Deep Ocean Mineral Supplementation Enhances the Cerebral Hemodynamic Response During Exercise and Decreases Inflammation Postexercise in Men at Two Age Levels
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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UDORA - University of Derby Online Research Archive Deep ocean mineral supplementation enhances the cerebral hemodynamic response during exercise and decreases inflammation postexercise in men at two age levels. Item type Article Authors Wei, Ching-Yin; Chen, Chung-Yu; Liao, Yi-Hung; Tsai, Yung-Shen; Huang, Chih-Yang; Chaunchaiyakul, Rungchai; Higgins, Matthew F.; Kuo, Chia-Hua Citation Wei, C. H. et al (2017) 'Deep ocean mineral supplementation enhances the cerebral hemodynamic response during exercise and decreases inflammation postexercise in men at two age levels.', Frontiers in Physiology, DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01016. DOI 10.3389/fphys.2017.01016 Publisher Frontiers Journal Frontiers in Physiology Downloaded 22-Dec-2017 21:24:01 Link to item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/622027 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 12 December 2017 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01016 Deep Ocean Mineral Supplementation Enhances the Cerebral Hemodynamic Response during Exercise and Decreases Inflammation Postexercise in Men at Two Age Levels Ching-Yin Wei 1, Chung-Yu Chen 1, Yi-Hung Liao 2, Yung-Shen Tsai 1, Chih-Yang Huang 3, 4, Rungchai Chaunchaiyakul 5, Matthew F. Higgins 6† and Chia-Hua Kuo 1*† 1 Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, 2 Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, 3 Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, 4 Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, 5 College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand, 6 Department of Life Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom Edited by: Yih-Kuen Jan, University of Illinois at Background: Previous studies have consistently shown that oral supplementation of Urbana–Champaign, United States deep ocean minerals (DOM) improves vascular function in animals and enhances muscle Reviewed by: power output in exercising humans. Yi Sun, University of Illinois at Purpose: To examine the effects of DOM supplementation on the cerebral Urbana–Champaign, United States Chien-Liang Chen, hemodynamic response during physical exertion in young and middle-aged men. I-Shou University, Taiwan Design: Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover studies were conducted in young *Correspondence: (N = 12, aged 21.2 ± 0.4 years) and middle-aged men (N = 9, aged 46.8 ± 1.4 years). Chia-Hua Kuo [email protected] The counter-balanced trials of DOM and Placebo were separated by a 2-week washout †These authors have contributed period. DOM and Placebo were orally supplemented in drinks before, during, and after equally to this work. cycling exercise. DOM comprises desalinated minerals and trace elements from seawater collected ∼618 m below the earth’s surface. Specialty section: This article was submitted to Methods: Cerebral hemodynamic response (tissue hemoglobin) was measured during Clinical and Translational Physiology, cycling at 75% VO using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). a section of the journal 2max Frontiers in Physiology Results: Cycling time to exhaustion at 75% VO2max and the associated plasma lactate Received: 16 August 2017 response were similar between the Placebo and DOM trials for both age groups. In Accepted: 23 November 2017 Published: 12 December 2017 contrast, DOM significantly elevated cerebral hemoglobin levels in young men and, to Citation: a greater extent, in middle-aged men compared with Placebo. An increased neutrophil Wei C-Y, Chen C-Y, Liao Y-H, Tsai Y-S, to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was observed in middle-aged men, 2 h after exhaustive cycling, Huang C-Y, Chaunchaiyakul R, but was attenuated by DOM. Higgins MF and Kuo C-H (2017) Deep Ocean Mineral Supplementation Conclusion: Our data suggest that minerals and trace elements from deep oceans Enhances the Cerebral Hemodynamic possess great promise in developing supplements to increase the cerebral hemodynamic Response during Exercise and Decreases Inflammation Postexercise response against a physical challenge and during post-exercise recovery for middle-aged in Men at Two Age Levels. men. Front. Physiol. 8:1016. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01016 Keywords: rehydration, minerals, trace elements, muscle power, inflammation, aging Frontiers in Physiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 December 2017 | Volume 8 | Article 1016 Wei et al. DOM Increases Cerebral Hemodynamic Response INTRODUCTION post high-intensity physical exertion in young and middle-aged men. A growing body of paleobiological evidence suggests that life on earth may have originated from the deep oceans (Gingerich et al., 2001; Kusky et al., 2001; Keller et al., 2017). If terrestrial MATERIALS AND METHODS organisms are evolved from deep oceans, sea-to-land migration Participants could have compromised the nutritive complexity for all land This study recruited nine middle-aged men (aged 46.8 ± 1.4 survivors including descendants such as humans. In line with year, body mass 81.4 ± 3.1kg, height 175 ± 3 cm, BMI this concept, oral ingestion of components from deep oceans is 26.5 ± 1.3, VO2max 26.5 ± 1.3 mL/min/kg) and 12 young likely to replenish any innate incomplete molecular complexity men (aged 21.2 ± 0.4 year, body mass 64.6 ± 1.6kg, height and increase the physical capacity of humans against entropic 172 ± 1 cm, BMI 21.7 ± 0.5, VO2max 45.2 ± 1.5 mL/min/kg) physical challenges. A proof-of-concept study has previously to determine cerebral hemodynamic and inflammatory responses reported a substantially faster recovery (shortened from 48 to4h) during high-intensity cycling at 75% VO2max. Individuals with a on both leg muscle power (on a force plate) and aerobic fitness history of musculoskeletal, orthopedic injury, or cardiovascular (maximal aerobic power on a cycle ergometer) in men stressed by ∼ ◦ abnormality were excluded from taking part. The study was an initial bout of exercise at high temperature (cycling at 30 C ethically approved by the University of Taipei Institution Review until a 3% weight loss) with DOM supplementation (Hou et al., Board. All participants were asked to not ingest any alcohol 2013). Similar results have been shown elsewhere, using different or nutritional supplementation (such as caffeine-containing sources of mineral water from depths lower than 0.5 km below supplements) during the study including the washout period. the earth’s surface (Stasiule et al., 2014; Fan et al., 2016; Keen et al., Written inform consent was obtained from all participants after 2016). a detailed explanation of the study protocol. Another repeatable finding regarding the physiological benefits of DOM ingestion is its protective effect on vascular function in land animals (Miyamura et al., 2004; Radhakrishnan Experimental Design et al., 2009; Li et al., 2014). In contrast to surface ocean water We conducted randomized placebo-controlled crossover trials in containing a similar profile of major minerals (magnesium, a counter-balanced order with a 2-week washout period using potassium, calcium, sodium, and chloride), DOM demonstrated taste matched DOM and Placebo drinks. No measurement was greater protective benefits against the development of conducted during the washout period. Only males were recruited atherosclerosis in rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet (Miyamura for the study to avoid the influence of menstruation or potential et al., 2004), suggesting that trace elements of the deep ocean acute anemia on brain hemodynamic measurement. DOM or water contributed to the attenuated vascular inflammation Placebo was orally supplemented 12 h (600 mL bolus) and 1 h and improved vascular function. In surface ocean water where before exercise (1.8 mL per kg body mass (BM), every 15 min) light is permeable (within ∼200m below the earth’s surface), during exercise (1.8 mL per kg BM at 15th min), and during photosynthesis by marine organisms may exhaust biogenic post-exercise recovery (10mL per kg BM in 2h). All participants components essential for optimal vascular functions (Miyamura received the same meal (800–900 kcal) and water (600mL bolus) et al., 2004). the night before experimental trials and a standardized breakfast The action of DOM on cerebral vascular regulation during (200–250 kcal) 1 h before commencing exercise. The same meal exercise has not yet been documented. Cerebral blood supply was provided during the crossover trial. Participants had a increases during exercise as a result of increased brain repeatable dietary intake on testing days. metabolism (Querido and Sheel, 2007). However, vascular function deteriorates during aging (Barac and Panza, 2009). Drinks Maximal aerobic power declines from 40 years of age (Fleg The desalinated DOM, taken from the West Pacific Ocean et al., 2005). As the brain is the primary determinant of (618m in depth), was provided by Pacific Deep Ocean Biotech voluntary effort on muscle recruitment during exercise in (Taipei, Taiwan). DOM is defined by minerals and trace elements humans (Kayser, 2003), cerebral hemodynamic function has been collected from ocean water 200m below the earth’s surface considered as a limiting factor for high-intensity performance where sunlight is barely permeable. More than 70 minerals (Subudhi et al., 2007; Rupp and Perrey, 2008). During a and trace elements existing in the ocean water have been progressive maximal exercise to exhaustion on a cycling documented (Farrington, 2000). DOM was filtered by a micro- ergometer,