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Map Showing Seacliff Response to Climatic And MISCELLANEOUS FIELD STUDIES MF-2399 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY C A 123 122 30' 122 LI 38 FO Table 1. Linear extent of cliff section experiencing slope failure for each of the time periods investigated. The data is further subdivided to Concord Map RN show the type of slope failure for each occurrence, as well as the geologic units involved, if distinguishable. Area INTRODUCTION I A The coastal cliffs along much of the central California coast are actively retreating. Large storms and periodic GULF OF THE earthquakes are responsible for most of the documented seacliff slope failures. Long-term average erosion rates calculated for FARALLONES Debris Debris this section of coast (Moore and others, 1999) do not provide the spatial or temporal data resolution necessary to identify the Time Interval BlBlock k OthOther TtTotalll along-cliffliff NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY Oakland processes responsible for retreat of the seacliffs, where episodic retreat threatens homes and community infrastructure. falls flows Slumps (m) Slaking (m) San fll(falls (m) ) ()(m) filfailure per itinterval l Francisco Research suggests that more erosion occurs along the California coast over a short time scale, during periods of severe storms (m) (m) Farallon or seismic activity, than occurs during decades of normal weather or seismic quiescence (Griggs and Scholar, 1998; Griggs, Islands 1994; Plant and Griggs, 1990; Griggs and Johnson, 1979 and 1983; Kuhn and Shepard, 1979). Livermore This is the second map in a series of maps documenting the processes of short-term seacliff retreat through the 0 130130.5 5 113113.4 4 identification of slope failure styles, spatial variability of failures, and temporal variation in retreat amounts in an area that has --------- 0 0 ------------- 0 0 243.9 Pacifica (i(instantaneous) t t ) been identified as an erosion hotspot (Moore and others, 1999; Griggs and Savoy, 1985). This map presents seacliff failure and T Qmt and T retreat data from Seacliff State Beach, California, which is located seven kilometers east of Santa Cruz (fig. 1) along the p** p** Fremont northern Monterey Bay coast. The data presented in this map series provide high-resolution spatial and temporal information 37 30' on the location, amount, and processes of seacliff retreat in Santa Cruz, California. These data show the response of the 8278.27 yrs 5050.8 8 Half Moon Bay seacliffs to both large magnitude earthquakes and severe climatic events such as El Niños; this information may prove useful in Palo Alto 0 2.0 ---------- 0 71.6 76.9 201.3 predicting the future response of the cliffs to events of similar magnitude. The map data can also be incorporated into Global (Oct. 89 – Jan. 98) Information System (GIS) for use by researchers and community planners. Qmt and Tp** 1 MONTEREY BAY Four sets of vertical aerial photographs (Oct. 18, 1989; Jan. 27, 1998; Feb. 9, 1998; and March 6, 1998) were orthorectified and digital terrain models (DTMs) were generated and edited for this study (see Hapke and Richmond, 2000, for San Jose 003yrs0.03 yrs description of techniques). The earliest set of photography is from 1989, taken immediately following the Loma Prieta 2929.1 1 NATIONAL MARINE Saratoga earthquake. These photographs are used to document the response of the seacliffs to seismic shaking, as well as to establish a --------- 0 337.0 0 6.8 0 372.9 Park Entrance Road (J(Jan. 98 – Fb98)Feb. 98) Seacliff baseline cliff-edge position to measure the amount of retreat of the cliff edge over the following decade. The remaining three Tp** New Brighton State sets of photographs were collected using the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal Aerial Mapping System (CAMS) during the SANCTUARY State Beach 0 Beach 1997-98 El Niño (see Hapke and Richmond, 1999; 2000). The CAMS photographs were taken before, during, and after severe Aptos 007yrs0.07 yrs Creek storms and are used to examine seacliff response to these storms. In addition to the analyses of photogrammetrically processed MONTEREY BAY s) data, field mapping identified joints, faults, and lithologic variations along this section of seacliff. 0 0 3030.8 8 0 0 0 3030.8 8 r (Feb.( 98 – March 98)) 0 300 600 900 meters bo un da ry of st 0 1000 2000 ud 37 feet Cement Ship y e (mete ud Total 159.6 2.0 418.6 113.4 71.6 76.9 Santa Cruz agnit along-cliff failure 5 Watsonville M per failure type eat r et * Other, failures where type of failure could not be determined R A ** Qmt, terrace deposit; Tp, Purisima Formation 0 10 20 Kilometers C Salinas a r Point Pinos 400 0 5 10 Miles m e on l debris falls Cany ey C Monter 1 Storm-induced a 0 n block falls y Monterey (severe) o n debris flows 0 debris falls + block falls 36 30' other (undetermined) 123 122 30' 122 121 30' 350 8 Modified from Maher and Wong, 2001 Figure 1. Location map 7 300 6 Instantaeous nt (m) nt Terrace deposits u (earthquake) 5 o 250 (Qmt) October 1989 e Am ur 4 March 1998 ail 200 F liff liff 200 3 Decadal Amount of Rainfall (cm) Along-c Purisima Fm. 2 (Tp) B 150 1 100 0 27 30 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 1 4 Slide debris January February March State Park Road (with vegetation) Dates of Rainfall 400 Joints 50 Storm-induced Figure 8b. Rainfall for Santa Cruz from January 27 to March 6, 1998. Dashed lines show (moderate) dates of CAMS photography. Note that the period from January 27 to February 9 represents a period of high rainfall associated with severe storms, whereas the period from February 9 to March 6 was a more moderate storm period. seawall 0 1234 10/18/89 10/18/89 - 1/27/98 1/27/98 - 2/9/98 2/9/98 - 3/6/98 B Retaining wall aseline Distance (meter Date of Photography Figure 8a. Seacliff State Beach cliff failure types, October 1989 - March 1998. Figure 2. Oblique aerial photograph of Seacliff State Beach showing position of seacliff relative to the state park road, seawall, Park road s) and variable width beach. Dates of photography Types of cliff failures 600 October 89 Tp failures October 1989 to January 1998 Qmt failures January 1998 to February 1998 Mixed failures beach February 1998 to March 1998 Undifferentiated failures Figure 3. Schematic block diagram of a typical cliff section along Seacliff State Beach. In this location, the Purisima Formation is capped by 6-12 meters of terrace deposits. A retaining wall at the base of the cliffs 0 7 protects the park road and picnic areas from slide debris along the southern portion of the park. The wall is periodically overtopped with debris during large slide events. 6 800 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Meters 5 e (m) e 4 ud 5 agnit 3 200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Feet M eat eat 2 r et Equal-Area plot R 1 N = 113 0 0100200300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Along-cliff Distance (m) Aerial photography from Coastal Aerial Mapping System (CAMS), March 6, 1998 Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 10 Figure 6. Orthophotomosaic (CAMS imagery flown 2/9/98 at a scale of 1:7500) of Seacliff State Beach section showing retreat magnitude and cliff edge position for two dates of photography. Figure 9. Plot of cliff retreat magnitudes for individual dates of photography versus the along-cliff distribution of cliff failures. The color coding shows which cliff-forming materials were involved in an individual failure. Note that all "retreat" values for the October 1989 date of photography are shown as zero. This date was used as the baseline data, and thus no other data set currently exists against which to determine the amount of retreat for this date. However, along-cliff failures are identified by deposits on the beach and scars on the cliff slope. The along cliff distance is longer than the baseline shown in figure 6 because the baseline is a straight line approximating the average trend of this section of coast and figure 9 is showing the actual along cliff distance. PROCESSES OF SEACLIFF FAILURE In figure 9, data from the bar graph on figure 6 and the failure locations on figure 7 are summarized. During this study we developed a method for investigating short-term processes of seacliff evolution Figure 9 demonstrates the grouping of unstable cliff sections, both in the south-central part of the study area: using rectified photographic stereo models. This method allows us to document the linear extent of cliff from 500-700 m, and from 830-1050 m. The amounts of retreat on figure 9 are for each individual time Figure 5. Stereonet plot of fault planes along Seacliff State Beach. failures, the spatial and temporal relationship between failures, and the type or style of slope failure. period, whereas those shown on the bar graph in figure 6 are cumulative. Failures over the course of the Faults with the same orientation plot on top of each other. In order to document the along-cliff linear extent of slope failure associated with a particular period or decade, which include the failures associated with early (December and January) El Niño storms, lead to the event, the top edge of the cliff was digitized from the rectified photographic stereo model at high resolution greatest localized amount of retreat of the top edge of the cliff. However, spatially, the severe storm period Figure 4. Photograph of seacliff showing lenses of shell hash deposits in the Purisima Formation (0.2 m/pixel) for each date of photography.
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