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Econol\HC GEOLOGY and ~HNERAL. RESOURCES of SAURASHTRA

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Econol\HC GEOLOGY and ~HNERAL. RESOURCES of SAURASHTRA ·I THE- . ECONOl\HC GEOLOGY AND ~HNERAL. RESOURCES OF SAURASHTRA (With a Mineral Map of Saurashtra) BY. B. C. ROY, D.I.C., M.Sc. (London), Dr.-lng. (Freiberg), Superintending Geologist-in-charge, Western Circle,. Geological Survey of India. Published by Government of Saurashtra, Department of Industry and Supply, RA.JKOT Price: Rs. 10/- 1953 THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF SAURASHTRA I THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND 1\IINERAL RESOURCES OF SAURASHTRA (With a Mineral Map of Saurashtra) BY B. C. ROY, D.i.C., M.Sc. (London), Dr.-Ing, (Freiberg), Superintending Geologist-ifr,.charge, Western. Circle, Geological Survey of India Published by Government of Saurashtra, Department of. Industry and Supply, RA.JKOT Price: Rs. 10.'- 1953 Printed by G. G. Pathare at the Popular Press (Bombay) Ltd., 35, Tardeo Road, Bombay 7, for the Popular Book Depot., and published by Government of Saurashtra, Department of Industry and Supply. CONTENTS PART I.-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GEOLOGY IN SAURASHTRA 11,\(;r. CHAPTER I. -INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II. -MINERAL PRODUCTION 5 CHAPTER III. -PHYSIOGRAPHY 8 Hills 8 Climate 10 Rainfall 11 Rivers 11 Lakes 12 Islands 12 Salt wastes 12 CRAPTER IV. -GENERAL GEOLOGY 14 Umia beds 14 W adhwan sandstones 15 Trappean grits 16 Deccan traps 16 Inter-trappeans 19 Trap-dykes 19 Lateritic rocks 21 Gaj beds. 21 Dwarka beds 2.'1 Miliolite series 24 Alluvium 25 CHAPTER v. -GEOLOGY IN ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE .. 27 General .. 27 Underground water supply 27 Dam sites and reservoirs .. 28 Road and railway alignments 30 Tunnelling 30 Airports .. 31 Docks and harbours 31 Bridge foundations 31 Building foundations 32 Construction materials 33 Soils 34 CHAPTER VI. -EARTHQUAKES 37 'Vt CONTENTS PAGE CHAPT~. YJJ;:.:{ ;• -~Y! A.~fl!tPVPf~y 42 GanA?.<>t · 42 A.1hi~u~. and nuliollte formation 44 Gaj and Dwarka beds 45 Deccan traps . 7' .•. 46 Jurassic ·rocks · .. · ' .. · " -~-'47 CHAPTER VIII. -FuTtntE S:EA:itcH ':FOR' MtNERALS .l ; : ' . 50 Introduction . , . ~Q GeologicaTdistributioh-of minerals ·.! • ·u 50 Distribution according to districts 51 Geological mapping 52 CHAPTER IX. -MINERAL CoNCESSIONS 53 Earlier procedur~~ .: 53 Royalty rates before integration 55 Quarry Department 56 Royalty rates after integration 57 Indian .BJ;J.reau of .Mines · ' ;,:.< : . 58 Mining concession terms .. 59 .··· ·'PART 11.-THE RECORDED MINERAL OCCURRENCES . OF SAURASHTRA C~APTER X. -ABRASIVES 72 CHAPTER XI. -BAUXITE •• ·, · 75 . .. , -· CHAPTER.... XII. -BUILDING MATEluALS 79 CHAPTER XIII. -CALCITE 89 CHAPTER XIV. -CHALK . -99 CHAPTER XV. -CLAYS 102 CHAPTER XVI. -COAL ..... 120 CHAPTER XVII. -FuLLER's EA.Rtii" 129 ; ·< CUAPTER XVIII. -GEMSTONES . ' .... 132 CHAPTER XIX. -GLASS-MAKING MAi-ERIALS 136 CHAPTER XX. -Gou5.·". 140 C~APTER XXI.· -GYPSUM •. •:. 143 ;~ CHAPTER XXII. -IRoN-ORE 153 C~APTE.R XXIII. -LEAP-ORE .... ; '·oi! .••. : , ~I ·-,._-::"";.: ..1.,1;9. 'VII CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER XXIV. -LIMESTONE •• 162 CHAPTER XXV. -MINERAL PIGMENTS 172 ' CHAPTER XXVI. -MINERAL WATERS 182 CHAPTER XXVII. -MINERAL WooL 183 CHAPTER XXVIII. -MouLDING SAND 185 CHAPTER XXIX. -NATURAL GAS 187 CHAPTER XXX. -OIL 191 CHAPTER XXXI. -REFRACTORY MATERIALS 193 CHAPTER XXXII. -5ALT 195 CHAPTER XXXIIL-MINERALS OF LITTLE Oa No VALUE •• 201 Alkali salts 201 Borax 202 Copper-ore 202 Felspar 204 Ilmenite • •. 206. Magnesite 207 Magnetite 208 Manganese-ore 209 Pyrite 210 Rock crystal 211 Witherite 211 Wolfram 212 Zeolites 212 PLATB (lflN~aAL liAr or SAu&AsatBA) THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF SAURASHTRA By B. C. ROY, D.I.C., M.Sc. (London), Dr.-Ing. (Freiberg), SupeTintending Geologisf;...in-chaTge, Western CiTcle, Geological SuTVey of India. PART I.-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GEOLOGY IN SAURASHTRA . CHAPTER I . INTRODUCTION A brief resume of the various minerals that are known to occur in the State of Saurashtra was prepared by the Geological Survey of India in 1948 at the request of the Government of Saurashtra. The summarised statement, however, ·was too concise, and it was decided that the subject should be dealt with more fully at a sub- · sequent date. · As the Superintending Geologist-in-charge of the Western Circle, comprising the States f;>f Bombay, Saurashtra, Rajasthan, · Ajmer-Merwara and Kutch, with headquarters in Bombay, it has been the privilege of the author to be closely associated with the Government of Saurashtra for eight years. During this period he has been in contact with all the Government Departments of Saurashtra interested in the various aspects of the geological work in the State, giving advice bn all matters concerning the mineral development within the State and attending periodic meetings and discussions. In December 1948, Mr. Manubhai Shah, the then Minister of Industries and Commerce, Government of Saurashtra, requested the Geological Survey of India to send an officer on deputation to the Saurashtra Government for some time. The Government of India were pleased to sanction the establishment of a local Geolo­ gical Survey office at Rajkot at the cost of the Saurashtra Govern• 2 ment, and a senior officer of the Geological Survey was posted there in May 1949 under the general supervision of the Superintend­ ing Geologist-in-charge of the Western Circle. The local office at Saurashtra assisted the commercial public in. advising them in their problems of exploitation of minerals and in disseminating up-to­ date information on minerals. Subsequently it was felt that the volume of the work at Rajkot did not justify a separate establish­ ment, and as a measure of economy the office was eventually closed down in July 1951. Mr. A. J. Marin, a Belgian Mining Engineer, was engaged by the Government of Saurashtra on a short contract between 1948 and 1949, for advising on the mineral possibilities within the State. Mr. Marin spent some time in the Geological Survey office at Calcutta for eliciting published inform-ation and submitted a report on the basis of his investigations in parts of the State. The Geological Survey of India possesses a fair knowledge of the mineral resources of the State and the information is scat­ tered in numerous published and unpublished reports of the De­ partment. Besides, useful information is also available in the office files and records of the Geological Survey of India. 'The p~esent Brochure on the Economic Geology and Mineral Resources of Saurashtra will give a fairly detailed account of all mineral deposits known to the Geological Survey of India to date, includ­ irig those of the small enclaves of Bombay State. The information in ·this Brochure, it will be thus seen, is primarily based on the knowledge gained by the Geological Survey of India over the last century, but also incorporates to some extent, the results of the efforts of private workers and commercial firms engaged in the explpitation of certain mineral deposits. The main object of this work has been to state clearly the present position with reg~.rd to all known mineral occurrences within the State, to suggest the lines of future search of minerals, and to assess the mineral resources with a view to expansion of the present mineral industries or development of new industries. tfnder ~ach mineral heading, information on uses, localities, mode of occurrence, reserves, quality, grading, prices and future scope is given. In order to get full detailed information of individual ~iner~l ·deposits, reference may be made to the Bibliography at the. emf of the ac.coqnt on each mineral. -This account has been written on the lines of Dr. M.S. Krish­ nan's' ..Mineral Resolirces of Madras" and Dr.- J. A.- Dunn's. ''Economic Geology and- Mineral Resources of Bihar Province", published by the _G~ological Survey of India in recent years: The earlier information on the mineral resources of india iS available in La Touche's invaluable "Bibliography of Indian Geo­ logy and Physical Geography with an Annotated Index of Minerals of Economic Value", published by the Geological Survey of India in two parts in 1917 and 1918, respectively. The information in the published Records and Memoirs of the Geological Survey has been freely drawn in preparing this account. Some additional in­ formation contained in the numerous unpublished reports of the Geological Survey has also been incorporated in this work. The interest taken by Mr. Jamnadas G. Shah, ·Joint Secre­ tary, Department of Industry and Supply, Government of Sau­ rashtra, in the publication of this Brochure, is gratefully acknow­ ledged. The author is thankful to Mr. A. T. J adeja, Quarry Super­ intendent, Government of Saurashtra, for much information and data in connection with minerals in the State. The author is particularly grateful to Dr. M. S. Krishnan, Director, Geological Survey of· India, for kindly permittilig him to write up this account of mineral resources of Saurashtra, and for going through the manuscript. He is also indebted to Mr. C. Karunakaran, Geologist, Geological Survey of India, for checking up the co-ordinates and for assistance in compiling the Mineral Map of Saurashtra. The information provided in this work will be of some assist­ ance to the Government of Saurashtra in formulating their future plans towards the mineral development within the State. 'fhe district and other Government officials who often have to concern themselves_ with problems of mineral matters may also consult this Brochure for reference. The industrialists who are in need of raw materials for their existing produc~s or who propose to undertake new mineral developments, the information provided herein should be of value. To the individual prospectors and the mining concerns, a knowledge of the various minerals, with regard to uses, reserves, quality, beneficiation, marketing, etc., is essential, and it is hoped that the data presented may be helpful in the furtherance of their work. 4 . Any exaggerated notions with regard to min_eral deposits would be detz:imental towa,rds the proper growth of ~any· industry based on ~eral resources.
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