diff erence of Opinion as to whether the emblem represented the lily flower s its th of white iri , as name implies , or whether its origin was but e her al di c h - representation of an arrow ead or a French battle axe , a weapon et es som im made with two convex cutting edges , set on a central shaft pointed at the top . Some authorities have thought it represented a spear “ ” - head with hooks , like an English bill . which was a spear head with e r hook attach d for tea ing or breaking chain mail , or dragging down the

. fleu r - - shield of an antagonist The de lis , if such had been its origin, must

- bo have represented a spear head with ok on either side , bound together b y a flattened iron ring .

fleur - - The de lis , however , is much older than thes e weapons . and has be en found sculptured on the temples of India and Egypt . There the

fleur - de - lis typified life and the resurr ection and was an emblem of the u god Hor s . It has been found on E tr uscan vases , and in fact , history g iv s no clear record of how it came to be as sociated with the royal house ‘ 0 f grance .

- Mr . A . C . Fox Davies , in one of his works on heraldry, refers to an r old legend that at the baptism of King Clovis of F ance, the Virgin sent

. him her emblem , the lily , as a mark of favor He points out that the “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” b o s . L a s na mes Clovis, Lois, y , and Louis , are identical y was the signatur e of the French Kings until the time of Lou is XIII . “ ” “ ” - - f - e h o Fleur - de l is is li kely a corruption of Fleur d lois. As t e finial be to fi ce a sceptre or a decoration , it can traced back the fth n ’ 1 fi eur - de- the i tury . Previou s to 376 the royal lis was powdered on K ng s

e . . shield . that is , as many wer put on as the shield would hold Charles V y of France reduced their numb er to three , in honor of the Trinit . ' f ‘t u v h as . t e It is , however, accepted emblem of France that we have to do

lf e - - . h w ith it . The French ur de lis was gold on a blue ground The t ree “ s the shi . , hown on , French eld were the golden lilies Macaulay in his ” “ rm Battle of Ivry , thus alludes to the French a s

Now , by the lips of those ye love , fair gentlemen of France .

th e . Charge for the golden lilies, upon them with lance

These golden lilies have been changed to blue in the arms of Quebec , and the blue g round of the ancient shield has become gold in the arms ” l n h of New France . The story of the change of al egia ce is ere told by r ue E A or a H R LDRY c us e s.

the counterchan ging of the colors . The honor of Montcalm and his brave

in fleur - - compatriots is ever before us the form of the de lis , which they i of so nobly fought to preserve, while the t ncture the lilies was changed with the new sovereignty in 1 763 .

There is no monument in the world like that to Wolfe and Montcalm ,

- as it stands at Quebec to day . No other bears the names that speak with equal honor of warlik e victory and defeat . During the Peninsular cam i pa gn , after the battle near Corunna, in which Sir John Moore was S l killed , Marshall ou t desired to erect a monument bearing an inscription A written by himsel f, extollin g the valor of his brave but fallen f oe . ’ R om ns enl t i s Spanish general , the Marquis de la a , carried out S s w hes 1 1 i so far as to set up a temporary monument on the field . In 1 8 , S r John

Howard Douglas , acting for the Prince Regent , made permanent, on i Spanish soil , the monument to Moore . The nscription in Latin is : x s r i i Joa nnes Moore E ercitu Britannici Dux P ael o Occ sus A . D . “ Translated it says : John Moore , the leader of the British Army, fell in Th ' battle , e Engl ish in scription ou the outer side of the tomb “ reads : In memory of General Sir John Moore who fell at the battle of 1 Elvina while covering the embarkation of the British troops, 6 Ja nuary,

In this instance the chivalrous spirit of the French was conspicu o usly shown , but it was reserved for Canada, among all the nations of the t i ear h , to perpetuate, w th equal reverence , the names of the two opposin g mm rs n in ‘ co ande , by erecti g, 1 827, a unique memorial which is the out ' ward symbol of the harmony of the two pe oples while it suita bly pre “ “ , r o : o I m se ves the h nors of war M rtem Virtus, a en Historia, Posteritas

Dedit .

“ ” Thus the counterchanged colors on the Chief are significant of the e e alter d gov rnment of the land , and are in strict accord with heral dic m r custo and the amenities of inte national usage . The reversing of the m s a saaw sr or 1 2 CAN AD A.

s is e ut color , in fact, a d licately heraldic courtesy to France . From out the lon g gri m struggles opthe past grew that dee p and mutual respect , as , “ ’ rom ac o s o ’ F e h ther thr at a c wrenched valour s last reward, ' That extorted word of praise, gasped twi xt l ungs and guard .

The single monument to Wolfe and Montcalm stands near the base m m h of the glacis that leads to the citadel at Quebec , and co me orates t e

w . stru l es of the tw o nations, no happily j oined in the bonds of peace The er oes whose names are cut in monumental st one are typical of the ma be nations themselves , and the spirit of the epitaph y with j ustice h applied to all who there so gallantly fought for t e lily and f or the rose . “ The inscri ption to Wolfe and Montcalm translated reads : Valor gave a common death , H istory a common fame , and Posterity a common monu ” e h r ment . So it was , and H istory, with her impartial j udgm nt and e ’ th enduring chronicle , e er she closed the record of e heroic struggle for the r etention of Fr ench sovereign ty on this continent , ever recall s the memory of those stirri ng days , and in the matchless blazon of renown wrote Peace with Honor, that the world may know .

NOVA SCOTIA was ceded to G re at Britain after the treaty of

c 1 622 . Utrecht in 1 71 3. It was settled by a olony of Scotchmen in They S an d the err gave it the name , in Latin , of New cotland , out of t itory ori ginally belonging to it were formed at a later date New Brunswi ck

N OVA soom m f and Prince Edward I slan d . The ar s o Nova Scotia , as by Royal 1 ar e : Warrant of 26th May, 868, “ n z es ro l mo Or , o a fess wavy a ure , between three thistl p per, a sa n na iant argen T hus the revince of New Scotland has a shield of gold li ke that of Scotland itac Sir Walter Scott thus refers to the gold ground of the Scottish shiel d ’ The z n in da zli g field, where proud Scotland s royal shield Th e ruddy lion ramps in gold .

E 0 . 1 4 T H HE R ALD RY P CAN AD A.

s ere . of . quarters of the R oyal Arms. Thi sov ignty the " ing of G reat

Britain and Ireland is indicated on the New B runswick . by the h r ss gold lion on red, and allusion to t e duchy of B unswick is po ibly al so is ' ol d i s n intended . The ground color of the shield g and on th an a cient h is ars re galley, en waves , bot in their natural colors , shown . The c a in “ " the water and are described as being in action. Th e gal ley is heraldic allusion to the shipbuilding industry which flouri shed in this c provin e in the early days .

R A A d n THE A MS OF C N DA . The four provinces alrea y me tioned, h viz . : Ontario, Quebec , Nova Scotia , and New Brunswick , formed t e 1 867 Dominion of Canada in . Upper and Lower Canada , often called the “ ” s n Canada , gave their name to the confederation a d their older names were replaced by those of Ontario and Quebec . The arms of Canada ar e m “ " ade up of these four provinces placed quarterly on a shield . They m are without , crest , wreath , supporters or otto . The escutcheon is plain and unadorned . Much popular misconception exists on this

, , point , but the fact remains that the plain shield with four quarters only i is the ofii cial and authorized arms of Canada . Other provinces have s nce ‘ m b ut the Ar ms joined the Dominion , each has its distinct coat of ar s, f of Canada contain the shields of th e four provi nces which ori gin ally l s? 2nd ue formed the confederation . They are quartered, Ontario ; , Q s is o r e r 4th , B r . bec ; 3 d, Nova Scotia , New unswick Thi order als p scribed for the Lieutenant Governors of these provinces in the Cana i an “ ” d i . table of precedence . These four coats are carried on one large sh eld

They are in the quarters , and in . this form they appear on the great seal of Canada and in this for m only are they authorized to appear on the , “ ” the fly i red ensign , which with this badge in is the merchant mar ne

flag of Cane da . Only ships registered in Canada wear this flag at peak or A TH E a ns w er or CAN A D . | 5

POSITION OF PR OVI NCIAL COATS 0 ? am

ON ESCUTCH B QN OF CANAD A.

' Canad a fia i s stern . They only thus appear on the blue ensign of , which g n used on vessels in the Government servi ce . I n a y case it is the original four provinces only that are represented .

r s The Province of Ontario has crest , supporte s and motto, but the e ’ have no place in the quartered esc utcheon when Ontario a shield is used

t A m . e ar e i n the upper, dexter quar er of the r s of Canada Ther nine a d o e provinces in the Dominion , n all but the f ur already mention d are a l i s e e ways used separately . The j oining of the nine on one shield ntir ly r n a unauthorized , j ust as the use of the me chant marine flag of Ca ad on land i s out of place . The Union Jack is the flag that all British subjects should fly on shore .

The arms of each of the four originally confederatin g provinces are used separately, each for the purpose for which it was devised , but when placed together on the q uartered shield, they form the a rms of the D om “ ” inion and become the badge when on a flag. No crown is used either m i on the arms of Canada, or on the ar s of any of the n ne provinces . The boat flag of the Governor General is the only excepti on . Heraldi c de vices ar e subj ect to the strict rules of the science and have a defini te r object and a sto y to tell to him who reads ari ght . They are not mere fanciful decor ative designs , and should not be treated as such . They are se r conci ly desc ibed emblems , and any deviation , h owever slight , from “ " i n the str ct letter of l aw destroys their true sig ificance .

MA TO A . i 1 870 NI B The prair e province came into the Dominion i n . the 4 h h It stretches from 9t parallel up to the 60t , eleven degrees . By l oth 5 Royal Warrant of May, 1 90 , this province w as gr anted arms .

r ock ff Vert , on a a bu alo statant , proper . On a chief argent the ” , , o cr ss of St . G e orge .

cr os of The red St . George on a silver field is here the territorial s “ ” i nSi i m n u i . Th e g of the K ng field of the escutcheon is green , indicating U " C A AD A go T H E H E R AL D RY " N .

MANIT OBA

e s the virgin soil of the w tern part of the province , where the wheat the r region begi ns . The bU fi u - J and ock are in their natural colors , of n brown and dark grey . The easter portion is broken and rocky land, an d further west the buffalo was often in early days the most conspicuous

figu re on the wide expanse of rolling plains . The alo is known to “ A science as the B 0 8 Americanus or merican Ox , and his r ough and shaggy coat of fur was proof against the cold winters of our wes tern land , and was of great value to man . The gregarious instincts of the the e herd , their peaceful mode of life , living on what land produc d . may well entitle the bufi al o to he raldically represent the hardy race in the “ Z Canadian Northwest ; the i .. n of the Northern one . In this province “ ” - 1 is grown the far famed wheat known as Manitoba No . , Hard . Its o ntinen power of resistance to m isture is possessed by no other on this c . t , and gives to this wheat i ts world - wide reputation and the just pre - emin eucc it has attained .

A - BRITISH COLUMBI is a sea coast province . It was originally ’ part of the. territory of the Hudson s Bay Company , officially described as the “ Honorable Company of English Adventurers trading into Hud 1 85 ' son Bay . It was made a crown colony in 8 ; Vancouver I sl a nd w as

1 866 . n th e added in The provi ce came into Dominion in 1 871 , and by

a 3l st 1 906 ma Royal Warrant d ted March , , the I ge of the colony, which had previously been the crown and wreath , was changed to the arms now i n use A rgent , three bars wavy , azure . issuant from the base a demi sun in s plendor , proper . On a chief. the Union device , charged in th e centre point with an antique crown , Or .

“ The motto is Splendor Sine Occasu . The chief contains the Union

s ~ device , commonly called the Union Jack . w hich i the triple cross rep i l t: " T HE RA L D RY O I C AN AD A .

BRITISH COLUMBIA

U m resenting the nited Kingdo of Great Bri tain and Ireland . This is “ i B r itis here the terr torial sign of sovereignty . l t bears at the inter section of the crosses a gold crown consisting of a fillet from which tri e ang ular plat s of the recious metal rise . This form of crow n is called “ p" i n A heraldry ntique , and its prese nce here signifies that Bri tish Col w as umbia in the past a crown colony . This is the most westerly land i i that on t h s cont nent flies the Union Jack .

The base of the shield shows a representation of the sun . Onl y the r s upper half of the o b of day appears on the shield , for it is described a “ " “ ” s l endcr i demi . The expression in p means that ays issue from the

is c . sun , which frequently drawn in heraldry as containing a human fa e “ A ” The book of Flags , Badges and rms , issued by the Colonial office

- in London , shows this demi sun without the human face . The whole is

is . proper and is of golden hue . The ground of the shield silver, rep resenting the sea , and upon it are three bars wavy, across the shield .

These represent the waves which roll in on the rocky shore . The motto o Brightness without setting, alludes to the loyalty and pr sperity of the peo le of the province . and is like unto the un obscured g l ory of the p “ ” i sun wh ch shineth in his strength . Amid the rocky crags and the eternal hills there lies the mineral wealth of a world , which may almost be described by the poetic words of scripture :

A land whose stones are iron and out of whose hills thou mayest " dig brass .

PRINCE EDWAR D ISLAND is the small est provin ce in Canada . 3oth 1 905 desi The blazon of its arms, given by Royal Warrant May . , g nates it as :

Argent , on an island, vert , to the sinister an oak tree fructed . to the dexter thereof three oak saplings sprouting, all proper . On a chief gules ” asa n r . a lion pe t guardant , O E A O CAN AD I S H R LD RY F A .

The island w e " discovered by the famous explorer Jacqu es Cartier “ ” n . . in 1 534, a d called b him Isle St Jean It was subsequently taken 45 I t from the French in l , but had been given back . was ceded to Great 99 Britain by France in 1 763 . after the fall of Quebec . In 1 7 the name was o A chan g ed to Prince Edward Island . in honor f Prince Edward ugustus,

he n . Duke of Kent , fa t her of t late Quee Victoria Prince Edward Island 8 3 became a province of Canada in 1 7 .

I ts coming permanently under British rule is typified by the large oak tw o with acorns ready to drop and blossoms on its boughs , technically “ he ree s o s called fructed . T th mall a k sa pl ings prouting are under the s d l re T h hadow of the stur y oak . A l the t rees a in thei r natural colors . e “ “ " i i m motto Parva Sub I g enti ea ns The Small beneath the Great . The motto not only signi fi es the proximity of the island to the mainland of a Canad a, which is its n tural and s trong ally , but by its connection with Canada the tiny isl and is more than in name under the aegis of r otection ’ ot B the great empire of ritain . The number of saplings pr obab y has ref ce to u n ere n the three co ties of the province , Kings . Queens and Princes . oa k a r T The and saplin gs e appropriately g rouped on an island . he color o f s su s the shield . ilver , g gests the bright waters by which the i land is o surrounded . The l ion , g ld on a red ground . forms the territorial arms of ' . . li e o n s the sovereign wh le group . oak a d aplings . set in silver , is a pleasing picture , and the lines f There is an island air, girt by a Western Sea , 0 i Wi u h m ght th tr t be appl ied to Prince Edward Island .

A A A . w S SK TCHEW N This province , ori g inally one of the North est i i t Terr tories , takes ts name from the mighty river that flows hrough the

i . fert le soil It was made a province in 1 905 . The was by 25th A Royal Warrant of ug ust . 1 906 , and reads :

h e f on s a Vert , t ree g rbs in fess , Or ; on a chie of the last , a li pa s nt ” guardant , gules . T ut: A O C H E R LD "” F AN AD A .

The chief here is again the mark of t e r ritorial soverei g nty of the

" . l e nd e ing It is probable that the lion is co or d red a the fi ld g old . so

ss e that for heraldic fitne , the ground color of the shi ld and of the chief “ " o n will not clash , as they would if e was green a nd the other red . The

sh w i i o . n ield , however, is green , topped th a ch ef of g ld This is the o ly example in provincial coats of arms where the te r ritorial lion is not

gold .

n The field is green to indicate the verdure of the prairie land , and o

it are three sheaves of grain , arranged as a fess would be placed , that is

in a horizontal row across the shield . They are sheaves of golden grain . “ ” “ The word garb comes from the French gerbe . meaning a sheaf, and ” a rbe u r n n o r rob o the French word g , meani g a ki d of thick p ridge , is p a e bly d rived from the same root .

An re - n Saskatchewan is perhaps the g a t est wheat growing r a in Canada . 4 h 60t h i It extends from the 9t to the parallel of lat tude . The natural fertility of the soil is enhanced by the great depth of the frost penetra s s tion in w inter. which retain in the oil the sol u ble nitrates which f or m n one of the requisites of pla t life . The slow melting of the frozen m o is s ture seldom leaves the earth entirely even in su mmer, and thus help

to give to this province , and indeed to he whole vast western portion of e Canada , the ability to produc the finest grades of wheat to be found

h e. anywhere in t world .

A .n 1 9 5 ALBERT , made a province 0 , has wide prairie lands , great

- . s rivers, long ranges of foot hills under the hadow of the tow er in moun

its . r ol ina tain peaks . It takes name from H R . H . The Princess Louise a A n lberta . daughter of the late Queen Victoria . The name was given i 1 882 at the time when the Marquis of Lorne was Governor General of s Canada . The name of the Princes was of cou rse derived from that of ne r ri father , who was the P nce Consort , Albert . whose life was associated t wi h all that was lofty and inspiring . Thus the province perpetuates the m m na o . e r an u r e of b th The na Albe t me s all , or f lly , b ig ht . 20 T H E H E R AL D R Y OF CAN AD A .

’ l rm m ol i The blazon of Al erta s a s is more sy b c than strictly heraldi c . 3 h 1 907 r In the R oyal Warrant, dated ot May, , they are thus desc ibed

Azure , in front of a range of snow mountains, proper, a range of w heatfiel d i hills , vert ; in base a surmounted by a prair e proper ; on a ’ ” chief argent , a St . George s cross .

The chief represents British sovereignty by the territorial arms in which the cross of the patron saint of England appears, red on a silver s ground . The beholder , looking at the shield , find in the foreground a smiling field of golden grain unreaped and standing in its natural color .

I fii rther as the perspective lengthens , the prairie lands stretch out , rich

- in their native hu es . Beyond the middle distance are the green foot hills, ‘ with their undulating outline . In the distance and behind them gleam ’

- the snow capped peaks of the Rocky Mountains , nature s defence and her fortress , behind which is her sister province of the flaming sun .

v The arms of Alberta show at a glan o in ce as it is. The fol lowing lines came to the author me of what is blazoned on the shield that bears rairies, the

- a s A r foot hills and the mountain cr g . It may be said of lbe ta, that great province of Canada, twice the size of the British Isles, the l uxu r ian ec of its wheat crop is unsurpassed in the world , and the quality of the grain “ ” n A gives this wheat the disti ctive name , lberta Red .

’ 0 land where Ceres blesses Proserpina s return , ’ Robed with the joy that softens the Frost - King s visage stern ; ’ t he There Phoebus mounts his chariot , flames o er broad domain , — fi e Its earth hid life awakens in lds of golden grain . ’ High o er the Northland prairies , he guides with mighty hand ,

n - The steeds that leap the thu der clouds , above the teeming land . ’ - - The sun god nears the foot hills , sweeps o er the vast glacis ,

- Scaling the snow crowned fortress, drives westward to the sea ;