Table 5. List of feed ingredients that are used or have the potential to be used as protein and/or energy supplements in milkfish feed (nutrient content as % dry matter)

Primary use Gross Moisture Crude Inclusion Main nutritional Main nutritional Processing Feed ingredients Protein Energy energy Both DM (%) protein (% ) (% max) interest deficiencies restrictions supplement supplement (kJ/g) Air drying Animal Fishmeal Protein, essential amino soluble 10 64 19 25 reduces protein orgin (local) acids, minerals and fat content

Air drying Fishmeal Protein, essential amino Fat soluble 8 68 20 25 reduces protein (Peruvian) acids, minerals vitamins and fat content

Air drying Fishmeal Protein, essential amino Fat soluble 9 65 20 25 reduces protein (tuna) acids, minerals vitamins and fat content Chemoattractants, Oven drying Shrimp meal Poor 8 69 19 10 lysine, methionine, may damage (Acetes ) digestibility HUFA fatty acids Protein, essential amino Meat meal Anti-nutritional Cooking is 4 52 16 5–10 acids and fatty acids, (snail meat) factor in slime required xanthophyll Isoleucine, Hygienic Meat & bone 6 47 16 10–15 Protein, minerals methionine+cyst standard meal ine needed Protein, unsaturated Contains Heating Mussel meal 6 65 21 5 fatty acids, enzyme inhibitor destroys (green) chemoattractant thiaminase thiaminase

Low digestibility Poultry by- Essential amino acids, due to keratin 8 61 22 35 product meal iron, zinc, choline and raw feathers Primary use Gross Moisture Crude Inclusion Main nutritional Main nutritional Processing Feed ingredients Protein Energy energy Both DM (%) protein (% ) (% max) interest deficiencies restrictions supplement supplement (kJ/g) Too high Histidine, lysine, autoclaving Poultry Protein, glycine, 5 71 25 5–10 methionine, temperature, feather meal cystine, phenylalanine tryptophan undercooked meal High temperature Fat and damages Blood meal 6 88 23 5–10 Protein, iron protein and decreases digestibility Oilseed Plant meal and origin cakes High fiber; copra meal 8 22 16 5–15 Protein lysine, methionone High fiber; Manganese, protein palm kernel 10 16 13 5–10 protein, lysine, quality methionine Cereal grains Boiling is corn grain 30 11 18 35 Energy required Lysine, Energy, A in corn meal 8 8 18 methionine, yellow corn tryptophane Lysine, Grinding and Energy, B vitamins, threonine, heat processing grain 11 16 18 10–15 phosphorus valine, vitamin A improve energy and D, calcium values Cereal by- products Primary use Gross Moisture Crude Inclusion Main nutritional Main nutritional Processing Feed ingredients Protein Energy energy Both DM (%) protein (% ) (% max) interest deficiencies restrictions supplement supplement (kJ/g) High fiber and bran 9 13 18 35 Energy, B-vitamins phytate phosphorus Fine rice hull as carrier Protein, fat; high rice hull 7 3 9 5 of vitamin and mineral fiber premixes Lysine, corn germ 5 47 21 Protein, vitamin E methionine, meal tryptophan Lysine, corn gluten Protein, β-carotene, 8 61 22 20 methionine, meal xanthophyll tryptophan Protein, fat, corn starch 12 0 17 35 Energy, as binder fiber, ash Lysine, Protein, B vitamins, threonine, wheat gluten 9 81 23 2–5 phosphorus valine, vitamin A and D, calcium

Lysine, Grinding and wheat Energy, B vitamins, threonine, heat processing 10 15 16 10–20 pollard phosphorus valine, vitamin A improve energy and D, calcium values

Lysine, Grinding and Energy, B vitamins, threonine, heat processing wheat flour 13 11 18 10–15 phosphorus, as binder valine, vitamin A improve energy and D, calcium values Pulses Primary use Gross Moisture Crude Inclusion Main nutritional Main nutritional Processing Feed ingredients Protein Energy energy Both DM (%) protein (% ) (% max) interest deficiencies restrictions supplement supplement (kJ/g) Sulfur containing cow pea Protein, energy, iron, Heat treatment 8 25 18 15 amino acids, (Vigna sp.) nicotinic acid necessary presence of trypsin inhibitor

feed pea (Pisum 12 25 18 26 Protein, lysine sativum) Lysine, Protein, amino acid methionine; 6 36 22 30 meal, as is profile presence of trypsin inhibitor

Fat, lysine, soybean Protein, amino acid methionine; meal, 8 44 18 20 profile presence of defatted trypsin inhibitor Root crop cassava 56 2 16 Energy Methionine tuber Leaf meals ipil-ipil leaf Protein, pigments (β- 10 29 18 5–10 High mimosine meal, native carotene, xanthophylls)

ipil-ipil leaf Protein, pigments (β- 8 25 16 5–10 High mimosine meal, giant carotene, xanthophylls) swamp - 28 15 Protein cabbage sweet - 23 16 Protein cassava 6 22 17 Protein, lysine, carotene Methionine leaves Primary use Gross Moisture Crude Inclusion Main nutritional Main nutritional Processing Feed ingredients Protein Energy energy Both DM (%) protein (% ) (% max) interest deficiencies restrictions supplement supplement (kJ/g) Azolla 8 27 14 Protein molasses, 19 25 16 Energy Minerals black strap Single cell protein Natural food

Lipids, n-3 fatty Acartia 8 71 22 acids,amino acids, (copepods) vitamin C, carotenoids

Lipid composition of Protein, lipids, essential Artemia 8 56 18 diet affects fat fatty acids composition of body

Lipid composition of Protein, lipids, essential Brachionus 8 52 19 diet affects fat fatty acids composition of body

Moina 9 58 20 Protein, n-3 fatty acids

Data source: Centralized Analytical Laboraotory (SEAFDEC); Hertrampf and Pascual (2000); Støttrup and McEvoy (2003), Lumasag (1985) (for Moina )