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A General Method, Employing Arsenazo III in Liposomes, for Study Of Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 1506-1510, March 1980 Cell Biology A general method, employing arsenazo III in liposomes, for study of calcium ionophores: Results with A23187 and prostaglandins (polymeric prostaglandin Bj/endoperoxide analogs/multilamellar vesicles/large unilamellar vesicles/metallochromes) GERALD WEISSMANN, PAUL ANDERSON, CHARLES SERHAN, ELISABET SAMUELSSON, AND ELIZABETH GOODMAN Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016; and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Communicated by James D. Ebert, December 4, 1979 ABSTRACT Multilamellar (MLV) and large unilamellar entrapped in their aqueous compartments (15) and quantitated (LUV) lipid vesicles (liposomes) trap the metallochromic dye Ca translocation by spectral shifts of the entrapped AIII. * arsenazo III [2,7-bis(arsonophenylazo)1,8-dihydroxynaphth- By this means it was possible to detect one dimer of A23187 alene-3,6-disulfonic acid] in their aqueous compartments. When liposome upon preincorporation or 10 nM A23187 when ionophore A23187 was preincorporated into either MLV or LUV per above 0.001 mol %, addition of Ca to the outside of liposomes added externally. Permselectivity can be established, because produced spectral shifts characteristic of the Ca'AII12 complex. other divalent cations also form complexes with AIII. Moreover, The method permitted detection of two molecules of A23187 the integrity of MLV and LUV was monitored by adding excess per liposome. Liposomes with A23187 were permselective: di- impermeant ethylene glycol bis(3-aminoethyl ether)- valent cations were translocated in the order Mn > Ca > Sr >> N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), which distinguishes intra- Mg Ba. Because prostaglandins (PGs) may act as Ca iono- from extra-liposomal dye by dissociating the Ca-AIII2 complex phores, we have incorporated into MLVs and LUVs stable (15, 18). Having in hand a method that is highly sensitive, tests prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2, PGBi), endoperoxide analogs, and the integrity of Ca-translocating a water-soluble, polymeric derivative of PGBi:PGBx. None acted permselectivity, and reports as ionophore. In contrast, when added to the outside of pre- membranes, we utilized it to study PGE2, PGI2, PGB1, stable formed MLV or LUV, PGBx, at concentrations above 1 MM, endoperoxide analogs, and PGBx. provoked permselective uptake of Ca equivalent to that induced by 10 nM A23187. These studies demonstrate not only that li- MATERIALS AND METHODS posomes containing arsenazo III may be employed in a sensitive Reagents. A23187 was obtained from Eli Lilly. EDTA, assay for agents that translocate divalent cations, but that a EGTA, Hepes, gramicidin, valinomycin, and Triton X-100 water-soluble derivative of a naturally occurring fatty acid, (TX-100) were supplied by Sigma; Statzyme Glucose 50 was PGBX, is a potent ionophore. supplied by Worthington, and AIII was from Aldrich. MnCl2, Prostaglandins (PGs) such as PGE1, PGE2, and PGI2 exert their BaCI2, cholesterol, petroleum ether, and chloroform were from granulocytes Fisher. MgCl2 was from Mallinckrodt; SrBr2, CaCI2, and dex- biological effects on platelets, smooth muscle, and trose were from Matheson. Sources of lipids have been described via surface membrane receptors (1-3). Engagement of receptors (15, 16). Na-Chelex 100 was from Bio-Rad; Sephadex G-50 was and their coupling to membrane adenylate cyclase lead to el- obtained from Pharmacia. PGE2, PGI2, endoperoxide analogs evation of intracellular cyclic AMP (4-6). It is less clear whether I and II, and 9,11-azoprostanoid III were the generous gifts of the endoperoxide precursors of prostaglandins, PGG2 and Bengt Samuelsson (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm). PGBX was PGH2, also act at the cell surface or at intracellular loci. The obtained through the courtesy of Edith Polis (Naval Air De- endoperoxides, which are highly unstable in aqueous media (7), velopment Center, Warminster, PA); another sample was ob- or their stable methanoepoxy analogs release Ca from intra- tained from S. Tsuyoshi Ohnishi and Thomas M. Devlin cellular membrane preparations; it was suggested that endo- (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, PA). peroxides may act as Ca ionophores (1, 4, 8). After earlier sug- gestions that prostaglandins of the E and F series might them- Abbreviations: MLV and LUV denote multilamellar and large unila- selves function as Ca ionophores (9-11), evidence was adduced mellar liposomes, respectively, followed by the molar ratio of con- that endoperoxide analogs mediate Ca transfer from aqueous stituent lipids as in MLV (PC 7:DCP 2:Chol 1) in parentheses to denote to nonpolar solvents (12). More recently, a polymer derived phosphatidyl choline, dicetyl phosphate, and cholesterol in molar ratios from prostaglandin B1, PGBX (13), has been shown to release as indicated. Entrapped substances are next written in square brackets: intracellular membrane preparations and to mediate [AIII, glucose] designates liposomes after capture of arsenazo III and Ca from glucose in aqueous compartments of liposomes. When ionophores were Ca transfer from aqueous to organic solvents (14), evidence that preincorporated their concentration is expressed as mole percentage the polymer (Mr 2400) was a Ca ionophore. of liposomal lipid-e.g., 5 mmol % = 5 mol of ionophore per 105 mol To determine whether prostaglandins, endoperoxide analogs, of lipid. AIII, arsenazo III [2,7-bis(arsonophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxy- or PGBX were, indeed, Ca ionophores, we have devised a sen- naphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid]; EGTA, ethylene glycol bis(f-ami- sitive method for the detection of ionophoretic activity, which noethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; TX-100, Triton X-100; prostaglandin endoperoxide analog 1, (5Z, 9a, 1la, 13E, 15s)-9,11- has distinct advantages over those previously employed. We methanoepoxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid; prostaglandin have prepared multilamellar (MLV) and unilamellar (LUV) endoperoxide analog II, (5Z, 9a, 1 la, 13E, 15s)-9,11 epoxymethano- liposomes with the metallochromic dye arsenazo III (AIII) 15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid; 9,1 1-azoprostanoid III, (5Z, 9a, lla, 13E, 15s)-9,11-azo-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid; PG, The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page prostaglandin; PGBX, polymeric derivative of PGBI; X2+, divalent charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "ad- cation. vertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate * As previously suggested (16), and agreed (17), a short-hand system this fact. of notation for liposomes will be employed. 1506 Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 Cell Biology: Weissmann et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 (1980) 1507 Preparation of AIII and Liposomes. AIII, obtained as a calculation of X2+ uptake by intact liposomes after TX-100 mixed, Ca-containing salt, was purified as described (15) by (0.06%) had been added to both cuvettes; this was arrived at by means of K-Chelex 100; aqueous solutions (3.5 mM) were subtracting the spectrum obtained after TX-100 lysis from that brought to pH 7.5 by KOH. MLV (PC 7:DCP 2:Chol 1) [AIII, obtained after EDTA- or EGTA-induced dissociation (15). glucose] were prepared as described (15) with AIII (3.05 mM), Spectrophotometric Analysis of Ionophores Added to Li- glucose (145 mM), KCI (72 mM), and Hepes (5 mM) at pH 7.5. posomes. Two cuvettes, each containing MLV or LUV (PC Swelling time was 2 hr at 230C. LUV were prepared as de- 7:DCP 2:Chol 1)[AIII, glucose] were adjusted to yield equal scribed (19). Lipids (PC 7:DCP 2:Chol 1) were injected into a apparent absorbance at 750 nm and placed in "sample" and condensor that contained 2.2 ml of the above swelling solu- "reference" chambers. Agents were added to "sample" cu- tion. vettes, appropriate solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide and H20, or Preincorporation of Ionophores into Liposomes. Ionophore H20) was added to the "reference" cuvettes, and difference A23187, gramicidin, or valinomycin was preincorporated into spectra (750 - 550 nm) were obtained. Sequentially, incre- MLV by addition to lipids in chloroform (at molar ratios de- mental amounts of X2+, EDTA or EGTA, and TX-100 were scribed below) before rotary evaporation. A23187 was prein- added to both cuvettes, and uptake of X2+ by intact liposomes corporated into LUV by addition to lipids in petroleum ether was calculated as above. before injection into the condenser chamber (19). PGBX (free Translocation of X2+s. To eliminate variables introduced acid), PGBI, PGE2, PGI2, endoperoxide analogs I and II, and by interactions of X2+ with lipids, difference spectra were ob- 9,11-azoprostanoid were dissolved in either chloroform or pe- tained between two cuvettes containing MLV or LUV (PC troleum ether for MLV or LUV, respectively, and added to 7:DCP 2:Chol 1)[AIII, glucose] to both of which TX-100 (0.06%) lipids as above. Absorbance spectra of A23187 and PGBX in lipid had been added. Thereafter, X2+s were added to the "sample" solution assured that these had been adequately solubilized. cuvette, and buffer was added to the "reference". Standard Liposomes were applied to Sephadex G-50 columns (0.75 X 11 curves were generated by adding increasing amounts of X2+ inch) prewashed with AIII (3.05 mM). MLV or LUV were to a constant amount of AIII; absorbances were read at the eluted in KCI (145 mM)/Hepes (5 mM), pH 7.5; pooled frac- wavelength that yielded the greatest difference between AIII tions contained 5-6 Mmol of lipid per ml. Leakage of D-glucose and its X2+-AIII complex (21, 22). and solute entrapment were determined either by the solute diffusion method or the described chromatographic procedure RESULTS (19, 20) by utilizing a Beckman model 25 DB twin-beam Incorporation of Ionophore A23187 into Liposomes: En- spectrophotometer. trapment and Diffusion. Preparations of MLV and LUV with Spectrophotometric Analysis of Liposomes with Iono- varying molar ratios of A23187 were analyzed for entrapment phore Preincorporated.
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