Vol. 4 Iss. 4 August/September, 2004
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STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR of REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS CONTAINING a NOVEL LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE 1. Introduction
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS CONTAINING A NOVEL LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE ABSTRACT: This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation into the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams incorporating a novel EPS-based Lightweight Aggregate (LWA) called Stabilised Polystyrene (SPS) aggregate. Four concrete mixtures with Water to Cement ratio (W/C) of 0.8 were used. The replacement levels of natural aggregate by SPS were 0, 30, 60 and 100%. The volume ratio to manufacture SPS aggregate was 8:1:1 (80% waste EPS: 10% cement: 10% clay). A total of 24 beams were cast and tested at 28-day age. Three types of tension reinforcement were used: 2 bars, 3 bars and 2 bars + shear links. There were no compression bars at the top for all beams. Four point- loading flexural tests were conducted up to failure. In general, it can be observed that the structural behaviour of SPS concrete beams is similar to that of other types of lightweight aggregate concretes used around the world. Keywords: Waste Polystyrene; Lightweight Aggregates; Compressive Strength; Structural Behaviour; Deflection; Reinforced Concrete Beam. 1. Introduction Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is a thermoplastic material and is mainly used as packaging and insulating products in various industrial fields around the world. A large quantity of EPS is disposed of as waste and left as stockpiles, landfill material or illegally dumped in selected areas. It has been reported that more than 112,000 tons of EPS were used for post-consumer protective packaging in the USA only in 1996. It has also been reported that around 300,000 tons of waste EPS are disposed of in landfill in the UK each year; because up to 95% of EPS is air, it occupies 38,000,000 m3 of space in landfill, which is enough to fill 15,000 Olympic- sized swimming pools! This will ultimately cause pollution and is harmful to the ecosystem. -
The Franklin Marble: One of New Jersey’S Most Famous Geologic Formations
New Jersey Geological and Water Survey Information Circular The Franklin Marble: One of New Jersey’s Most Famous Geologic Formations Introduction 0 5 10 Miles NY Sussex County Few rocks in New Jersey are as attractive or as well known as the Franklin Marble, which displays a Franklin virtual rainbow of colors from white, PA to light gray, pale pink, orange, pale Limecrest green, or pale blue. Samples of Franklin Quarry Marble are displayed in many museum exhibits nationally and internation- ally because of its importance as host rock for the world-famous zinc-iron- manganese deposits at the Franklin and Sterling Hill mines in Sussex County. These deposits contain more than 350 minerals, of which 90 are fluorescent. If New Jersey Highlands area of ever there were a contender for the offi- detail cial state rock of New Jersey, Franklin Marble would certainly be among those at the top of the list. Early in the study of the state’s geologic history, all marble was simply called white or crystalline limestone (Cook, 1868). The name “Frank- lin white limestone” was first intro- Figure 1. Distribution of the Franklin Marble (shown in blue) and other uncorre- duced by Wolff and Brooks (1898) for lated marble deposits (shown in red) in the New Jersey Highlands. marble at the zinc deposits in Frank- lin Borough. This was later shortened the area, where it forms a nearly continu- known. As a result, Franklin Marble was to “Franklin limestone” on one of the ous 21-mile-long belt in Sussex County. quarried extensively during the 20th cen- early state geologic maps of New Jersey Marble also crops out in small, detached tury, although most of the quarries are no (Lewis and Kümmel, 1910-1912), and bodies in the southwestern and eastern longer in operation. -
Fact Sheet 5 Principles of Stone Extraction
QuarryScapes guide to ancient stone quarries Fact Sheet 5 Fact Sheet 5 Principles of stone extraction In all stone quarry situations the extraction phase rich) ones. Partly because they in general display is based on one or combinations of three the most brittle behaviour, but also because it is a fundamental principles: well documented fact (and experience among quarrymen) that siliceous rocks (granite in 1. Levering; expanding open fractures by particular) have well defined preferred splitting inserting levers, crowbars or stones 2. Splitting; creating fractures, preferable directions defined by microfractures in quartz. planar, by strokes (i.e. sledge hammer), Splitting by heating is caused by a combination of wedging; heating or blasting with thermal expansion properties and brittle explosives behaviour. It works best on quartz-rich rocks due 3. Channelling (carving); making channels in to the well known but poorly understood change the rock by carving with hammer and of mechanical properties of quartz when heated. chisel, pickaxe or stone tools, heating with fire, sawing or drilling Channelling is the third fundamental principle. Channels in the rock are made by removing the Levering may be described as the “simplest” way rock mass by chiselling, picking, sawing or of extraction, involving the expansion of natural heating. In most soft stone quarries from the cracks or other planes of weakness (such as Bronze Age onwards, channelling is the most bedding planes) using various tools. important extraction method. In most cases, channelling is combined with other methods. For Splitting may be defined as the act of generating instance, channels are made perpendicular to the new fractures for extracting rock. -
Cemetery Preservation QUICK TIPS
Georgia’s State Historic Preservation Office IIIIIICCCeeemmmeeettteeerrryyy PPPrrreeessseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiooonnn QQQUUUIIICCCKKK TTTIIIPPPSSSIIIIII Common Monument and Gravemarker Materials Below are brief descriptions of the most common stones and monument material types found in Georgia. Stones vary in hardness and therefore in their ability to survive satisfactorily outdoors in cemeteries, as well as their ability to withstand cleaning or restoration. The Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness, created in 1812, establishes talc as the softest mineral material and diamond as the hardest. There is no need to determine the exact hardness of a stone you are working on. However, seeing how some common cemetery materials rank on the Mohs Scale can guide your choice of the best methods for working with them: Talc (see "soapstone" below) Marble Sandstone Granite Diamond 1 3-4 5 7-8 10 If identifying the type of stone is difficult, but will be important to a cemetery preservation project, referring to a stone/mineral field guide is recommended, or consulting with a geologist or other expert. Marker Material Descriptions MARBLE Marble has been used for a great many markers in historic cemeteries in Georgia. The state's marble industry dates back to the late 1830s, when outcroppings of surface marble were discovered in north Georgia. Quarrying began, and markers were carved and sold throughout the area. The Georgia marble industry still thrives today. Several different types of stone that can be polished are called marble. A true marble, though, is a metamorphic rock made up of calcium carbonate, traces of silica and iron oxides; it is rather soft and easily carved. -
Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregates in Production of Green Cement-Based Concrete Composites: a Review
crystals Review Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregates in Production of Green Cement-Based Concrete Composites: A Review Natt Makul 1, Roman Fediuk 2 , Mugahed Amran 3,4,*, Abdullah M. Zeyad 5 , Gunasekaran Murali 6, Nikolai Vatin 7 , Sergey Klyuev 8 , Togay Ozbakkaloglu 9 and Yuriy Vasilev 7 1 Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand; [email protected] 2 School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, 8, Sukhanova Str., 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; [email protected] 3 Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Amran 9677, Yemen 5 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 6 School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India; [email protected] 7 Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University, 125319 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (N.V.); [email protected] (Y.V.) 8 Department of Theoretical Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Belgorod State Technological University Named after V.G. Shukhov, 308012 Belgorod, Russia; [email protected] 9 Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Citation: Makul, N.; Fediuk, R.; Amran, M.; Zeyad, A.M.; Murali, G.; Abstract: Recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) are used in existing green building composites to Vatin, N.; Klyuev, S.; Ozbakkaloglu, promote the environmental preservation of natural coarse aggregates (NCA). -
Special Effects with Stains
Get Fortified with Fiber Vol. 7 No. 4 • June/July 2007 • $6.95 Special Effects With Stains The masters reveal their secrets Getting Edgy New border tools and stamps Kitchen Countertops: Safety First II • www.ConcreteDecor.net • Aug./Sept. 2006 June/July 2007 | www.ConcreteDecor.net | 1 Publisher’s Letter Dear Readers, My wife’s grandfather is turning 98 years old in a month or June/July 2007 • Volume 7 so. Having lost his wife a couple of years ago, Papa, believe it or Issue No. 4 • $6.95 not, still lives at home by himself. On a recent visit to Papa we sat, as usual, in his family Publisher: Bent O. Mikkelsen room talking about a lot of things, like the way things used to Co-Publisher: Ernst H. Mikkelsen Editor: Wendy Ardolino be and, for obvious reasons, our concern for his health. During Editor: John Strieder our conversation Papa told me in a matter-of-fact tone of voice Translation Editor: Eduardo Morales that he had suffered a heart attack a couple of weeks earlier. Shocked by the news, I asked Creative Director: Patrick Hunter if he had seen a doctor or spent time in the hospital following that ordeal. Papa responded Web Design: Mark Dixon by saying “Oh yes, one night. My legs feel numb but I’m getting better.” Pressing for more Writers: Andrew Amrhein Susan Brimo-Cox information, he added, “… when I had the heart attack I was afraid I was going to die Christina Camara – however, a moment later, I became afraid I wasn’t going to die.” Saddened as we both Doug Carlton were by his news, this announcement caused us to laugh at the ordeal. -
Volumetric Concrete Mixers
SUPPLEMENTAL SPECIFICATION July 1, 2019 Delete Section 701.4.4.7 Mobile Concrete Mixing Plants and replace it with the following: 701.4.4.7 Volumetric Concrete Mixers Provide volumetric mixers with rating plates indicating that the performance of the mixer is in accordance with the Volumetric Mixer Manufacturer Bureau (VMMB). Ensure that mixers comply with ASTM C685. Unless otherwise specified, ensure that all mixing operations are in strict accordance with the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Provide such procedures to the RCE for review upon request. Ensure that the concrete mixing truck is an auger-type continuous mixer used in conjunction with volumetric proportioning. Ensure that the mixer produces concrete, uniform in color and appearance, with homogeneous distribution of the material throughout the mixture. Establish the mixing time necessary to produce uniform concrete and comply with other requirements of these specifications. Only acceptable equipment capable of producing uniform results will be permitted. Continuous volumetric concrete mixers may be used, with the approval of the RCE and State Materials Engineer, for non-structural concrete. Ensure that mix designs meet the requirements of Section 701.2.12.2 and all materials used meet the requirements of Section 701. Ensure that continuous volumetric concrete mixers are capable of combining aggregate, cement and/or fly ash, water and admixtures, into a uniform mixture within the specified mixing period. Ensure that all materials used are listed on the appropriate QPL -
Concrete Mixing Methods and Concrete Mixers: State of the Art
Volume 106, Number 2, March–April 2001 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology [J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 106, 391–399 (2001)] Concrete Mixing Methods and Concrete Mixers: State of the Art Volume 106 Number 2 March–April 2001 Chiara F. Ferraris As for all materials, the performance of ule (volume of concrete needed per hour), concrete is determined by its microstruc- and the cost. Ultimately, the quality of National Institute of Standards and ture. Its microstructure is determined by its the concrete produced determines its per- Technology, composition, its curing conditions, and formance after placement. An important Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8621 also by the mixing method and mixer con- measure of the quality is the homogeneity ditions used to process the concrete. This of the material after mixing. This paper paper gives an overview of the various will review mixing methods in regards to [email protected] types of mixing methods and concrete the quality of the concrete produced. mixers commercially available used by the Some procedures used to determine the ef- concrete industry. There are two main fectiveness of the mixing will be exam- types of mixers used: batch mixers and ined. continuous mixers. Batch mixers are the most common. To determine the mixing Key words: concrete mixers; mixer effi- method best suited for a specific applica- ciency. tion, factors to be considered include: loca- tion of the construction site (distance Accepted: August 30, 2000 from the batching plant), the amount of concrete needed, the construction sched- Available online: http://www.nist.gov/jres 1. -
Short Notice to Quarrying Sector
DRAFT REPORT STATE-OF-THE-ART: ORNAMENTAL STONE QUARRYING IN EUROPE Nicos Arvantides Tom Heldal 1 OSNET quarrying sector Nicos Arvantides Institute of Geology and Mineral exploration (IGME) 1. Fragon str. 54626 Thessaloniki Greece [email protected] Tom Heldal Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) N-7491 Trondheim Norway [email protected] Preface This report is an attempt to summarize some characteristics of the ornamental stone quarrying industry throughout Europe and underline some challenges that this sector is facing. Furthermore, it seeks to highlight some of the most important innovative technologies and methods contributing to improve the viability and sustainability of ornamental stone quarrying. In addition to quarrying itself, the report also deals with other important aspects directly relevant to quarrying – such as exploration, some environmental issues, management of deposits and handling and use of waste rock. For other aspects related to the ornamental stone production, including environmental, the work by the other sectors within OSNET is recommended. These are: Processing, Stone characterization, Tools and equipment, Risk assessment, safety and environment and Technology transfer. Ornamental stone quarrying in Europe is characterized by a great variation in traditions, extraction methods and, not at least, rock types. To give a complete picture of everything happening within the sector would demand far more pages and time than available, but we hope that we have not forgotten too much. The members of the OSNET quarrying sector come from Greece, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, Finland and Norway. Clearly, the report will be "coloured" by examples and case studies from these countries, but we hope – and believe - they have a more general validity. -
Chasm & Quarry Tour
Chasm & Quarry Tour Natural Bridge State Park SELF-GUIDED INTERPRETIVE TOUR Welcome Natural Bridge State Park, in North Adams, is a small 44-acre DCR park that provides a window into the past: ancient geology, curious marble rock formations, a history of visitors who left their mark, and an industrial quarry. Nature, over eons of erosion, has cut deep into the marble bedrock; and in just 130 years man has excavated even further! These actions left indelible marks here that you can see and touch. Use this guide to experience the natural wonder of this marble chasm, but also wit- ness the result of man’s determination. These are only some of the curious stories found here. Take your time, explore, and use your senses. Enjoy a picnic on the grounds. Listen to the rushing water echoing through the chasm. Touch and admire the texture and brilliance of the marble surface. Take photographs and look for clues to the past. About the Tour The Chasm & Quarry Tour starts at the foot of the parking lot, in front of the Visitor Center. The tour takes about 1 hour. Total round-trip distance is under a half-mile. Ability rating is easy. The route goes over some uneven terrain, boardwalks, and a staircase. The tour is accessible year-round, be prepared for the weather. A parking fee may be charged from late-May through mid-October. In the off-season park outside the entrance gate off Beaver Street/ MA Route 8, North Adams, and walk 0.25 miles up McCauley Road into the park; for convenience you may follow this tour in reverse order. -
MARBLE MOSAIC Installing and Treatment Guide for Marble Mosaic and Other Natural Stone Designtegels.Nl 1 MARBLE MOSAIC Questions
Goeie foto MARBLE MOSAIC Installing and treatment guide for Marble Mosaic and other Natural stone Designtegels.nl INSTALLING AND TREATMENT GUIDE Type: Marble mosaic tiles are tiles made of natural stone such as marble, whether or not finished by polishing. Production is (partly) manual. Materials: Natural stone, marble Characteristics: Marble is a natural product and is extracted in countries such as Italy and Turkey. Large blocks or plates are processed into smaller mosaic shapes, usually glued onto mats. Variants: There are numerous variants that are often characterized by color and / or shape. Applicability: Inside, outside, walls, floors. Extra attention: Our mosaic tiles made from natural stone such as marble are more sensitive than other tile types. Be careful with acids or caustic cleaning agents. The processing of mats works differently than the processing of whole tiles, which is why mosaic tiles must be placed with extra attention and preferably by someone with experience. The step-by-step plan and advice may differ per space or area of application. Below we give our advice for the most common placement of our mosaic tiles. Also read the important tips at the bottom of the step-by-step plan and contact us if you have any questions. What do you need to install mosaic tiles: - Primer - Flexible tile adhesive - Flexible grout - 2 mm tile spacers - Angle grinder or water-cooled tile saw - Joint trowel, glue tub, glue comb 6 or 8mm, depending on the mosaic MARBLE MOSAIC - Azule Cement Stain Remover (cleaning agent) 1 - Bucket and sponge, wash-in set STEP-BY-STEP PLAN Before you start tiling, make a plan of same joint width. -
CRACK-RESISTANT CONCRETE MIX Pre-Blended, Fiber-Reinforced, Portland Cement and Sand Mix for 1½” Or Greater Depth
CRACK-RESISTANT CONCRETE MIX Pre-blended, fiber-reinforced, Portland cement and sand mix for 1½” or greater depth 1. PRODUCT NAME Coverage Tech-Mix® Crack-Resistant Concrete Mix • 60 lb. (27.2 kg) bag yields approximately 0.45 cu. ft. (12.7 L) of wet mortar. Coverage will vary based on waste and job site 2. MANUFACTURER conditions. Tech-Mix® is a registered trademark of TCC Materials 2025 Centre Pointe Blvd., Suite 300 5. INSTALLATION Mendota Heights, MN 55120 USA Preparation Phone: 1.651.688.9116 Read all directions before starting work. Stake out the planned Web: techmixpro.com area and remove sod or soil to the desired depth. Nail and stake forms securely in place. Tamp and compact the sub-base 3. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION until firm. Subgrade surface should be brought to a saturated Tech-Mix® Crack-Resistant Concrete Mix consists of a pre- surface dry (SSD) condition with potable water. All repair blended mixture of Portland cement, aggregates, air-entraining overlay surfaces must be sound and be clean of any admixtures, special synthetic reinforcing fibers, and other contaminants. Dampen adjoining concrete surfaces to SSD ingredients to reduce shrinkage cracks and improve impact condition with potable water. For increased bond to existing resistance. The special reinforcing fibers eliminate the need for concrete, a latex bonding additive such as Akona Concrete wire mesh in typical slab-on-grade applications. Use for Bonding Additive may be used. pouring concrete 1½ in. (38 mm) thick or greater. It is also used for building or repairing steps, walks, and floors. Note: It is the responsibility of the installer/applicator to ensure the suitability of the product for its intended use.