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Stock Exchange Listing Agreements As a Vehicle for Corporate Governance
1981] STOCK EXCHANGE LISTING AGREEMENTS AS A VEHICLE FOR CORPORATE GOVERNANCE INTRODUCTION After nearly two hundred years of operation, stock exchanges remain largely unexplored as vehicles for regulating the internal affairs of corporations whose stocks they list for trading. Such regulation would seek to establish uniform, easily comprehensible standards of corporate conduct and to communicate them to every investor. The standards would be implemented by requiring that corporations conform to them as a prerequisite to having their securities traded on an exchange. As a result, investors could more accurately assess the value of corporate equity securities than they can today, and would be less likely to base an investment decision on a misunderstanding of their potential rights as shareholders.1 In evaluating the price of an equity security today, investors face fifty state corporation laws and as many state judicial systems, which together determine the bundle of rights the investor pur- chases. This problem stems from the principle that state law defines the rights and obligations a corporation owes to its share- holders.2 Investors who have neither the expertise to school them- selves in the nuances of state corporation law nor the resources to hire an attorney for that purpose 3 may choose "safer" invest- ments,4 or equally risky but more understandable investments,5 or I Stock exchanges currently regulate some aspects of internal corporate affairs, see, e.g., note 40 infra, but this Comment advocates greater supervisory powers. Furthermore, because of the relative obscurity of listing agreement provisions, investors do not generally appreciate the specifies of current exchange regulations. -
Why Are the First Day Returns of China's Ipos So High?
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Commerce - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Business and Law 2005 Why Are the First Day Returns of China’s IPOs So High? S. Ma University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers Part of the Business Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Ma, S.: Why Are the First Day Returns of China’s IPOs So High? 2005. https://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers/474 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Why Are the First Day Returns of China’s IPOs So High? Abstract We investigate the causes of the high first day returns of Chinese firms making an initial public offering (IPO) of A-shares from 1991 to 2003 on Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. Our results show an average underpricing of 175.21 percent. We argue that the IPO underpricing is an interaction of ex-market underpricing and on-market overpricing. The high first day returns of China’s IPOs are most likely generated from on-market overpricing. Government intervention, market speculation, special ownership structure, strategy of proceeds maximization and risk concerns are the main drivers of the high first day returns. However, the high first day returns have decreased significantly in ecentr years. We explained this change by testing the risk composition hypothesis, the realignment of incentives hypothesis and the changing issuer objective hypothesis, which shows that the reduction in risk, senior managerial shares and seasoned offerings mitigate the first day returns. -
Initial Public Offerings
November 2017 Initial Public Offerings An Issuer’s Guide (US Edition) Contents INTRODUCTION 1 What Are the Potential Benefits of Conducting an IPO? 1 What Are the Potential Costs and Other Potential Downsides of Conducting an IPO? 1 Is Your Company Ready for an IPO? 2 GETTING READY 3 Are Changes Needed in the Company’s Capital Structure or Relationships with Its Key Stockholders or Other Related Parties? 3 What Is the Right Corporate Governance Structure for the Company Post-IPO? 5 Are the Company’s Existing Financial Statements Suitable? 6 Are the Company’s Pre-IPO Equity Awards Problematic? 6 How Should Investor Relations Be Handled? 7 Which Securities Exchange to List On? 8 OFFER STRUCTURE 9 Offer Size 9 Primary vs. Secondary Shares 9 Allocation—Institutional vs. Retail 9 KEY DOCUMENTS 11 Registration Statement 11 Form 8-A – Exchange Act Registration Statement 19 Underwriting Agreement 20 Lock-Up Agreements 21 Legal Opinions and Negative Assurance Letters 22 Comfort Letters 22 Engagement Letter with the Underwriters 23 KEY PARTIES 24 Issuer 24 Selling Stockholders 24 Management of the Issuer 24 Auditors 24 Underwriters 24 Legal Advisers 25 Other Parties 25 i Initial Public Offerings THE IPO PROCESS 26 Organizational or “Kick-Off” Meeting 26 The Due Diligence Review 26 Drafting Responsibility and Drafting Sessions 27 Filing with the SEC, FINRA, a Securities Exchange and the State Securities Commissions 27 SEC Review 29 Book-Building and Roadshow 30 Price Determination 30 Allocation and Settlement or Closing 31 Publicity Considerations -
Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism
Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Robert Fredona Working Paper 18-021 Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Harvard Business School Robert Fredona Harvard Business School Working Paper 18-021 Copyright © 2017 by Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona ABSTRACT: N.S.B. Gras, the father of Business History in the United States, argued that the era of mercantile capitalism was defined by the figure of the “sedentary merchant,” who managed his business from home, using correspondence and intermediaries, in contrast to the earlier “traveling merchant,” who accompanied his own goods to trade fairs. Taking this concept as its point of departure, this essay focuses on the predominantly Italian merchants who controlled the long‐distance East‐West trade of the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Until the opening of the Atlantic trade, the Mediterranean was Europe’s most important commercial zone and its trade enriched European civilization and its merchants developed the most important premodern mercantile innovations, from maritime insurance contracts and partnership agreements to the bill of exchange and double‐entry bookkeeping. Emerging from literate and numerate cultures, these merchants left behind an abundance of records that allows us to understand how their companies, especially the largest of them, were organized and managed. -
489.108 Name. 1. the Name of a Limited Liability Company Must Contain the Words “Limited Liability Company” Or “Limited Company” Or the Abbreviation “L
1 REVISED UNIFORM LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY ACT, §489.108 489.108 Name. 1. The name of a limited liability company must contain the words “limited liability company” or “limited company” or the abbreviation “L. L. C.”, “LLC”, “L. C.”, or “LC”. “Limited” may be abbreviated as “Ltd.”, and “company” may be abbreviated as “Co.”. 2. Unless authorized by subsection 3, the name of a limited liability company must be distinguishable in the records of the secretary of state from all of the following: a. The name of each person that is not an individual and that is incorporated, organized, or authorized to transact business in this state. b. Each name reserved under section 489.109. 3. A limited liability company may apply to the secretary of state for authorization to use a name that does not comply with subsection 2. The secretary of state shall authorize use of the name applied for if either of the following applies: a. The present user, registrant, or owner of the noncomplying name consents in a signed record to the use and submits an undertaking in a form satisfactory to the secretary of state to change the noncomplying name to a name that complies with subsection 2 and is distinguishable in the records of the secretary of state from the name applied for. b. The applicant delivers to the secretary of state a certified copy of the final judgment of a court establishing the applicant’s right to use in this state the name applied for. 4. A limited liability company may use the name, including the fictitious name, of another entity that is used in this state if the other entity is formed under the law of this state or is authorized to transact business in this state and the proposed user limited liability company meets any of the following conditions: a. -
Shareholder Capitalism a System in Crisis New Economics Foundation Shareholder Capitalism
SHAREHOLDER CAPITALISM A SYSTEM IN CRISIS NEW ECONOMICS FOUNDATION SHAREHOLDER CAPITALISM SUMMARY Our current, highly financialised, form of shareholder capitalism is not Shareholder capitalism just failing to provide new capital for – a system driven by investment, it is actively undermining the ability of listed companies to the interests of reinvest their own profits. The stock shareholder-backed market has become a vehicle for and market-fixated extracting value from companies, not companies – is broken. for injecting it. No wonder that Andy Haldane, Chief Economist of the Bank of England, recently suggested that shareholder capitalism is ‘eating itself.’1 Corporate governance has become dominated by the need to maximise short-term shareholder returns. At the same time, financial markets have grown more complex, highly intermediated, and similarly short- termist, with shares increasingly seen as paper assets to be traded rather than long-term investments in sound businesses. This kind of trading is a zero-sum game with no new wealth, let alone social value, created. For one person to win, another must lose – and increasingly, the only real winners appear to be the army of financial intermediaries who control and perpetuate the merry-go- round. There is nothing natural or inevitable about the shareholder-owned corporation as it currently exists. Like all economic institutions, it is a product of political and economic choices which can and should be remade if they no longer serve our economy, society, or environment. Here’s the impact -
Outline of a Business Plan Plan Summary Company And
APPENDIX B OUTLINE OF A BUSINESS PLAN A business plan is a description of your proposed or existing business and should include information on the business' products or services, markets, marketing strategies, manufacturing procedures, ownership, management structure, needs (organizational, personnel and financial) and projections. A well-prepared business plan serves two important functions. First, it is a basic management tool that helps guide the future direction of your company. Second, it is a mandatory document if you plan to seek business financing. How much detail should your business plan contain and in what order? What will help make it effective in communicating your proposed or existing company's strengths and potential? The purpose of this section of the handbook is to help you answer such questions. Not all plans need to be alike. Some sections of this outline may be more applicable to your company than others. You should make every effort to tailor your plan to your company's specific set of circumstances. PLAN SUMMARY A well-written business plan summary allows prospective lenders and investors to quickly decide if they want to examine the entire plan in detail. Therefore, your objective in the plan summary is to convince them to study the plan further. Although a plan summary appears first, it should be the last part you write. The summary should briefly highlight the key elements of your business plan and include the following points: - A brief history of your business or business concept; - A description of your products or services with emphasis on their distinguishing features, the market needs they will meet, the market potential and assessment of the competition: - How the products will be made, or services performed; - An outline of your management team's experience and talent; - A summary of your financial projections; and - How much money you are seeking, in what form, for what purpose and how it will be repaid. -
Islamic Finance” After State-Sponsored Capitalist Islamism
Working Paper ”Islamic Finance” After State-Sponsored Capitalist Islamism Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, Ph.D. Chair in Islamic Economics, Finance and Management, Rice University Rice Faculty Scholar, Baker Institute for Public Policy © 2017 by the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University This material may be quoted or reproduced without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given to the author and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Wherever feasible, papers are reviewed by outside experts before they are released. However, the research and views expressed in this paper are those of the individual researcher(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. This paper is a work in progress and has not been submitted for editorial review. “Islamic Finance” after State-Sponsored Capitalist-Islamism Mahmoud A. El-Gamal Rice University December 2017 Abstract During the late part of the nineteenth century CE, nationalist-Islamism emerged as a theology of liberation from the realities of European colonialism under which most Muslims lived. This form of Islamism survived into the mid twentieth century, without significant thought being lent to the possibility or desirability of a so-called “Islamic finance.” Indeed, juristic developments during this period justified conventional financial practices, and many nationalist movements aimed merely to replace European financial institutions with indigenous ones focused on boosting domestic and re- gional economic development. Shortly after independence, and under the influence of global currents, the liberation theology of nationalist-Islamism mutated into a socialist-Islamism that focused on self reliance to defeat poverty and continued economic dependence of Muslim-majority countries. -
NYSE Listed Company Compliance Guidance Letter
NYSE Regulation 11 Wall Street New York, New York 10005 TO: NYSE Listed Company Executives FROM: NYSE Regulation RE: Listed Company Compliance Guidance for NYSE Issuers DATE: January 14, 2021 Each year, the staff of NYSE Regulation prepares a guidance memo for important rules and policies applicable to companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE” or the “Exchange”). A complete text of Exchange rules can be found online in the NYSE Listed Company Manual (“Listed Company Manual”). We have included items that are new below, with important reminders in the sections that follow. Please note that this memo is applicable to all listed issuers, with any rule or policy differences for Domestic vs. Foreign Private Issuers (“FPIs”) identified within. We encourage you to provide a copy of this memo to appropriate executives and outside advisers who handle matters related to your listing on the NYSE. We have also provided department contact information below. Please do not hesitate to contact the staff with any question or concern you may have. What’s New In response to the market and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the NYSE filed with the SEC temporary rules that provided relief to listed companies from certain quantitative and shareholder approval rules in the Listed Company Manual, most of which expired on July 1, 2020. However, the relief pertaining to shareholder approval remains in effect through March 31, 2021. The shareholder approval relief generally waives related party limitations and bona fide private financing requirements in Listed Company Manual Section 312.03 for market price transactions. -
Initial Public Offering Allocations
Initial Public Offering Allocations by Sturla Lyngnes Fjesme A dissertation submitted to BI Norwegian Business School for the degree of PhD PhD specialization: Financial Economics Series of Dissertations 9/2011 BI Norwegian Business School Sturla Lyngnes Fjesme Initial Public Offering Allocations © Sturla Lyngnes Fjesme 2011 Series of Dissertations 9/2011 ISBN: 978-82-8247-029-2 ISSN: 1502-2099 BI Norwegian Business School N-0442 Oslo Phone: +47 4641 0000 www.bi.no Printing: Nordberg Trykk The dissertation may be downloaded or ordered from our website www.bi.no/en/Research/Research-Publications/ Abstract Stock exchanges have rules on the minimum equity level and the minimum number of shareholders that are required to list publicly. Most private companies that want to list publicly must issue equity to be able to meet these minimum requirements. Most companies that list on the Oslo stock exchange (OSE) are restricted to selling shares in an IPO to a large group of dispersed investors or in a negotiated private placement to a small group of specialized investors. Initial equity offerings have high expected returns and this makes them very popular investments. Ritter (2003) and Jenkinson and Jones (2004) argue that there are three views on how shares are allocated in the IPO setting. First, is the academic view based on Benveniste and Spindt (1989). In this view investment banks allocate IPO shares to informed investors in return for true valuation and demand information. Informed investors are allocated shares because they help to price the issue. Second, is the pitchbook view where investment banks allocate shares to institutional investors that are likely to hold shares in the long run. -
The Market Reaction to Cross-Listings: Does the Destination Market Matter?
ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Banking & Finance xxx (2009) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Banking & Finance journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jbf The market reaction to cross-listings: Does the destination market matter? Peter Roosenboom, Mathijs A. van Dijk * Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands article info abstract Article history: This paper examines (i) whether market reactions to cross-listings differ across destination markets and Received 26 November 2008 (ii) to what extent the following explanations for value creation around cross-listings can account for dif- Accepted 17 April 2009 ferences in market reactions across cross-listings on various destination markets: overcoming market Available online xxxx segmentation, increased market liquidity, improved information disclosure, and better investor protec- tion (‘‘bonding”). We analyze 526 cross-listings from 44 different countries on eight major stock JEL classification: exchanges and document significant announcement returns of 1.3% on average for cross-listings on US F30 exchanges, 1.1% on London Stock Exchange, 0.6% on exchanges in continental Europe, and 0.5% (not sig- G14 nificant) on Tokyo Stock Exchange. We find evidence consistent with improved disclosure and bonding G15 creating value for cross-listings on US exchanges, while overcoming segmentation and bonding are asso- Keywords: ciated with higher announcement returns on the London Stock Exchange. The evidence is mixed for con- Cross-listings tinental European exchanges and for Tokyo. Our results highlight the role of the destination market in Capital market integration value creation around cross-listings. Investor protection Ó 2009 Elsevier B.V. -
NYSE Direct Listing Rules Approved; Nasdaq Proposes Substantially Similar Rules
Capital Markets Alert 01 / 06 / 21 NYSE Direct Listing Rules Approved; Nasdaq Proposes Substantially Similar Rules If you have any questions regarding On December 22, 2020, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved the matters discussed in this a proposal by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) that allows companies going memorandum, please contact the public via a direct listing to issue new shares and raise capital without involvement of a attorneys listed on the last page traditional underwriter. The SEC first approved the proposed rules on August 26, 2020, or call your regular Skadden contact. but stayed the approval upon receiving notice that the Council of Institutional Investors intended to petition for review of the rules. After a de novo review, the SEC approved the rules, concluding that the NYSE had “met its burden to show that the proposed rule This memorandum is provided by Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and its change is consistent with the Exchange Act.” The NYSE rules, which are immediately affiliates for educational and informational effective, bolster direct listings as a potentially attractive alternative to traditional under- purposes only and is not intended written initial public offerings (IPOs). and should not be construed as legal advice. This memorandum is considered Nasdaq also recently filed a direct listing rule proposal with the SEC, which would have advertising under applicable state laws. provided for more pricing flexibility than is permitted in the NYSE rules, but the SEC staff delayed approval of the rule, subjecting it to additional procedures for consider- ation. Upon approval of the NYSE rules, Nasdaq filed a substantially similar proposal, One Manhattan West requesting immediate effectiveness.