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Y10 Music Revision Tempo, Metre and Rhythm BPM The number of beats per minute in a piece of music. Largo Slowly and broadly Andante Fairly slow - at walking pace Moderato At moderate speed Allegro Fast Vivace Lively Presto Very quick Accelerando Gradually speeding up Rallentando Gradually slowing down Ritenuto Immediately slower Allargando Getting slower and broadening Rubato Literally 'robbed time', where rhythms are played freely for expressive effect Time Tells you how many beats are in a bar. Two numbers at the start signature of a piece of music. Syncopation Where the rhythms are played off the main beat. Cross A rhythm used simultaneously with another rhythm or rhythms - rhythm the rhythms do not fit together, Polyrhythm A rhythm which makes use of two or more different rhythms simultaneously. Triplets A triplet is a three-note pattern that fills the duration of a typical two-note pattern. Hemiola A hemiola is a rhythmic device that gives the impression of the music speeding up. Off beats An unaccented beat. Upbeat / The last beat of the measure/bar. anacrusis Swing In swing rhythm, the pulse is divided unequally (long/short) rhythms Walking A walking bass line generally consists of notes of equal duration bass and intensity (typically 1/4 notes) that create a feeling of forward motion. Dynamics and Articulation Dynamics Dynamics are used to show how loudly to play a piece of music. Articulation Articulation is used to show how a note should be played or sung - eg staccato or slur. Sostenuto Notes are sustained or held on. Crescendo Gradually getting louder Diminuendo Gradually getting quieter Fortissimo Very loud Forte Loud Mezzo Forte Moderately loud Mezzo Piano Moderately quiet Piano Quiet Pianissimo Very quiet Sforzando A note should be given sudden emphasis, similar to an accent. Accent When the note is played with a certain force. Legato Notes are played smoothly. Staccato Notes are played ’short and detached’. Tenuto A note to be played for its full duration. Texture Texture Texture describes how layers of sound within a piece of music interact. Monophonic A texture consisting of a solo musical line. Polyphonic Two or more melodies or parts that play at the same time, weaving in and out of each other. Homophonic A texture based on chords (can be melody and accompaniment) Unison When all voices or instruments sing or play the same melody at their chosen octave. Contrapuntal Interweaving melodic parts, also known as polyphonic. Imitation Where one musical part copies another. Octave The notes are 8 notes apart (eg. low C and high C) Ornaments Decorations or embellishments made to a melody. Fugue A musical form in which parts enter one after the other with the main theme or subject. These build to create a complex contrapuntal texture. Heterophonic A texture of two identical melodies, where one is a decorated version. Antiphonal When music is passed between groups of instruments or voices. These are usually placed in different parts of a concert venue. Melody and When you can clearly distinguish between the melody and accompaniment accompaniment. Counter melody A countermelody is a secondary melody that is sung or played in counterpoint with the original melody. Descant When an additional melody is sung or played over the top of an existing texture. Harmony Chord Two or more notes sounding together. Triad A triad is a chord of three notes. Primary triads In music, a primary triad is one of the three triads, built from major or minor thirds. These are chords I, IV and V. Tonic In music, the tonic is the first note of the scale. Subdominant The chord built on the fourth, IV, is called the subdominant. 7th chord A triad with the 7th note of the scale added. Concord A concord is a chord where all the notes seem to 'agree' with each other. Discord A discord is a chord where some notes seem to 'disagree' or clash giving an unsettled feel. Diatonic Diatonic harmony uses notes that belong to the key. Chromatic Chromatic harmony uses notes from outside the key to give the chords more 'colour'. Cadence A cadence is formed by two chords at the end of a passage of music. Perfect cadence Perfect cadences sound as though the music has come to an end. A perfect cadence is formed by the chords V - I. Imperfect Imperfect cadences sound unfinished. They sound as though they cadence want to carry on to complete the music properly. An imperfect cadence ends on chord V. Plagal cadence Plagal cadences sound finished. Plagal cadences are often used at the end of hymns and sung to “Amen”. A plagal cadence is formed by the chords IV - I. Tierce de Sometimes the final cadence of a piece in a minor key ends with a Picardie major chord instead of the expected minor. Tonal Tonal music is in a major or minor key Atonal Atonal music is not related to a tonic note and therefore has no sense of key Modal Modal music uses a specific set of notes to create melodies from. Modulation A change of key. Drone A drone is a held or repeated chord, usually a bare fifth, throughout a passage of music. Pedal A pedal is a single note that is held on or repeated in the bass. An inverted pedal note is a sustained or repeated note in a high register. Ground Bass Ground bass is the term used in Baroque music where a bass part is repeated throughout the piece. Melody Interval The distance between two notes. Conjunct A melody that moves by step. Disjunct A melody which moves in leaps, using larger intervals then a second. Chromatic Chromatic harmony uses notes from outside the key to colour the chords. Arpeggio Arpeggios are rising and falling melodies that use the notes of a chord (eg. C E G E C) Broken chord A broken chord is the alternation of the first, third and fifth degrees of the scale. Scale A scale is a set of notes ordered by increasing or decreasing pitch. The intervals between these pitches give each scale a different characteristic (eg. major and minor). Diatonic Diatonic melodies are mainly based on major or minor scales. Atonal Atonal melodies are not based on any key or tonal centre. Phrase Phrases are the musical version of sentences. They end with different types of cadence - like commas or full stops. Phrases can be different lengths, depending on the piece of music. Cadence Two adjacent chords appear at the end of a musical phrase indicating a pause, conclusion or harmonic interruption. Imitation Where one musical part copies another (can also be used to describe texture) Word-painting Word painting is the musical technique of composing music that reflects the literal meaning of a song's lyrics. For example, ascending scales would accompany lyrics about going up; slow, dark music would accompany lyrics about death. Ornament Notes added to decorate a melody. Mordent When you play the note then the one above and then the note again very quickly. Trill A trill is two adjacent notes that are played rapidly one after the other. Turn A turn is a short decoration consisting of the note above the one indicated, the note itself, the note below the one indicated, and the note itself again. Motif A short musical idea or phrase. Sequence A pattern of musical notes that are repeated moving up or down the scale. Appoggiatura An ornamental leaning note in which the ornament takes half the value of the note it proceeds. Acciaccatura Acciaccatura - Crushed in. A non-harmonic crushed note played as quickly as possible. Leitmotif A recurring musical theme representing a person, place, mood or emotion (used in Film Music) .
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