Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera: "Symphyta")

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Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera: Rote Liste gefährdeter Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera: „Symphyta“) Bayerns Bearbeitet von Manfred Kraus und Stephan M. Blank unter Mitarbeit von Andrew Liston Die Pflanzenwespen bilden innerhalb der Haut- baumer 381 Arten für Südbayern auf. Das im Na- flügler (Ordnung Hymenoptera) eine artenreiche, turhistorischen Museum Augsburg verwahrte Ma- paraphyletische Gruppierung. Der deutsche Name terial wurde während des 2. Weltkieges zer- deutet bereits auf ein wichtiges Merkmal hin, das bombt; Einzeltiere befinden sich noch in der sie von den übrigen Hymenopteren, den Apocrita, Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. In die- unterscheidet: die primär phytophage Lebenswei- ser Sammlung ist auch der größte Teil der Pflan- se der raupenförmigen Larven. Morphologisch zenwespen aufbewahrt, die von E. Enslin vor al- trennen sie zahlreiche auffällige, ursprüngliche lem in Nordbayern und im Allgäu gesammelt Merkmale wie die fehlende Wespentaille, das rei- wurden. Viele Daten hierzu finden sich verstreut che Flügelgeäder und der sägeförmige Eiablage- im umfangreichen Publikationswerk ENSLINs (z. B. apparat (Englisch: „sawflies“) (vgl. SCHEDL 1991). 1912–1918). Schneid sammelte von 1930 bis Weltweit sind etwa 9.000 Pflanzenwespenarten 1960 v. a. in der Umgebung von Bamberg. Das beschrieben. Schwerpunkte der Biodiversität lie- 287 Arten umfassende Material aus dem Natur- gen in den gemäßigten Zonen der Holarktis. In kundemuseum Bamberg wurde von KRAUS & TAE- der Westpaläarktis sind sie mit ca. 1.500 Arten GER (1998) veröffentlicht. Anfang der 50er Jahre vertreten. Die artenreichsten Vorkommen liegen zogen LORENZ & KRAUS im Erlanger Raum 173 hier in den kühl-feuchten Gebieten. Die Mehrzahl Pflanzenwespenarten und veröffentlichten die Da- der mitteleuropäischen Arten gehört dem euro- ten im Rahmen der „Larvalsystematik“ (1957). FI- sibirischen Verbreitungstyp an, andere Arten ent- SCHER (1962) nennt 273 Arten für Schwaben, das stammen z. B. den mediterranen und kaspischen Material befindet sich in Augsburg. LISTON (1984) Ausbreitungszentren. nennt 86 Arten aus der Umgebung von Dingol- fing. BOEVÉ (1990) führt 52 Arten der Unterfamilie Das Wirtspflanzenspektrum der Pflanzenwespen Nematinae aus der Umgebung von Bayreuth auf. ist außerordentlich breit und umfaßt neben den Die Checklisten Deutschlands weisen für Bayern eigentlichen Blütenpflanzen (Angiospermae) auch 598 Arten aus (BLANK et al. 1998, 2001). Hinzu Koniferen (Gymnospermae; z. B. Diprionidae, kommen noch die Angaben von LISTON (2002, Pamphiliinae, viele Nematinae), Farne und 2003 u. briefl.) für weitere 16 Arten und neue ei- Schachtelhalme (viele Selandriinae) und Moose gene Nachweise für 3 Arten. Insgesamt sind also (Dulophanes morio). Die Mehrzahl der Larvenfor- in Bayern zum heutigen Zeitpunkt mindestens men ist freilebend (einzeln oder gregarisch). In- 617 Arten belegt. Dies sind etwa 88 % der für die nerhalb der Tenthredinidae entstanden mehrfach BRD bekannten Blattwespen. Die vergleichswei- minierende und gallbildende Formen. Die Sirici- se hohe Artenzahl für Bayern hängt maßgeblich dae und Xiphydriidae leben im Holz geschädigter von der umfangreichen naturräumlichen Ausstat- Bäume, Cephidae in den Stengeln von Gräsern, tung des Bundeslandes ab. Sie scheint auch auf Stauden und Gehölzen. Die überwiegende Zahl einen relativ guten Durchforschungsgrad hinzu- der Pflanzenwespenlarven ist mono- oder oligo- weisen, was jedoch nur für einzelne Landesteile phag. PSCHORN-WALCHER (1982) und EICHHORN zutrifft. Für zahlreiche Arten sind die Kenntnisse (1982) fassten ökologische Angaben insbesonde- über ihre Verbreitung und Häufigkeit jedoch aus- re zu forstwirtschaftlich bedeutsamen Arten zu- gesprochen mangelhaft, da flächendeckende sammen. Für die in Deutschland, Österreich und Aufsammlungen fehlen. Ein schwerwiegendes der Schweiz vorkommenden Arten veröffentlich- Manko ist die teilweise unzuverlässige Bestim- ten TAEGER et al. (1998a) und PSCHORN-WALCHER & mungsliteratur, die taxonomisch fehlerhaft sein ALTENHOFER (2000) kritische Zusammenstellungen kann (z. B. zahlreiche Bestimmungsschlüssel von der Futterpflanzen und zahlreiche weitere ökolo- Muche), oder die das mitteleuropäische Arten- gische Angaben. Ein Teil der Arten ist mit der Ex- spektrum nur unzureichend berücksichtigt. Dies kursionsfauna „Stresemann“ bestimmbar (TAE- kommt in der folgenden Liste durch den hohen GER et al. 2000), weiterführende Literatur enthält Anteil an Arten (175) zum Ausdruck, die in der TAEGER & BLANK (1998). Neuere nomenklatorische Kategorie „Daten defizitär“ geführt werden Änderungen, die vor allem auf LACOURT (1999, müssen. 2000) zurückgehen, sind in der folgenden Liste vermerkt. Viele Pflanzenwespenarten sind seit den 50er Jahren deutlich seltener geworden, auch wenn SCHRANK (1798) lieferte eine erste Zusammenfas- der Anteil der bedrohten Arten mit 125 (20%) sung von bayerischen Funden in seiner „Fauna weit unterdurchschnittlich ausfällt. Diese Faunen- Boica“. Diese Angaben sind nicht mehr überprüf- verarmung muß im wesentlichen auf anthropo- bar, da Schranks Sammlung verschollen ist. JEMIL- gene Eingriffe in die Landschaft zurückgeführt LER (1894) listete mit Unterstützung von J. Kriech- werden, die eine Verringerung der Diversität an BayLfU/166/2003 Rote Liste gefährdeter Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera: „Symphyta“) Bayerns 175 Strukturen und an potenziellen Futterpflanzen zur Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). – NachrBl. Folge hat (vgl. TAEGER et al. 1998b). Wahrschein- bayer. Ent. 52: 71–75. lich beeinflussen auch Schadstoffablagerungen an LACOURT, J. (1999): Répertoire des Tenthredinidae den Futterpflanzen, sowie chemische Veränderun- ouest–paléarctiques (Hymenoptera, Sym- gen in den Pflanzenzellen die Eiablage und das phyta). – Mém. SEF, Paris 3: 1–432. Wachstum der Larven. LACOURT, J. (2000): Liste des espèces de la famille des Tenthredinidae décrites par J. G. Audi- net–Serville, en Mai 1823 et par A. L. M. Literatur Le Peletier Comte de Saint–Fargeau, en Août 1823, avec désignation de lectotypes BLANK, S.M., BOEVÉ, J.-L., HEITLAND, W., JÄNICKE, [Hymenoptera, Symphyta]. – Rev. fr. Ent., M., JANSEN, E., KOCH, F., KOPELKE, J.-P., (N.S.), Paris 22 (2–3): 77–108. KRAUS, M., LISTON, A.D., RITZAU, C., LORENZ, H. & M. KRAUS (1957): Die Larvalsystema- SCHMIDT, S. & A. TAEGER (1998): Checkliste tik der Blattwespen (Tenthredinoidea und der Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands Megalodontoidea). – Abh. Larvalsyst. In- (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). S. 13–34. – In: sekten, Berlin 1: 1–389. TAEGER, A. & S.M. BLANK (Hrsg.): Pflanzen- MASUTTI, L. & F. PESARINI (1995): Hymenoptera wespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta. – In: MINELLI, A., RUFFO, S. & Symphyta). Kommentierte Bestandsauf- S. LA POSTA (Hrsg.): Checklist delle specie nahme. – Goecke & Evers, Keltern, 364 S. della Fauna Italiana. – Calderini, Bologna und 3 S. unpag., 8 Taf. 92: 1–21. BLANK, S.M., DETERS, S., DREES, M., JÄNICKE, M., PSCHORN-WALCHER, H. (1982): Unterordnung Sym- JANSEN, E., KRAUS, M., LISTON, A.D., RIT- phyta. Pflanzenwespen. – In: SCHWENKE, ZAU, C. & A. TAEGER (2001): Symphyta. S. W.: Die Forstschädlinge Europas. – P. Pa- 8–28. – In: DATHE, H.H., TAEGER, A. & S.M. rey, Hamburg und Berlin 4: 4–196, 232– BLANK (Hrsg.): Entomofauna Germanica. 234. Band 4. Verzeichnis der Hautflügler PSCHORN-WALCHER, H. & E. ALTENHOFER (2000): Deutschlands. – Ent. Nachr. Ber., Dresden Langjährige Larvenaufsammlungen und Beiheft 7: 1–178. Zuchten von Pflanzenwespen (Hymeno- BOEVÉ, J.-L. (1990: Nematinenlarven (Hymeno- ptera, Symphyta) in Mitteleuropa. – Linzer ptera, Tenthredinidae) in der Umgebung biol. Beitr., Linz 32 (1): 273–327. von Bayreuth und ihre Beziehung zu Wirts- SCHEDL, W. (1991): Hymenoptera. Unterordung pflanzen. – Ber. nat.-wiss. Ges. Bayreuth Symphyta. Pflanzenwespen. – In: Hand- 21: 235–254. buch der Zoologie. – W. de Gruyter, Berlin EICHHORN, O. (1982): Familienreihe Siricoidea. – und New York, Band IV Arthropoda: Insec- In: SCHWENKE, W.: Die Forstschädlinge Eu- ta, Teilband 31: 1–136 ropas. – P. Parey, Hamburg und Berlin 4: SCHRANK, F. VON P. (1798): Fauna Boica. – Nürnberg 196–231. (Ingolstadt, Landshut) 1 (1; 2): 1–292; 293– ENSLIN, E. (1912–1918): Die Tenthredinoidea Mit- 720. teleuropas. – Dt. ent. Z., Berlin Beihefte SPÄTH, J. & A.D. LISTON (2003): Bestimmung von [1912–1917]: 1–790. Blattminen der Blattwespengattung Heter- FISCHER, H. (1962): Die Tierwelt Schwabens. 2. arthrus an Ahorn (Acer sp.) sowie Neu- Teil: Die Blattwespen. – Ber. naturf. Ges. nachweise aus Deutschland (Hymeno- Augsburg 15: 1–28. ptera, Tenthredinidae). – NachrBl. bayer. JEMILLER, J. (1894): Versuch einer Zusammenstel- Ent. 52: 60–70. lung der südbayerischen Hymenopteren. – TAEGER, A. & S.M. BLANK (1998) (Hrsg.): Pflanzen- Nat.-wiss. Ver. Schwaben und Neuburg, wespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Augsburg 31: 96–111. Symphyta). Kommentierte Bestandsauf- KRAUS, M. (1992): Rote Liste gefährdeter Blatt-, nahme. – Goecke & Evers, Keltern, 364 S. Halm- und Holzwespen (Symphyta) Bay- und 3 S. unpag., 8 Taf. erns. – Schr.-R. Bayer. Landesamt f. Um- TAEGER, A., ALTENHOFER, E., BLANK, S.M., JANSEN, weltschutz 111: 140–145. E., KRAUS, M., PSCHORN-WALCHER, H. & KRAUS, M. & A. TAEGER (1998): Die Pflanzenwes- C. RITZAU (1998a): Kommentare zur Biolo- pensammlung von Theodor Schneid im gie, Verbreitung und Gefährdung der Pflan- Naturkundemuseum Bamberg (Hymeno- zenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, ptera: Symphyta). – Ber. naturf. Ges. Bam- Symphyta). – In: TAEGER, A. & S.M. BLANK berg 72: 81–111. (1998) (Hrsg.): Pflanzenwespen Deutsch- LISTON, A.D. (1984): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Blatt- lands
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