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whohq.com Ida was thrilled. Her message about the horrors of lynching was reaching more and more people. Chapter 4 One of those people was Frederick Douglass. Speaking Farther and Wider He was a well-­known black leader. Ida’s article had opened his eyes to the horrible crime. Fortunately, Ida had all the notes she had taken Douglass suggested that Ida about lynching. She used them to write an article write a pamphlet—­a longer, for the New York Age. The article was published more detailed piece—about on June 25, 1892. T. Thomas Fortune printed ten lynching. Ida agreed. The title thousand copies and they all sold. of the pamphlet was Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. But how would Ida pay for the pamphlet to get published? Two women helped organize a speaking event for Ida. The money raised would help her pay for the pamphlet. The event, held at New York City’s Lyric Hall, was a success. After that, Ida started receiving invitations to speak to other groups. FREDERICK DOUGLASS (1818–­1895) OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL YEARS, FREDERICK FREDERICK DOUGLASS IS ONE OF THE MOST TRIED TO ESCAPE TO THE NORTH. HE WAS FINAL- LY SUCCESSFUL IN 1838. FREDERICK MADE HIS WAY TO NEW YORK, AND HE EVENTUALLY SETTLED IN MASSACHUSETTS. SOON, HE BEGAN SPEAKING TO GROUPS ABOUT ABOLISHING SLAVERY. HE BECAME WELL KNOWN FOR HIS PASSIONATE AND INSPIRING SPEECHES. DURING THE CIVIL WAR, FREDERICK BECAME AN ADVISER TO PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN. THROUGHOUT RECONSTRUCTION HE FOUGHT FOR THE RIGHTS OF FORMER SLAVES. HE ALSO BECAME A SUPPORTER OF THE WOMEN’S RIGHT-­ TO-VOTE­ MOVEMENT. FREDERICK DOUGLASS CONTINUED TO BE AN FAMOUS BLACK LEADERS IN US HISTORY. HE ACTIVIST, SPEAKER, AND WRITER UNTIL HE DIED WAS BORN ENSLAVED IN 1818. EVEN THOUGH IN 1895 AT THE AGE OF SEVENTY-­SEVEN. IT WAS AGAINST THE LAW, THE WIFE OF HIS MASTER TAUGHT HIM THE ALPHABET. FROM THERE, FREDERICK TAUGHT HIMSELF TO READ AND WRITE. THEN HE TAUGHT OTHER ENSLAVED PEOPLE HOW TO READ, USING THE BIBLE. Ida spoke in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Ida was surprised but happy that many white Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Washington, DC. people wanted to join her antilynching crusade. Sometimes the groups were just black people. (A crusade is a fight against something considered But she also spoke to audiences of white people. evil.) In 1893, Ida got a was interviewed by reporters. One newspaper chance to take said “freedom is mocked in the country that her message farther. boasts herself the freest in the world.” She received an invitation to speak in England. The invitation was from Catherine Impey, a white Englishwoman CATHERINE IMPEY who had met Ida in Philadelphia. Catherine and a friend had formed a group against racial segregation. Ida hoped that speaking in England might help her cause in the United States. Americans were influenced by opinions and trends in England. If Ida could get the English to support her antilynching campaign, perhaps the US government would do something at home. Ida spoke at public meetings, clubs, and churches throughout England and Scotland. She Ida returned to the United States in June 1893. But she didn’t go home to New York City. Instead, she headed to Chicago to join a group of black leaders at the

FERDINAND BARNETT world’s fair. The group included Frederick Douglass and Ferdinand Barnett, a black lawyer who was publisher of Chicago’s first black newspaper, the Conservator. The world’s fair was celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the New World in 1492. The fair had many exhibits that showed all the progress the world had made since then. However, none of the US exhibits included black people. The group of black leaders was there to protest this. CHICAGO WORLD’S FAIR, 1893 While she was in Chicago, Ida visited black Ida accepted an offer from Ferdinand Barnett churches, where she spoke about lynching and to work part-­time for the Conservator. Ida also segregation. She came to love the city. Many black decided to organize a group for black women in people lived there. They were an active part of the city. It was the first black women’s club in life in the city. And they were interested in her Chicago. antilynching crusade. So instead of going back to Chicago appealed to Ida for another reason: New York City, Ida decided to stay in Chicago. Ferdinand Barnett himself. Ida was in love. She and Ferdinand were very different, but they were a good match. Many years later, Ida’s granddaughter explained that “in an era Chapter 5 when most men expected women to stay at home Braver and Bolder and not speak out on social issues, Ferdinand accepted the fact that Ida was an activist and encouraged her in her work.” Ida knew that Ida and Ferdinand didn’t get married right Ferdinand was the kind of man she wanted to away. Ida was too busy working. She was writing spend her life with. a book called A Red Record. Ida gave it that title because the book described some of the bloodiest lynchings. Then, after a second trip to England, Ida went straight out on another US speaking tour. In Rochester, New York, she was invited to stay at the home of Susan B. Anthony. Susan was the leader of the fight for women’s suffrage (the right to vote). That, too, SUSAN B. ANTHONY became an important cause for brought Charles to the office, and she took him Ida. to meetings and conferences. After her second A year later, Ida returned son, Herman, was born in November 1897, Ida to Chicago. In June 1895, she briefly tried focusing just on her family. But published A Red Record. Besides three months later, a lynching in South Carolina describing lynchings, the book brought Ida back to work. included photographs. They The black man who had been killed was an were difficult to look at. But they employee of the US government. showed people just how horrible lynching was. That same month, on June 27, Ida and Ferdinand were finally married. Ida decided to hyphenate her name to Ida B. Wells-­Barnett. While this is common today, at the time it was very unusual. In March 1896, Ida gave birth to a son named Charles. People had been surprised that Ida had married. They were even more surprised when she had a baby. Many people were sure that having a baby would mean that Ida would give up her work. But they were wrong. She The US government needed to take action. The person chosen was Ida. An antilynching group in Chicago raised money The president listened to Ida. He promised to to send someone to Washington, DC, to speak track down and punish the men who had carried with President William McKinley. out the lynching. But sadly, that didn’t happen. Shortly after Ida’s visit, the United States went to war with Spain. The president was focused on the war. Little was done to bring the lynch mob to justice. Once again, Ida felt let down by people in power. This was not a promising time for civil rights in the United States. A couple of years earlier, the Supreme Court had ruled that racial segregation was legal. T. Thomas Fortune wanted to fight this decision, and he wanted Ida to help him. He started to form a new group, the National Afro-­American Council. Ida thought maybe this group would get the US government to do something. So she agreed to help. However, another group of black leaders was IDA MEETS WITH PRESIDENT willing to go along with the court’s decision. anything, it means that we have at last come to a point where we must do something for ourselves—­and do it now.” People at the meeting called Ida a “hothead” and booed her. It was hard knowing that a large group of black people didn’t support her approach to equality. However, it made Ida more determined than ever to continue her fight. Even if that A SEPARATE FOUNTAIN FOR BLACK PEOPLE meant making more enemies. Not just with They felt that by agreeing to segregation, they white people. But with black people, too. could keep the peace. The group believed white people would respect and accept black people if they worked hard and got an education, but kept themselves separate. This group was led by a man named Booker T. Washington. It upset Ida that some black leaders felt black people had to earn the approval of white people. When the National Afro-­American Council met in Washington, DC, Ida gave a speech. She criticized Booker T. Washington for agreeing to segregation. Ida said, “If this gathering means SEPARATE BUT EQUAL IN 1954, THE US SUPREME COURT PARTIALLY OVERTURNED THIS “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL” RULING. IN BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION, THE STATE OF THE COURT MADE IT ILLEGAL TO SEGREGATE LOUISIANA HAD A SCHOOLS BY RACE. THIS WAS THE BEGINNING LAW SAYING THAT OF THE END OF JIM CROW LAWS. WHITE PEOPLE AND BLACK PEOPLE MUST RIDE IN DIFFERENT CARS ON TRAINS, BUT REQUIRED THE HOMER PLESSY TRAIN CARS BE “EQUAL.” HOMER PLESSY, WHO WAS ONE-­EIGHTH BLACK, WAS ARRESTED FOR RIDING IN A WHITES-­ONLY CAR. HE CHALLENGED THE LOUISIANA LAW, SAYING IT WAS AGAINST THE US CONSTITUTION. BUT IN 1896, THE US SUPREME COURT—­THE HIGHEST COURT IN THE UNITED STATES—RULED IN THE CASE CALLED PLESSY V. FERGUSON THAT SEGREGATION WAS LEGAL, AS LONG AS EQUALLY GOOD FACILITIES, SUCH AS TRAIN CARS, PUBLIC RESTROOMS, AND WATER FOUNTAINS, WERE PROVIDED FOR BOTH RACES. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON (1856–­1915)

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON WAS BORN INTO SLAVERY IN VIRGINIA IN 1856. IN 1881, WHEN HE WAS JUST TWENTY-­FIVE YEARS OLD, BOOKER WAS ASKED TO BE THE HEAD OF A NEW SCHOOL FOR BLACK STUDENTS, THE TUSKEGEE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE (NOW KNOWN AS THE TUS- KEGEE INSTITUTE). WHILE HE WAS THERE, TUSKE- GEE BECAME ONE OF THE LEADING SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES. WASHINGTON THOUGHT THAT BY GETTING AN EDUCATION, BLACK PEOPLE WOULD HAVE THE ABILITY TO GET BETTER JOBS AND EARN DECENT MONEY. HE BELIEVED THIS WAS MORE IMPORTANT THAN VOTING RIGHTS OR POLITICAL RIGHTS. WASHINGTON THOUGHT IF BLACK PEO- PLE WERE PATIENT, THEY WOULD EVENTUALLY GAIN ACCEPTANCE AND RESPECT FROM WHITE PEOPLE. Chapter 11 Title IX Changes the Game

In 1972, a US law transformed the lives of millions of American girls and women. It is called Title IX. Title IX is a federal law. That means it’s the law in all states. It bans discrimination based on education. It is just thirty-seven words long. But Title IX guarantees that girls and young women can take part in all public school activities, many of which hadn’t been open to them before. It might be hard to imagine today, but before While most people think Title IX is only about 1972, high school girls who wanted to take part in sports, it actually does more. The law covers ten sports often could only be cheerleaders. Title IX areas, including math, science, career education, changed that. education for pregnant and parenting students, No longer could a school use all its money for and access to higher education. sports on a boys’ team. There had to be an equal Title IX means schools cannot forbid girls or share of money spent for girls’ sports, too. The boys from taking certain classes sports don’t have to be the same for girls and boys. because of their sex. For But there must be an equal opportunity to take instance, in the past, boys took part in them. classes related to tools and The results of Title IX have been dramatic. cars; girls took classes in According to the National College Athletic sewing and cooking. A Association (NCAA), in 1966, only about 15,000 boy shouldn’t face barriers women played team sports in college. By 2000, if he wants to learn how the total was 150,000 women—ten times more. to cook. A girl should In 1971, girls made up only 7 percent of be able to take classes athletes in high school. By 2001, 41.5 percent to be a car mechanic, of varsity athletes in US high schools were girls. construction worker, or computer During that time period, the number of girls in technician. sports grew from about 295,000 to almost 2.8 Many twenty-first century jobs are in STEM million girls. What a change! fields—science, technology, engineering, and math. There are still more men than women in of the 997 athletes were women. By 1960, over 20 these fields. To address this, Title IX asks schools percent of the participants at the Winter Olympic to make sure STEM programs are open and Games were women. At the 2014 Winter Olympic welcoming to girls. Games, women represented 40 percent of athletes. Title IX has already changed the lives of so The numbers keep growing, too. In 2016, 45 many girls and women. The law has helped percent of Olympic athletes were women.

girls and women achieve their dreams—many have even gone to the Olympics. In 1900, at the Olympic Games in Paris, France, only twenty-two The results of Title IX for American women are clear. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, the year the law passed, American women won Chapter 12 twenty-three medals while US men won seventy- Going Forward one. At the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, US women won sixty-one medals compared to fifty-five for men. Since 1776, when Abigail Adams picked up her Thanks to Title IX and more support for pen to call for women’s rights, American women girls in athletics, American girls and women are have made tremendous gains. But there is much competing against the best in the world—and to be accomplished for women to achieve full winning! equality with men. On average, American women are still paid less than men. In 2016, the overall gender gap was 20 percent. That means female workers make only eighty cents for every dollar earned by men. Also, Native American, African American, and Latina women earn lower salaries than white and Asian American women. Feminists continue fighting for fair pay for all women. Many women remain in jobs considered “women’s work,” which have lower pay and each step of a woman’s path to a business career, leading to the loss of women from business careers at each step.” What are these barriers? Some people point to the “old boys’ network.” This means men tend to mentor and promote other men.

CONGRESSWOMAN MAXINE WATERS IS AN ADVOCATE FOR WOMEN AND PEOPLE OF COLOR fewer benefits. Women are also not promoted to leadership positions nearly as often as men. The term “glass ceiling” is used to describe an invisible barrier that keeps women and minorities from Also, there are fewer women in advanced getting the top jobs at a business programs, called MBA programs, than company. men. Female MBA graduates do begin their A White House report indicated that: “In careers at the same pay level as men. But a 2015 2014, only 4.8 percent of CEOs [chief executive White House report showed that after working for officers] at Fortune 500 companies were five years, “men earned approximately 30 percent female . . . This is due in part to the persistence more than women, and, after ten or more years, of barriers for women in business that exist at this gap stretched to 60 percent.” It’s true that women have made The United States definitely lags behind other gains serving in government countries in this area. A 2017 report showed the at the local, state, and national United States ranked 101 out of 191 countries levels. The first woman elected in female representation in national legislatures. to Congress was Jeannette Eleven nations—including Rwanda, Bolivia, Rankin of Montana in 1916. One Sweden, Mexico, South Africa, and Nicaragua— JEANNETTE hundred twelve women served in had more than 40 percent of women in their RANKIN the 115th Congress (2017–2018), national governments. with ninety-four in the House and twenty-three in the Senate. According to a 2018 Senate report, between 1916 and 2018, a total of 329 women were elected or appointed to Congress. Of these, 212 were Democrats and 117 Republicans. While the number of women in Congress changes with each election, it lags below the percentage of women in our nation. That’s why the Institute for Women’s Policy Research has concluded that women won’t hold an equal More than seventy countries around the number of seats in Congress for another one world—including Brazil, the Philippines, Liberia, hundred years! India, and Pakistan—have also had female presidents and heads of state. In 1872, Victoria Woodhull became the first WOMEN OF COLOR IN CONGRESS woman to run for president of the United States. Over the next fifty years, more than a dozen other IN NOVEMBER OF 2018, MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED WOMEN— women tried but failed to capture the nomination INCLUDING FORTY WOMEN OF of a major political party. That is, until 2016. COLOR—WERE ELECTED TO CON- After Barack Obama served two terms as the GRESS, BREAKING ALL PREVI- OUS RECORDS. THERE WERE first African American president, many people MANY “FIRSTS” IN THE were hopeful that in the 2016 2018 MIDTERM ELECTIONS. election a woman could break TEXAS SENT ITS FIRST “the highest glass ceiling”— REP. ILHAN OMAR TWO LATINA WOMEN TO OF MINNESOTA CONGRESS. MASSACHUSETTS and win the presidency of the AND CONNECTICUT ELECT- United States. ED BLACK WOMEN TO CONGRESS FOR THE One woman was ready FIRST TIME. MINNESOTA AND MICHIGAN CHOSE AMERICA’S FIRST TWO MUSLIM to try—for the second CONGRESSWOMEN. AND VOT- time. Former First ERS IN KANSAS AND NEW Lady, US senator, and MEXICO ELECTED THE FIRST NATIVE AMERICAN WOMEN secretary of state Hillary Clinton came close. She TO CONGRESS. accepted the Democratic Party nomination for president in July 2016.

REP. SHARICE DAVIDS OF KANSAS In November 2016, Hillary Clinton won the HILLARY CLINTON (1947–) popular vote by nearly 2.9 million votes, but fell short in the Electoral College. That meant she lost HILLARY CLINTON WAS BORN ON OCTOBER the election. Donald J. Trump had won. The day 26, 1947, IN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. SHE ATTENDED after her loss, Hillary made a speech. WELLESLEY COLLEGE, WHERE SHE GRADUATED AS SENIOR CLASS PRESIDENT IN 1969. HILLARY RECEIVED A LAW DEGREE FROM YALE IN 1973, AND MARRIED HER CLASSMATE BILL CLINTON IN 1975. (HE WAS US PRESIDENT FROM 1993 TO 2001.) THEY HAVE ONE DAUGHTER, CHELSEA. AFTER HER YEARS AT THE WHITE HOUSE, HILLARY BECAME A SENATOR FROM NEW YORK (2001–2009). SHE TRIED RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT IN 2008 BUT LOST THE DEMOCRATIC NOMINATION TO BARACK OBAMA. PRESIDENT OBAMA APPOINTED CLIN- TON AS SECRETARY OF STATE, THE THIRD WOMAN TO HOLD THAT POSITION, SERVING FROM 2009 She said, “I know we have still not shattered TO 2013. IN 2016, HILLARY BECAME THE FIRST that highest and hardest glass ceiling, but someday WOMAN TO BECOME THE PRESIDENTIAL NOMINEE OF A MAJOR POLITICAL PARTY. someone will, and hopefully sooner than we might think right now.” American women heard those words. And just In her speech the day after losing the election, as they had in 1913, women decided to march Hillary Clinton had special words for all girls in on Washington during inauguration week. On America. Her words remind us what the women’s January 21, 2017, about a half million people movement is all about. gathered in the nation’s capital. A total of five Hillary said, “You are valuable and powerful million people participated in Women’s Marches and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the United States and around the world. in the world to pursue and achieve your own dreams.” Chapter 1 As Good as the Boys

Sally Kristen Ride was born on May 26, 1951, in Encino, California. Her parents were both teachers. Her father, Dale Ride, was a college professor. Her mother, Joyce Ride, had taught full-time before Sally was born. After that, Joyce Ride stayed home to take care of her children. But Joyce also worked at her church, taught English to foreign students, and was a counselor in a women’s jail. Two years after Sally was born, her baby sister, Karen, came along. Sally couldn’t pronounce “Karen” so she called her “Bear.” The name stuck! Even as a grown-up, Karen was called Bear Ride by everyone who knew her. The house Sally grew up in was filled with She even read a book called Danny Dunn and the Anti-Gravity Paint! From the age of five, she also read the newspaper. Her favorite section was the sports page. She knew the baseball statistics by heart.

books, and Sally read everything—Nancy Drew mysteries, Mad magazine, James Bond spy novels, Reading was a great indoor activity, but Sally science fiction, and grown-up science magazines. loved being outdoors most of all. Whenever she anything would stop her. She believed a girl could do anything. When Sally turned nine, her parents decided to go on a family adventure. Her father took a year off from teaching so they could travel together in Europe. For a while, they lived in Yugoslavia and had a dog there as a pet. Joyce and Dale Ride

could, she went out to play football or baseball with the neighborhood boys. And the boys were happy to have her. Why not? She was better than most of them! In fact, Sally was usually picked first for the team. When she was young, Sally thought she would grow up to be a quarterback for the University of California, Los Angeles, Bruins. Or maybe a shortstop for the Dodgers. She didn’t think tutored the girls during the trip, to make sure Sally and Bear kept up with their subjects. But they also believed that traveling and seeing the world was just as important as school. Sally’s parents were right. When they came home to California, Sally was ahead of the other students her age. She skipped a grade in school that fall, making her the youngest in her class. Sally was quiet and shy in school. But she was a good student, especially when she liked the subject. Both at school and at home, she liked science. Her family had a telescope and a toy chemistry set that she enjoyed. Sports were still Sally’s favorite activities, though. Back home in the US, her parents bought her a tennis racket. Playing tennis seemed safer to them than letting her play football in the middle of the street! Sally wasn’t just good at tennis. She was great! Pretty soon she was taking lessons from Alice Marble, a famous tennis champion. Alice Marble’s At the same time, she met another tennis students were among the best young tennis players player—a girl her age named Tam O’Shaughnessy. in the country. By the time she was twelve, Sally Tam was also a tennis star—even better than was playing in national junior tennis matches all Sally! Tam and Sally would be friends for the rest over the country. Many of the other players would of their lives. become professionals. Sally had always been good at science. But her real love of science kicked in at Westlake. Her eleventh grade science teacher—Dr. Elizabeth Mommaerts—was the reason. Dr. Mommaerts taught Sally about using reason and logic to solve problems in science. Sally loved the way Dr. Mommaerts’s mind worked. The two of them hit it off right away and became close friends. Sadly, by the time Sally was chosen to be an astronaut, Dr. Mommaerts had died. Because of her tennis skills, Sally won a Sally wished she could have shared the amazing scholarship to a private high school. The Westlake news with her beloved teacher. School for Girls was near Beverly Hills. Some of Sally’s new classmates were the daughters of famous Hollywood actors. But that wasn’t what Sally liked about her school. She loved two things: playing tennis and studying science. She not only played on the Westlake team, but she often played tennis against the head of the school—and beat him! and no indoor tennis courts, Sally could only play tennis a few months of the school year. Chapter 2 In her freshman A Major Choice and sophomore years, Sally won a major After high school, Sally headed off to tennis championship for Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. Swarthmore Swarthmore. She beat all was a great school—but it was a long way the best women players from home. There was another problem with at other colleges in Swarthmore—the weather. With cold winters the East. Her tennis game was getting better all the time. Sally started to wonder: Was college what she really wanted to do? Or should she try to become a pro tennis player instead? She decided that she had to give tennis a real try. In the middle of her sophomore year, she dropped out of college and went home. Her parents weren’t too happy, but they had always let Sally follow her dreams. But after a while, Sally realized that although she was very good, she wasn’t great. She would never be a world-class champion—and Sally wanted to be excellent at everything she did. Sally decided to go back to college and follow her other great interest—science. Instead of returning to Swarthmore, though, she enrolled at Stanford University. Stanford was in sunny California, where the weather was perfect for tennis, and Sally was closer to home. Both made Sally happier.

Sally plunged into playing tennis full-time. She did take a few college classes at the University of California, Los Angeles, though. Billie Jean King was the most famous female tennis champion at the time. She saw Sally play and was impressed. She told Sally to give up college altogether and go after a tennis career. At Stanford, Sally majored in physics, the Finally, in 1977, she was ready to get her science that studies how the physical world works. PhD. She was going to be Dr. Sally Ride—not a She also took a lot of math classes, played tennis, medical doctor but an astrophysicist! That’s the ran five miles a day, and played rugby. name for a scientist who studies the properties of One of Sally’s friends was an English major, things in space, such as what stars are made of. so Sally decided to try an English class. To But even an astrophysicist needs a job. What her surprise, she loved it! She especially liked kind of job would Sally find? Sally opened up the Shakespeare. Reading Shakespeare’s plays was school newspaper and started reading the job ads. like solving a puzzle to her. You had to figure out what the words in the speeches meant, and then find clues to prove that you were right. By the time she graduated from Stanford, Sally had earned two degrees—one in English and one in physics. But she wasn’t finished with her studies. She stayed on at Stanford four and a half more years. She studied the X-rays given off by stars. YEAR 2!

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