Labour History and the Interlocking Hierarchies of Class, Ethnicity, and Gender: a Canadian Perspective*
International Review of Social History 44 (1999), pp. 197–215 1999 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis SUGGESTIONS AND DEBATES Labour History and the Interlocking Hierarchies of Class, Ethnicity, and Gender: A Canadian Perspective* R UTH A. FRAGER ‘‘No nation is supposed to be so advanced as the British nation, no race so progressive as the white’’, declared Cotton’s Weekly, the newspaper of the Social Democratic Party of Canada. ‘‘BUT HERE IN TORONTO NO CHINESE, NO HINDOOS, NO JAPS, NO INDIANS, NO BLACKS, NO FOREIGNERS NEED BE IMPORTED. WHITE GIRLS AND MEN OF BRITISH BIRTH BREAK THE STRIKES.’’1 It was 1911. The newspaper was commenting on strike-breaking by ‘‘white’’ workers during a strike at a Toronto garment factory where male and female Jews had walked out. The newspaper compared this with cases out West: ‘‘In British Columbia when miners rise up in rebellion against the shameful conditions, Chinese are brought into the mines. In this and other western provinces, Japs, Hindoos, and Indians fill the places of the white toilers because they live on cheaper food and under such intolerable conditions no white people can stand it.’’2 Focusing on the Toronto strike, the newspaper’s disgust with those who refused to join ‘‘strikers who are brave enough to struggle for human treat- ment’’3 centred on the cutters, who were skilled Anglo-Celtic males, and on the Anglo-Celtic female strike-breakers. ‘‘Craft Unionism was shown up as selfish’’, declared the paper, not only because these cutters scabbed but also because English-speaking men from other craft unions refused the Jewish strikers’ request to try to persuade the cutters to join the strike.4 Women * I thank Lynne Marks, Carmela Patrias, and Don Wells for all their help.
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