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University of Cape Town (UCT) in Terms of the Non-Exclusive License Granted to UCT by the Author The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town Urban Agriculture and the Youth: The youth’s responses to urban agriculture projects in both the Du Noon and Joe Slovo Park townships (Milnerton). RESEARCH SUBMITTED AS A REQUIREMENT FOR MASTERS WITH DISSERTATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE (EGS5000W) DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN 2013 JOANNAy of SZEWCZYK Cape Town SZWJOA001 Universit SUPERVISED BY: DR JANE BATTERSBY-LENNARD HUMAN GEOGRAPHY STREAM This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. Signature: Date: 28 April 2013 Acknowledgments I would like to thank several people who through their support and knowledge enabled me to pursue my Masters and successfully complete it. First of all I would like to acknowledge Jane Battersby-Lennard, my supervisor, and offer her a heartfelt thank you for her mentoring and patience throughout the course of my Masters. Her support during these two years has been greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank Officials from the City of Cape Town, who through their knowledge and enthusiasm made the initial process of this research much more enjoyable. In addition, I would like to give my appreciation to a group of funders, the African Center for Cities, the Programme in Urban Food Security and Queens University, without whom this research would not have taken place. Lastly, special thanks go to my family and Denis Wong who have been strong sources of support and have lived this thesis with me. Your love and strength has helped me get through these two years and I greatly appreciate it. Plagiarism Declaration I know that Plagiarism is a serious form ofy academic of Cape dishonesty. Town I have read the document about avoiding plagiarism, I am familiar with its contents and I have avoided all forms of plagiarism mentioned there. Where I have used the words of others, I have indicated this by the use of quotation marks. I have referenced all quotations and other ideas borrowed from others. I have not and shall notUniversit allow others to plagiarize my work. 28 April 2013 . Signature Date i Abstract Urban agriculture has been advocated by NGOs and development agencies as being a food security strategy, and an effective poverty alleviation measure. This view is reflected within the City of Cape Town, as the City's 2007 Urban Agriculture Policy illustrates. Since the initiation of the Policy, many urban agriculture projects have been established by the local government in the low income areas of Cape Town. The urban agriculture projects set up in the townships of Du Noon and Joe Slovo Park are two of the projects established by the city. While these projects have provided primary livelihoods for some participants, the City has expressed concern regarding the age demographic of this practice, as a lack of youth involvement is noticed. Academic literature within this discourse highlights a gap in knowledge concerning the urban youth, and this increases the importance of understanding why the younger generation is hesitant to partake in this activity. The main aim of the study is to explore two City established urban agriculture projects, one in which youth involvement is visible, whilst in the other it is not. The study interrogates whether there are any barriers which could prevent the youth from participating within this activity. The City of Cape Town's Urban Agriculture Policy and projects were examined in order to explore how they engage with urban agriculture, and in turn how they understand the youth and their lived experience. In addition, the existing urban farmers' perceptions of the youth were examined in order to explore what role these perceptions play in youth involvement. Lastly, the study narrowed its focus onto the youth themselves in an attempt to understand their own opinions of urban agriculture, and explore what underliesy these of perceptions.Cape Town The study revealed that there are several factors at play which hinder the youth from becoming involved in urban agriculture. The lack of youth involvement was not simply a result of the youth's personal perceptions, but it was influenced by the township community, the framing of the Policy and the effect that these factors had on the practice of urban agriculture. This showed that the Urban Agriculture Policy and projects, together with weak social networks and a lack of communication betweenUniversit the township residents all decreased the youth's ability of becoming involved in this activity. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................ i Plagiarism Declaration ..................................................................................................................... i Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review.......................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Advocating Urban Agriculture ............................................................................................. 9 2.3 Urban Agriculture within South Africa's Policy Realm ..................................................... 11 2.4 Urban Agriculture‟s Prevalence within South Africa......................................................... 15 2.4.1 The Benefits Derived from Urban Agriculture............................................................ 19 2.4.1.1 Gender Disparity within Urbany ofAgricultur Capee‟s Involvement Town................................. 22 2.4.1.2 A Specific Focus on Youth Involvement.............................................................. 24 2.5 Understanding the Youth as a Separate Group of People................................................... 26 2.5.1 Youth Culture and its Impact on Society..................................................................... 27 2.6 Chapter SummaryUniversit ............................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 30 3.2 Site Description ................................................................................................................... 30 3.2.1 Urban Agriculture within Joe Slovo Park and Du Noon ............................................. 30 3.2.2 Reasons for Choosing the Two Sites ........................................................................... 32 3.3 Data Collection ................................................................................................................... 32 iii 3.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 32 3.3.2 The City Officials and Community Members ............................................................. 33 3.3.2.1 Sample Group ....................................................................................................... 33 3.3.2.2 Data Collection - Semi-Structured Interviews ...................................................... 34 3.3.3 Project Participants ...................................................................................................... 34 3.3.3.1 Sample Group ....................................................................................................... 34 3.3.3.2 Data Collection - Verbal Questionnaire ................................................................ 35 3.3.4 The Youth .................................................................................................................... 36 3.3.4.1 Sample Groups...................................................................................................... 36 3.3.4.2 Data Collection - Focus Groups and Semi Structured Interviews ........................ 40 3.3.4.2.1 Focus Groups ................................................................................................. 40 3.3.4.2.2 Semi-Structured Interviews ..........................................................................
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