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International Journal of Current and Technology ISSN 2277 - 4106 © 2013 INPRESSCO. All Rights Reserved. Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet Research Article

Effect of using Marble Powder in Mixes on the Behavior and Strength of R.C. Slabs

Noha M. SolimanȦ*

ȦDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, EGYPT

Accepted 26 November 2013, Available online 01 December 2013, Vol.3, No.5 (December 2013)

Abstract

In recent years Marble is considered one of the most important decorative building materials. Marble powder is one of the materials which severalty affects the environment and health problems. It is produced from sawing, shaping, and polishing process. This research aims to study the effect of using marble powder as partially replace of cement on the properties of concrete. The influence of using marble powder on the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs is also investigated. The main variable taken into consideration is the percentage of marble powder as partial replacement of cement content in concrete mixes. The experimental results showed that, using definite amount of marble powder replacement of cement content increases the workability, compressive strength and tensile strength. Using marble powder enhanced also the structural performance of the tested slabs as it increased the stiffness and the ultimate strength compared to the control slabs.

Keywords: Marble, Powder, Concrete, Flexural Strength, Hardness, Reinforced Concrete Slabs

1. Introduction Using of marble powder in the concrete has not found adequate attention. Characterization of marble powder 1 Marble is one of the most important materials used in used in and concrete were extensively investigated buildings since ancient times, especially for decorative [Corinaldesi V. et al (2010)]. The effect and usage of purposes. However its powder has bad effects on the as an additive in cement and concrete were environment, soil, water and health problems. Marble investigated by several researchers in recent years. The powder is produced from processing plants sawing and higher amount of waste marble powder (WMP) additive polishing of marble blocks. Some factories have water the longer the setting times and the lower the strength of recycling plants containing flocculation tank and filter the specimens for different curing periods [Corinaldesi V. press unit. About 25% of the processed marble is turn into et al (2010), Kristulovic P. et al (1994), Opaczky L. dust or powder form. About 7,000,000 tons of marble have (1993) and Turker P. et al (2002)]. been produced in the world. Disposal of the marble Mechanical properties of concrete mixtures containing powder material of the marble is one of the marble dusts and limestone dusts were studied [Binici H. environmental problems worldwide today. [Celik MY and et al (2007)]. The test results exhibited that there were Sabah E. (2008) and Alyamac KE and Ince R.(2009)] clear increases of the compressive strength, abrasion The refining of some fresh and hardened properties of resistance, and sodium sulfate resistance with the concrete is successfully and economically achieved by increasing amount of marble dust. Furthermore, the use of utilizing and using some admixture materials such as marble and waste aggregates for the production of mineral additions such as fly ash, silica fume, and marble concrete were investigated and proved that they could be powder. Several researches studied the influence of using used to improve the mechanical properties, workability fly ash and silica fume on the properties of normal and chemical resistance of the conventional concrete concrete, high strength concrete and self-compact mixtures [Binici H. et al (2007) and Binici H. et al concrete. The influence of mineral additions on the (2008)]. The effects of using and waste marble rheology of self-compacting concrete was also studied [V. powder as partial replacement of cement on the Corinaldesi and G. Moriconi(2003)]. mechanical properties of concrete was investigated [Ali In recent years many researches proved that mineral Ergun (2011)]. Test results indicated that the optimize admixtures can be successfully and economically utilized amount of dolomite and WMP as replacement by weight to improve some fresh and hardened concrete properties. of cement had the best compressive and flexural strengths. Mineral additions in general influence the performance of

fresh concrete and mortar. Therefore, a theological study *Corresponding author is working as Lecturer

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Noha M. Soliman International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.5 (December 2013) was carried out on various cement pastes prepared with 3.1 Materials marble powder in combination with cement [Corinaldesi V and Moriconi G. (2003), Corinaldesi V and Moriconi G. The fine aggregate used in the experimental program was (2004) and Naik TR. (2005)]. In particular, the goal was to of natural siliceous . Its characteristics satisfy the investigate the influence of marble powder on theological [(E.C.P. 203/2007) and (E.S.S. 1109/2008)]. It was clean properties of cement pastes for predicting the effect of its and nearly free from impurities with a specific gravity 2.6 addition on self-compacting concrete mixtures. The effects t/m3 and a modulus of fineness 2.7. of using natural pozzolana and marble powder on the fresh The coarse aggregate used was of crushed dolomite, and hardened properties of mortar self-compacting which satisfies the Egyptian Standard Specification concrete were investigated [Topcu IB. et al (2009), [(E.S.S. No. 1109\ 2008)]. Its specific gravity is 2.70 t/m3 Aruntas HY. et al (2007), Mehmet Gesog˘lu. et al (2012), and a modulus of fineness 6.64. The shape of these Guneyisi E. et al (2009) and A.S.E. Belaidi (2012)]. particles was irregular and angular with a very low percentage of flat particles. The delivered crushed 2. Research Significance dolomite size 1 had a maximum nominal size of 9.5 mm. The cement used was the Ordinary Portland cement, type The main objective of this research is to establish the (CEM (I) 42.5 N) produced by the Suez cement factory. effect of using marble powder on the properties concrete Its chemical and physical characteristics satisfied the mixes as well as its effect the behavior of R.C. slabs. The Egyptian Standard Specification [(E.S.S. 4657-1/2009)]. main variable taken into considered in this study was the The water used was clean drinking fresh water free from percentage of replacement of the cement content by impurities used for concrete mixing and curing the plain marble powder on the concrete mixes concrete specimens and the R.C. slabs. It was tested according to the [(E.C.P. 203/2007)]. 3. Experimental The marble powder used was obtained from the processing plants out of sawing and polishing of marble The experimental program conducted in this study was blocks. Marble powder is brought Egyptian factories of performed in the laboratory of testing of building materials marble company. Marble is product from Shak El Taban, at the Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Cairo, Egypt. Its physical properties and Chemical Egypt. Cubes 10x 10 x10 cm, cylinders 10x20 cm and analysis is shown in (1) and these properties with beams 10x10x40 cm. were caste and tested to determine [Omar M.O. et al (2012)]. the slump, compressive, indirect tensile and modulus of elasticity of the concrete using marble powder as the Table 1: Chemical and Physical Properties of Marble replacement of cement content with different ratios as Powder. shown in table (2) . The flow chart of the experimental program is shown Chemical Physical in figure (1). Four R.C. slabs with dimensions of 5x 40 Chemical Test Physical Properties Test Results x115 cm were cast and tested in this research as shown in SiO2Properties 13.8Results Loss of ignition 43.63 Fig.(2) and table (2). They were designed according to CaO 43.2 Specific gravity 2.63 3 Egyptian code of practice [(E.C.P. 203/2007)]. MgO 2.70 Fineness( gm./cm (kg/ ) m2) 350 Al2O3 2.50 Color Light gray Fe2O3 1.9 Water absorption 0.97 % SO3 0.07 K2O 0.60 CL 0.03 Na2O 0.90

Super plasticizer used was a high rang water reducer HRWA. It was used to improve the workability of the mix. The admixture used was produced by CMB GROUP under the commercial name of Addicrete BVF. It meets the requirements of [ASTM C494-2003 (type A and F)]. The admixture is a brown liquid having a density of 1.18 kg/litre at room temperature. The amount of HRWA was 1.0 % of the cement weight. Mild steel bars used were produced from the Ezz Al Dekhila Steel, Alexandria. Its chemical and physical characteristics satisfy the Egyptian Standard Specification [(E.S.S. 262/2011)]. Mild steel bars (nominal diameters 6 and 8 mm) were used in reinforcing all the concrete slabs. There yield stress was 240 MPa and there tensile strength Figure 1: Flow Chart of the Experimental Work Program was 350 MPa.

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3.2 Concrete Investigation prepared steel cage is carefully placed in the wooden mold after oiling its surface. The molds with the steel cages Eighteen concrete mixes were investigated containing were placed on a vibration table at a low speed, while the marble powder as replacement of cement with different concrete was poured. After casting the specimens were percentage ratio of (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and covered with wet burlap in the laboratory at 24oC and a 20%). The effect of the partial replacement of cement with relative humidity of 68%. The specimens were demolded marble powder on the consistency of the concrete mixes after 2 days and covered with damp cloth for 14 days and was studied by slump test. The effect of using marble left after that in the laboratory atmosphere till they were powder on hardened concrete properties at different ages tested. The slab specimens were tested after 28 days after (7, 28, 56 and 90 days) was studied. casting. The slabs were loaded in flexural up till failure The samples were mixed and cast in steel cubes (100 and the initial crack loads, crack pattern and the ultimate x100 x100mm) cylinders (100 x 200 mm) and beams (500 loads were recorded x100 x 100 mm) after oiling its surface. The molds were placed on the vibration table at a low speed. After casting Table 2: Proportions of the Concrete Mixes

the specimens they were covered with wet burlap in the

o )

3

laboratory at 24 C and 68% relative humidity. The

) )

3 3

specimens were demolded after 24 hours and wrapped Mix. C \

Code W MP/ C MP/

with damp cloth till they were tested. Description and C Ad /

(kg/m (kg/m

Cement Cement Dolomite Dolomite

detailing of the tested slabs are shown at figures (2, 3). Sand (kg/m The properties of the concrete mixes used are shown in C0 400 0% Table (2). C1 390 2.50% C2 380 5% C3 370 7.50% C4 360 578 1157 0.45 10% 0.05% C5 350 12.50% C6 340 15% C7 330 17.50% C8 320 20%

Table 3: The details and properties of the R.C. Slabs

Reinforcement

Slab

(cm) Used

Figure 2: Detailing of the Tested Slabs Samples. MP / C Short Long Dimensions

Cement (kg)Cement Direction Direction

Concrete Mix

S1 C0 0%

S2 C1 2.50%

115×40×5 400

S3 C2 5% 5 8 ϕ 11 ϕ 6 11ϕ S4 C3 7.50%

4. Analysis and Discussion of the Test Results

4.1 The Fresh Properties of the Concrete Mixes

Figure 3: Flexure test, three lines loading Marble powder is an inert material which does not react with cement past. Its addition with small mounts to the Four reinforced concrete slabs with dimensions of 5x 40 concrete mix as partial replacement to cement increases x115 cm were reinforced with 5 longitudinal main steel the workability in the fresh state. It facilitates the bars with 8 mm diameter and 11 bars as secondary with 6 dispersion of the cement past and the compaction which mm diameter. These slabs were cast with three preferable causes the increase in the strength. However, increasing concrete mixes using different percentage of marble the powder percentage causes separation between the fine powder to cement content. The details and properties of and coarse aggregate and decreases the concrete strength the R.C. Slabs used are shown in Table (3). Slump values are increase about 40%, 60%, 36.7% and The flow chart of the conducted experimental program 13% by using marble powder ratio replacement of cement is shown in Figure (1). The reinforcement details and 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% respectively. Using the marble dimensions of the reinforced concrete slabs are shown in powder ratio replacement of cement with values 12.5%, Figure (2). The longitudinal and secondary reinforcement 15%, 17.5 and 20% decreased the slump values by about were previously prepared before placing in wooden molds, 3.7%, 13.3%, 23% and 40% respectively as shown in Fig. which were specially made for the slab specimens. The (4).

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Noha M. Soliman International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.5 (December 2013)

respectively. The decreasing in compressive strength were (15.3, 16.7, 26.6, 18.6 and 20.9%) for marble powder ratio (10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 %) respectively at 56 days tests. The compressive strength improved with time by increasing marble powder ratio with time in the range of this study. 50 7 day 28 day 56 day

45

) 2

^ 40 cm

\ 35

kg ( 30

25 20 Figure 4: Workability for all mixes 15

10 Compressive Strength 4.2 The Mechanical Properties of the Concrete Mixes 5

0 The compressive strength, the indirect tensile strength and C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 the modulus of elasticity of all the concrete mixes under Mix. NO. investigated are discussed in this section and listed in Figure 5: CompressiveCompressive Strength strength for all Mixes at for Different all Ages mixes with Table (4). different marble powder ratios

Table 4: The Properties of Different Hardened Concrete 50 7 day 28 day 56 day ) 45

Mixes 2 ^ 40

cm \

kg 35 Compressive Indirect Tensile Modulus of ( 30

Strength Strength (N\ Elasticity (E) (N/mm2) mm2) (KN\ mm2) 25

20

15 Mix. Code

10

7 days 7 days 7 days

28days 56days 28days 56days 28days 56days

Compressive Strength Strength Compressive 5 C0 29.5 34.6 36.5 2.6 3.6 3.8 2.2 2.53 2.59 0 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C1 30.3 38 41.2 2.8 3.7 3.9 2.3 2.6 2.75 Mix. NO. C2 31.2 43.1 45.6 2.9 3.8 4 2.4 2.82 2.9 Figure 6: CompressiveCOMPRESSIVE STRENGTHstrength FOR ALL for MIXES allAT DIEFFRENT mixes AGES at 1 different C3 30.7 37.5 40 2.75 3.6 3.9 2.32 2.48 2.71 age C4 23.7 27.8 31 2.4 3.2 3.4 2.13 2.26 2.5 C5 24.2 27.4 30.4 2.4 3 3.1 2.11 2.25 2.4 B. The Indirect Tensile Strength of Concrete

C6 24.1 26.8 29.7 2.3 2.8 2.9 2.1 2.24 2.36 Figures (7, 8) show that the increasing of the marble C7 22.6 26.6 28.9 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.04 2.21 2.34 powder ratio increased the indirect tensile strength of C8 22.5 25.6 27.3 2 2.3 2.4 2.03 2.17 2.31 4.5 7 day 28 day 56 day

A. The Compressive Strength of Concrete 4

) 2

^ 3.5

Figures (5, 6) show that increasing of the marble powder cm

\ 3 kg ratio increased the compressive strength of concrete by ( about (10%, 25% and 8%) for using marble powder (2.5%, 2.5 5% and 7.5%), respectively compared to the control mix at 2

28 days tests. However the increasing in the compressive 1.5 strength was (13%, 29% and 10%) for marble powder 1

(2.5, 5% and 7.5%) respectively at 56 days tested. The TensileStrength compressive strength of the control mix was 354 kg/cm2 at 0.5 56 days age. However increasing the ratio of marble 0 powder in concrete decreased the compressive strength at C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 Mix. No. 28 days tests, by about (20, 21.3, 21.6, 23.7 and 26.6%) for marble powder ratios of (10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 %), Figure 7: Indirect TensileTensile Strength Strength For All Mixes at Different for Agesall 1 Mixes with Different Marble Powder Ratios

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Noha M. Soliman International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.5 (December 2013)

4.5 7 day 28 day 56 day 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 %) decreased the modulus of

4 elasticity by about (2, 10.7, 11.1, 11.5, 12.7 and 14.2%)

) 2

^ 3.5 respectively at 28 days tests. At 56 days tests, using cm

\ marble powder ratio in concrete (10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20

3 kg

( %) decreased the modulus of elasticity by about (7.7, 8.5, 2.5 14.3, 9.7 and 11%) respectively. The modulus of elasticity 2 improved with time by increasing marble powder ratio in 1.5 this research as shown in figures (9, 10).

1 Tensile Strength TensileStrength 0.5

0 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 Mix. NO.

Figure 8: Indirect Tensile Strength ForStrength All Mixes at Different for Ages all1 Mixes at Different Ages concrete by about (2.7%, 5.6% and 2.8%) for marble powder ratio (2.5%, 5% and 7.5%) respectively compared to the control mix at 28 days tests. At 56 days tests, the increasing in the indirect tensile strength was (2.6 %, 5.3% and 2.6%) for marble powder ratio (2.5%, 5% and 7.5%). But the increasing of the marble powder ratio in concrete by about (10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 %) decreased the indirect tensile strength of concrete by about (5.6, 33, 36, Figure 10: Modulus of Elasticity (E) for all mixes at 19.4 and 27.8%) respectively at 28 days. At 56 days tests, different ages using marble powder ratio (7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 %) decreased the indirect tensile strength was (2.6, 17.9, 4.3 Structural Performance of Slabs 41, 28, 25.6 and 38.5%) respectively. The indirect tensile strength improved with time by increasing marble powder The Reinforced Concrete Slabs under investigation were ratio in the optimum range of this study. loaded and tested under flexural. This slabs consisted of mixes contained different marble powder ratios of (0%, C. The Concrete Modulus of Elasticity: 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%) as replacement of cement.

3.3 4.3.1 Initial crack and ultimate loads 7 day 28 day 56 day

3 )

2 A. Initial crack load: ^

2.7 mm \ 2.4

kN The initial crack load of both control slab (S1) and slab

) ( ) 2.1

E (S2) contained (0 and 2.5%) of marble powder ( 1.8 replacement of cement content were equal to 50 N. Where 1.5 slabs S3 and S4 increasing the marble powder ratio 1.2 replacement of cement content to (5% and 7.5%) leaded to 0.9 increasing the initial crack load to 60 and 70N

0.6 respectively, the increasing of initial crack load ratio were Modulus of Elasticity Elasticity of Modulus 0.3 20% and 40% for S3 and S4 compared to control slab (S1). The increasing of MP ratios increased the initial 0 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 crack load in the range of this research. As shown in figure Mix. NO. (11) Figure 9: ModulusMODULUS of OF ELASICITY Elasticity (E) FOR ALL MIXES (E) AT DIEFFRENT for all AGES mixes 1 with different marble powder ratios B. Ultimate load

Increasing of the marble powder ratio increased the The ultimate crack load of (S3) contained (5%) of marble modulus of elasticity of concrete by about (2.8% and powder replacement of cement content were equal to 256 11.5%) for marble powder ratio content of (2.5% and 5%) N. The increasing of the ultimate load ratio was 10% for compared to the control mix at 28 days tests. At 56 days slab S3 compared to control slab S1. Where the ultimate tests, the increasing in the modulus of elasticity was load of control slab S1 and slabs S2 and S4 were (233, 246 (6.2%, 12% and 4.6 %) for marble powder content of and 244) contained the marble powder (MP) ratios (0, 2.5 (2.5%, 5% and 7.5%) respectively at 56 days tests. and 7.5%) respectively. The increasing of ultimate load Increasing of the marble powder ratios in concrete by (7.5, ratio were 5.6% and 4.7% for S2 and S4 compared to

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Noha M. Soliman International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.5 (December 2013) control slab (S1). The increasing of MP ratios increased cement content. This was the best compressive strength of the ultimate load in the range of this research. According concrete mix, see figure (13). to the test results, the best ratio was 5% of using marble powder (MP) replacement of cement content in concrete mixes and R.C. Slabs in the range of this research. As shown in figure (11)

Figure 13: Maximum Deflection for All Slabs

4.3.3 Crack pattern

Figure (13) exemplify an example for crack pattern of the Figure 11: Initial Crack & Ultimate Load for all Slabs tested slabs. Flexural crack was occurred after slab collapsed. The number of cracks decreased as using 5% of 4.3.2 Deflection Values marble powder compared to the control slab and this number of cracks increased with increasing the marble Figure (12) shows the load-deflection curves of all the over 5%. The distribution of cracks was more squarely due tested R.C. Slabs. It can be recorded the load proportion to to the addition of marble powder into concrete of these the deflection values before failure. The mechanical slabs. Flexural shear crack did not emerge in the slabs. behavior of all tested slabs had three stages. The first stage was elastic stage. The load-deflection relationship was linear (load is proportion to deflection values). It ended once the first crack emerges. The second stage is crack propagation stage. The load-deflection relationship was nonlinear line (curve). The increasing of load leaded to increase of deflection. The third stage is failure stage. The deflection values of control slab showed deflection values, and the ultimate load of the control slab was the smallest load value compared to the slab cast with marble powder in concrete mix. The deflection values increase as the load increased with the increase of marble powder ratio. [(Teran et al., (1992)].

Figure 12: Deflection Load Curve for All Slabs

For slabs S2, S3 and S4 contained different marble powder ratio (2.5, 5 and 7.5%) the deflection values were 7 %, - 4.6 % and 2.4% for slabs compared with the control slab S1 respectively. The maximum decrease of the deflections was at S3 containing 5% of marble powder replacement of

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Noha M. Soliman International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.5 (December 2013)

Table 5: The Cost of the Mixes (LE) /m3

Cost of Mixes (LE) /m3

Materials

C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8

Cast unit (LE) unit Cast

216 189

210.6 205.2 199.8 194.4 183.6 178.2 172.8

Cement

540/ Ton 540/

0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

Water

0.5 m3

12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3

Sand

30 30 m3

57.6 58.4 59.2 64.8

60.32 61.44 62.56 63.68 65.92

80 80 m3

Coarse aggregate Coarse

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

50 50 /Ton

Marble powder Marble

30 24

2.7

28.5 25.5

29.25 27.75 26.25 24.75 Figure 14 The crack pattern of the all slabs g 15

Admixtures

Using marble powder in the concrete industry greatly 3

decreases the cast of minimizing the environmental

316 305 300 290 285 280 275

Sum 295.5 pollution and the health hazards. The cost of the concrete 310.6

mixes decreased due to the partial replacement of cement 1 m of Cost with the marble powder which cheaper the price. The cost of the material used for each cubic meter in the Conclusion mixes related to the local prices as shown in table (5) and figure (15) The following conclusions are derived based on the The cost was decreased by increasing marble powder conducted experiments ratio because the price of cement is high but the price of 1. Workability was increased by using small amount of powder is low. marble powder ratio as a replacement of cement and leads to increase the compaction and the strength of 320 concrete. 2. The increasing of marble powder ratio as a 310

) replacement of cement over the optimum dosage leads 3 to the segregation of aggregate and bleeding of m˄ 300

/ cement and aggregates lead to decrease the resistance LE ( 290 of concrete.

Cost Cost 3. Increasing the marble powder ratio replacement of 280 cement led to the increasing as the compressive

270 strength by about (25% and 8%) for the marble powder replacement ratios (5% and 7.5%) compared 260 to the control mix. 4. Increasing the marble powder ratios higher than 5% 250 decreased the compressive strength of concrete mixes. C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 5. Increasing indirect tensile strength and modulus of Mix. NO. elasticity was recast of the by using marble powder Cost (LE3 /m˄3) Figure 15: Cost (LE/m FOR ALL) MIXES for all Mixes ratios (5% and 7.5%) compared to the control mix.

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6. Increasing the marble powder up to 7.5% decreased Corinaldesi V and Moriconi G.( 2004) The role of recycled the indirect tensile strength and the modulus of aggregates in self-compacting concrete. In: Malhotra VM, elasticity. editor. Fly ash, silica fume, slag and natural pozzolans in 7. Increasing in the initial crack and the ultimate load concrete, SP- 221. Farmington Hills, (MI): American Concrete Institute;. p. 941–956. values were recorded when using 5% of marble Naik TR, Kraus RN, Chun YM, Canpolat F and Ramme BW. powder replacement of cement in reinforced concrete (October; 2005) Use of limestone by-products for slabs compared to the control slab. developing economical self-compacting concrete published at 8. Using 5% marble powder replacement of cement the CANMET/ACI International symposium on sustainable decreased the deflection of the R.C.Slabs compared to developments of cement and concrete, Toronto, Canada,. the control slabs. Topcu IB, Bilir T and Uygunog˘lu T. (2009): Effect of waste 9. Using 5% marble powder replacement of cement marble dust content as filler on properties of self-compacting increased and the stiffness of the concrete slabs. concrete. and Building Materials 23 p.1947– 1953. Aruntas HY, Dayı M, Te in I, Birgul R and S_ims_e O. (2007.) References Effects of marble powder on the properties of self-compacting . In: Proceeding of second national symposium on Celik MY and Sabah E. (2008), Marble Deposits and the Impact chemical admixtures use in structures, , [in Turkish] p. of Marble Waste on Environmental Pollution Geological and 161–172 technical characterization of Iscehisar (Afyon–). J Mehmet Gesog˘lu, Erhan Guneyisi, Mustafa E. Kocabag, Veysel Environ Manage 87: pp10, 6–116. Bayram and Kasım Mermerdas (2012) Fresh and hardened Alyamac KE and Ince R. (2009), A preliminary concrete mix characteristics of self-compacting concretes made with design for SCC with marble powders. Construction and combined use of marble powder, limestone filler, and fly ash Building Materials 23, pp 1201–1210. Construction and Building Materials 37 p.160–170 V. Corinaldesi and G. Moriconi (2003), The influence of Guneyisi E, Gesog˘lu M and Ozbay E. (2009): Effect of marble mineral additions on the rheology of self-compacting concrete powder and slag on the properties of self-compacting mortars. V.M. Malhotra (Ed.), Superplasticizers and other chemical Mater Struct 42; p.813–826. admixtures in concrete, SP-217, American Concrete Institute, A.S.E. Belaidi a, L. Azzouz b, E. Kadri c and S. Kenai Effect of Farmington Hills, (MI) , pp. 227–240 natural pozzolana and marble powder on the properties of self- Corinaldesi V, Giacomo M and Naik TR (2010), compacting concrete Construction and Building Materials 31 Characterization of marble powder for its use in mortar and (2012) p.251–257 concrete Construction and Building Materials 24, p.113–117 E.C.P. 203/2007, 2007, Egyptian Code of Practice: Design and Kristulovic P, Kameric N and Papovic K.. (1994), A new Construction for Reinforced Concrete Structures, Research approach in evaluation of filler effect in cement Cement & Centre for Houses Building and Physical Planning, Cairo, Concrete Research 24(4), p.931–936. Egypt. Opaczky L. (1993), Problems relating to grinding technology E.S.S. 1109/2008, 2008, Egyptian Standard Specification for and quality when grinding composites Zement Kalk Grips 5, Aggregates, Egypt. p.136–140. ASTM C 33, 2003, American Society for Testing and Materials: Tur er P, Erdog˘an B and Erdog˘du K. (2002), Influence of Aggregates, Philadelphia, USA. marble powder on microstructure and hydration of cements. E.S.S. 4756-1/2009, 2009, Egyptian Standard Specification for Cem Concr World J TCMB (Turkey) 7, p.38–89. Ordinary Portland Cement, Egypt. Binici H, Kaplan H and Yilmaz S. (2007) Influence of marble Omar M.O., Ghada D. Abd El., Mohamed A.S and Hassan A.M and limestone dusts as additives on some mechanical (2012) Influence of limestone waste as partial replacement properties of concrete. Sci Res Essay 2(9) p.372– 379. material for sand and marble powder in concrete properties Binici H, Shahb T, Aksogan O and Kaplan H. (2008): Durability HBRC Journal 8, 193–203 of concrete made with granite and marble as recycle ASTM C 494-03, 2003, American Society for Testing and aggregates. J Mater Process Technol 208 p.299–308. Materials: Chemical Admixtures, Philadelphia, USA. 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