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Orsis 30: 91-40 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia ORSIS Organismes i Sistemes 31 Vol. 31, 2017 ISSN 0213-4039 (imprès), 2014-9727 (en línia), http://revistes.uab.cat/orsis Servei de Publicacions DADES CATALOGRÀFIQUES RECOMANADES PEL SERVEI DE BIBLIOTEQUES DE LA UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA Orsis Orsis : organismes i sistemes : revista de botànica, zoologia i ecologia / Departaments de Botànica, d’Ecologia i de Zoologia de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. — Núm. 1 (1985)-. — Bellaterra : Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1985-. — 23 cm Anual. — A partir del núm. 3 (1988) la menció de responsabilitat correspon a les unitats de Botànica, Zoologia i Ecologia del Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. ISSN 0213-4039 I. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Botànica, Departament d’Ecologia, Depar- tament de Zoologia, Laboratori de Botànica, Laboratori de Zoologia, Laboratori d’Ecologia. 1. Botànica, zoologia i ecologia — Revistes 2. Ciències naturals — Revistes 58, 59, 574 Editor Subscripció i administració Llorenç Sáez Gonyalons Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Servei de Publicacions 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain Editors associats Tel. 93581 10 22. Fax 93 581 32 39 Xavier Espadaler (Universitat Autònoma [email protected] de Barcelona) www.uab.cat/publicacions Jacint Ventura (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Intercanvi Francesc Muñoz (Universitat Autònoma Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona de Barcelona) Servei de Biblioteques Secció d’Intercanvi de Publicacions Consell assessor 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain Guillem Pons (Universitat de les Illes Tel. 93 581 11 93. Fax 93 581 32 19 Balears) [email protected] Jordi López Pujol (Institut Botànic de Barcelona-CSIC) Edició i impressió Juli Pujade-Villar (Universitat de Barcelona) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Errol Véla (Université de Montpellier) Servei de Publicacions Carles Benedí (Universitat de Barcelona) 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain Coberta: Loni Geest & Tone Høverstad Tel. 93581 21 31. Fax 93 581 32 39 [email protected] Bases de dades en què Orsis està www.uab.cat/publicacions referenciada – Biosis Previews (a partir del vol. 19, 2004) ISSN 0213-4039 (imprès) – Dialnet (Unirioja) ISSN 2014-9727 (en línia) – Índice Español de Ciencia y Tecnología Dipòsit legal: B. 2.003-1986 (ICYT-CSIC) Imprès a Espanya. Printed in Spain – RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert) Imprès en paper ecològic Aquest número ha estat parcialment finançat per la Comissió d’Investigació del Vicerectorat d’Investigació de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Orsis és una revista que publiquen a les unitats de Botànica, Zoologia i Ecologia del Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona amb l’objectiu de donar a conèixer treballs originals de recerca o articles de revisió de botànica, zoologia i ecologia. Se’n publica un volum a l’any, constituït per un número o més. Orsis es pot obtenir per intercanvi amb publicacions equivalents o per subscripció utilitzant la butlle- ta que trobareu al final d’aquest exemplar. Encara que el català és la llengua oficial d’Orsis, no traslladem a aquesta llengua ni els índexs analí- tics, ni les paraules clau, ni els resums dels articles escrits en castellà. Orsis es publica sota el sistema de llicències Creative Commons segons la modalitat: Reconeixement - NoComercial (by-nc): Es permet la generació d’obres deriva- des sempre que no se’n faci un ús comercial. Tampoc es pot utilitzar l’obra origi- nal amb finalitats comercials. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia Vol. 31, 2017 ISSN 0213-4039 (imprès), ISSN 2014-9727 (en línia) http://revistes.uab.cat/orsis ORSIS Organismes i Sistemes 31 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Servei de Publicacions Bellaterra, 2017 Orsis 31, 2017 3-20 Biogeografía, ecología y conservación en la Neopangea: nuevos retos en Brasil Juan Carlos Guix1 Fecha de recepción: 5 de abril de 2017 Fecha de aceptación: 11 de mayo de 2017 Fecha de publicación: 10 de julio de 2017 Resumen En este análisis se evidencian los impactos potenciales de la introducción de especies fo- ráneas de aves y mamíferos utilizando algunos ejemplos del estado de São Paulo (sudeste de Brasil). Se da especial énfasis a la ausencia de estudios relacionados con diversas ini- ciativas de repoblación realizadas en Brasil en las últimas cinco décadas del siglo xx. Palabras clave: aves; Brasil; introducciones; fragmentación forestal; mamíferos; Neopan- gea; poblaciones; repoblación Abstract. Biogeography, ecology and conservation in the Neopangea: new challenges in Brazil This paper shows the potential impacts caused by the introduction of alien species of both birds and mammals using some examples from the State of São Paulo (Southeastern Bra- zil). I focus on the lack of studies related to several rewilding initiatives promoted in Brazil during the last five decades of the 20th century. Keywords: birds; Brazil; introductions; forest fragmentation; mammals; Neopangea; po- pulations; rewilding Introducción En las últimas décadas, el estudio de los procesos e impactos de las invasiones biológicas ha centrado gran parte de la atención de académicos, conservacionis- tas y gestores de áreas naturales protegidas (Strayer et al., 2006; Vilà et al., 2008; Simberloff et al., 2013). Esta atención se ha focalizado mayoritariamente en las especies foráneas, y se ha prestado poca atención a la introducción de poblaciones no nativas de especies autóctonas en nuevas áreas, regiones y eco- sistemas. 1. Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals. Facultat de Biologia. Avda. Diagonal, 643. 08028 Barcelona. [email protected] ISSN 0213-4039 (imprès), ISSN 2014-9727 (en línia) https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/orsis.40 4 Orsis 31, 2017 J. C. Guix Uno de los problemas más frecuentes para los gestores de áreas naturales protegidas es averiguar cuándo y cómo determinados organismos han sido intro- ducidos en una zona. Las respuestas relacionadas con estas cuestiones permiten plantear estrategias más eficaces de gestión, a medio y largo plazo, de poblaciones de especies potencialmente invasoras. La abeja europea (Apis mellifera) es un buen ejemplo de la trazabilidad de una invasión, tanto a nivel de especie como de poblaciones foráneas, puesto que es uno de los insectos sobre el cual se dispone de más información acerca de su in- troducción en distintos continentes. El declive de sus poblaciones en diversas re- giones del mundo ha sido motivo de gran preocupación debido al impacto económico que este fenómeno pueda acarrear en la productividad de un gran nú- mero de especies cultivadas que estos insectos polinizan (Ellis et al., 2010; Neu- man & Carreck, 2010). A mediados del Holoceno, A. mellifera vivía en Asia occidental, África y el sudeste de Europa. No obstante, considerando que la espe- cie fue domesticada ya hace como mínimo 4000 años, es difícil determinar con seguridad la región de origen de las poblaciones estrictamente silvestres (Goul- son, 2003). Debido a ello, es probable que se hayan introducido subespecies de abejas en determinadas regiones de África y Europa donde no son nativas. Actual- mente esta especie habita ya todos los continentes, excepto la Antártida (Seeley, 2016). Los medios de transporte propiciados por los humanos ejercieron de «puentes» entre los continentes y las islas para que esta especie entrara y, poste- riormente, se crearon las condiciones idóneas para que se diseminara por sus pro- pios medios. La introducción de Apis mellifera scutellata en Rio Claro (estado de São Paulo, Brasil) en 1957 y su rápida progresión geográfica en el Nuevo Mundo, donde se han formado poblaciones polihíbridas (abejas africanizadas), es un buen ejemplo del potencial invasor de una población foránea (Mello et al., 2003). Existen numerosos ejemplos de este tipo, que incluyen a un gran número de especies de plantas y animales, y que ilustran este «efecto puente» con el que los medios de transporte antrópicos han aproximado los continentes y las islas en la escala temporal y espacial, propiciando así la colonización de extensas regiones de la Tierra. De este modo, se está produciendo una tendencia a la globaliza- ción de las floras, las faunas y los ecosistemas. A nivel biológico, en los ecosiste- mas terrestres, esto se traduce en el surgimiento funcional de una nueva Pangea (Guix, 2017). Teniendo como referencia el nivel de percepción a escala global o intercon- tinental, en la mayoría de los casos es relativamente fácil diferenciar las especies alóctonas o foráneas de las autóctonas o nativas. De este modo, la botánica cate- goriza a las especies directa o indirectamente introducidas por los humanos en un continente o macrorregión antes de 1500 (cuando los medios de transporte transoceánicos no se encontraban aún tan desarrollados) como arqueófitas, y las que han sido introducidas después de este marco temporal como neófitas (Chytrý et al., 2009). La introducción de especies foráneas frecuentemente genera interferencias e impactos en las comunidades y los ecosistemas, siendo actualmente considerada una de las principales causas de pérdida de diversidad biológica (Mack et al., La Neopangea: nuevos retos en Brasil Orsis 31, 2017 5 2000; Mooney & Cleland, 2001; Allendorf & Lundquist, 2003; Goulson, 2003). Por ejemplo,
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