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Force Measures at the Hand-Stick Interface During Ice Hockey Slap

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Force Measures at the Hand-Stick Interface During Ice Hockey Slap Force Measures at the Hand-Stick Interface during Ice Hockey Slap and Wrist Shots Lisa Zane Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology McGill University 475 Pine Avenue West Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1S4 May 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science © Lisa Zane, 2012 Acknowledgements I would like to thank a number of individuals who helped me kick-start this project when it seemed impossible, and see it to its end. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. David Pearsall, whose optimism, guidance, extensive knowledge, and encouragement were instrumental in the birth and progression of this project. I would also like to thank my “co-supervisor”, Dr. Rene Turcotte, for his input on this project, and for his impeccable shooting accuracy. Yannick Michaud-Paquette was an invaluable resource, as his technical expertise, creativity, patience, and ability to teach his many skills helped me on countless occasions when I saw no end in sight. Ryan Ouckama helped greatly in the development of the force sensing system used for this project and was always full of great ideas. I would also like to thank the rest of the Bmech Boys for the shooting competitions, the territorial lunch time hockey arguments, and also for their support and insight along the way. A big thank you goes to the McGill Martlets and Redmen, and every one of my participants, who were all very cooperative and expressed sincere interest in this study. I greatly appreciate the work of Lainie Smith, for her tenacity and willingness to help with the intricacies of this project. I must acknowledge Bauer Hockey, Inc. for providing test sticks and financial support. Most 2 importantly, I would like to thank my family for giving me the freedom to pursue this degree, and for always having my back, even from across the country. I am so happy to have had the opportunity to belong to the Ice Hockey Research Group – to me, the epitome of cool research. 3 Abstract The purpose of this study was to quantify the contact forces between the lower and upper hands to the stick shaft during the ice hockey slap and wrist shot. Four cohorts (male/female x high/low calibre; HC, LC) of ice hockey players were tested using three sticks of different shaft bending stiffnesses (77, 87, 102). Forty-one subjects (21 male, 20 female) performed seven slap and seven wrist shots with each of the three stick types. Force at the stick-hand interface was recorded at 1000 Hz using 32 piezoresistive sensors about the shaft at the upper and lower-hand grip locations. The results demonstrated the feasibility for direct measurement of forces at the hand-stick interface while executing shooting tasks in ice hockey. As anticipated, peak forces acquired during both the slap and wrist shot differed by calibre and by gender, with males exhibiting higher forces than females, and HC players demonstrating higher forces than LC players, within each gender; however, stick type was not a significant factor. Notably, each player displayed unique, repeatable “force signatures”. In general, for both slap and wrist shots, grip force patterns demonstrated typical bimanual coordination patterns pertinent to understanding the mechanical dynamic control of the stick for effective performance. 4 Resumé Le but de cette étude était d'examiner les forces de contact entre les mains et le baton de hockey pendant l’exécution de lancers frappés et de tirs du poignet. Quatre cohortes (homme/femme x haut / bas calibre; HC, LC) de joueurs de hockey sur glace ont été testés en utilisant trois bâtons de rigidités différentes (77, 87, 102). Quarante et un sujets (21 hommes, 20 femmes) ont effectué sept lancers frappés et sept tirs du poignet avec chacun des trois types de bâton. La force de pression a été enregistrée à 1000 Hz en utilisant 32 capteurs piézorésistifs aux interfaces entre la main et le bâton. Les résultats ont démontré la faisabilité de la mesure directe des forces à l'interface main-bâton lors de l'exécution de tirs au hockey sur glace. Les forces de pointe atteintes au cours de lancers frappés et de tirs du poignet différaient en fonction du calibre et du sexe, les hommes présentant des forces supérieures comparativement aux femmes. De plus, les joueurs de HC ont démontré des forces supérieures par rapport aux joueurs LC. Par contre, le type de bâton ne représentait pas un facteurs significatif pour la production de force qui plus est, chaque joueur a affiché une ‘signature’ de force reproductible et constante. En général, les modèles de forces pour les lancers frappés et les tirs des poignets ont démontré des pattrons de 5 coordination bimanuelle à la compréhension du contrôle mécanique dynamique du bâton et possiblement a l’évaluation de la performance. 6 Table of Contents Abstract..............................................................................................................................4 Resume..............................................................................................................................5 List of Tables.....................................................................................................................10 List of Figures....................................................................................................................11 Chapter 1: Introduction......................................................................................................13 1.0 Introduction....................................................................................................13 1.1 Objectives and Hypotheses of Proposed Research.......................................14 1.2 Limitations and Delimitations of this Study.....................................................15 1.2.1 Limitations...................................................................................................15 1.2.2 Delimitations...................................................................................16 1.3 Operational Definitions...................................................................................17 1.4 Contribution to the Field.................................................................................23 Chapter 2: Review of Literature........................................................................................24 2.0 Review of Literature.......................................................................................24 2.1 Hockey Stick Design......................................................................................24 2.2 Stick Skill Classification.................................................................................27 2.3 Ice Hockey Shots...........................................................................................28 2.4 Function of the Human Hand.........................................................................35 2.5 Hand Grip.......................................................................................................36 2.6 Grip Size and Force.......................................................................................39 2.7 Position/Posture of the Upper Limb...............................................................41 2.8 Instrumentation to Measure Grip Forces........................................................43 2.9 Application in Sports......................................................................................46 7 Chapter 3: Methods...........................................................................................................50 3.1 Subjects.........................................................................................................50 3.2 Measurement Equipment...............................................................................51 3.2.1 Force Sensors................................................................................51 3.2.2 Sensor Map Configuration.............................................................52 3.2.3 Sensor Calibration..........................................................................55 3.2.4 Shooting Test Surface..............................................................................................56 3.3 Task Protocol.................................................................................................57 3.4 Data Processing and Analysis.......................................................................61 3.4.1 Data Processing.............................................................................61 3.4.2 Research Design............................................................................63 Chapter 4: Results............................................................................................................66 4.1 Descriptive Statistics......................................................................................67 4.2 Grip Strength Results.....................................................................................69 4.3 Results for Slap Shots....................................................................................69 4.4 Results for Wrist Shots...................................................................................81 Chapter 5: Discussion.......................................................................................................93 5.0 General Discussion........................................................................................93 5.1 Slap Shots......................................................................................................95
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