DOCSLIB.ORG

Resources in Central America: W, Strategies for Sustainability

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Resources in Central America: W, Strategies for Sustainability ANIMAL AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES IN CENTRAL AMERICA: W, STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY Proceedings of a Symposium/Workshop held in San Jose", Costa Rica o042 111CO.. ... DE....... ,KIA. ItoP CAL INVISTIO. ANIMAL AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOUR, IN CENTRAL AMERICA: STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY Proceedings of a Symposium/Workshop held in San Jose, Costa Rica, October 7-12, 1991 Coordinators: DaniloPezo (CATIE) E. JaneHoman (UGIAAG) Thomas M. Yuill (UGIAAG) Compiled by: E. JaneHoman (UGIAAG) Organized by TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND EDUCATION (CATIE) UNIVERSITY GROUP FOR INTERNATIONAL ANIMAL AGRICULTURE (UGIAAG) Sponsored by AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT REGIONAL OFFICE FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN PROGRAMS (AID-ROCAP) March, 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESENTATION 5 PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE SYMPOSIUM Current Status and Trends in Animal Agriculture in Central America. James B. French 9 Current Status and Trends in the Utilization of Natural Resources in Central America. Jos6 Flores 23 People, Cattle and Natural Resources in the Landscape of the Central American Isthmus. FranciscoLeon 41 Driving Forces: Economics of Animal Agriculture in Rel;-ion to Natural Resources. James R. Simpson 67 Policies relating to Livestock and Natural Resources: Institutional Factors. Alberto Amador 83 Aspects of Meat Marketing. Alberto Amador 87 Role of Animals in Resource Conversion and Conservation. Robert E. McDowell 91 The Roles of Animals in Cultural, Social and Agroeconomic Systems. ConstanceM. McCorckle 105 Too Much of a Good Thing: Alternatives for Sustainable Animal Agriculture. Joshua Dickinson and Amanda Jorgenson 125 Livestock Production on Pasture: Parameters for Sustainability. Jos6 M. Toledo 137 Recycling of Nutrients in Tropical Pastures and Acid Soils. Miguel Ayarza, I.M. Rao and R. Thomas 161 Conserving Biodiversity: Interfaces with Animal Production. ChristopherVaughan and ClaudetteMo 173 Characteristics of Tropical Plants that Determine Nutritive Value. Jess D. Reed 193 Utilization of Trees and Bushes in Rminant Production Systems. FranciscoRomero, Jorge Benavides, MariaKass ard DaniloPezo 205 3 The Efficiency of Jnteractions Between Animals and Natural Resources with Particular Reference to Central America. FglixI. Rosenberg 219 Efficiency of Processing Animal Products. JoseA. Zaglul 237 The Relation Between Land Tenure and Deforestation in Latin America. William C. Thiesenhusen 243 The Macroeconomic Environment and the Sustainability of Livestock Production. Carlos PomaredaBenel 257 The National and International Legal Framework for the Conservation of Natural Resources. PatriciaMadrigalCordero 271 PLENARY SESSION 277 POSITION PAPER 291 ANNEX List of Participants 311 Symposium/Workshop Agenda 327 4 PRFACE During the last decades, animal production ha; been Ifr-quently questioned as a an incompatible activity with natural resources conservation, mainly in fragile ecosystems in 'he tropics. The Tropical Agronomir I ".e'sarcn and Higher Education Center (CATIE) and the Secretariat at the University Group IFr a',aiational Agriculture (UGIAAG, at Wisconsin University) carried out an expert activity to ana­ lyze 'he relationships between animal production and natural resources management. For this purpose, a Symposium/Workshop was organize to: a) promote communication between researchers, decision mak­ ers, technicians and producers to find alternatives for increasing animal production while protecting the S;ural resource base; b) identify key interrelationships between the mtural resource base and animal pro­ duction sy,:;temc inCentral America; and c) to make available, to key people who may have an impact on agricultural sustainabiiity in the region, information on alternate production systems involving farming activities. The Symposium/Workshop was carried out thanks to funding from the Convenio de Alcance Limitado (Limited Scope Agreement, Ref. 569-0159-023) between the Agency for International Development (USAID) and CATIE, through the Regional Office for Central American Programs (ROCAP, today G- CAP). The Symposium/Workshop was held in San Josd, Costa Rica, October 07 to 12, 1991 as "Ganaderfa y Recursos Naturales en Am6rica Central: Estrategias para la Sostenibilidad" (Livestock and Natural Resources: Strategies for Sustainability"). Besides CATIE, the UGIAAF and the Local Support Committee, this activity was organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Costa Rica, the Cooperativa Matadero Nacional de Montecillos (COOPEMONTECILLOS), and the Escuela de la Regi6n del Tr6pico Hfimedo (EARTH, Costa Rica). Experts participation in the Symposium/Workshop wa:; as numerous as allowed by the available resources; thus, high quality papers were presented by regional and non-regional specialists based on experiences and previous analysis, such as USAID report on strategies "Pnvironment Management and Natural Reaources in Central America" publisbed in 1989 and the documents on ti USAID supported symposium "Livestock: Development Priorities towards the Yfear 2000" held in Washington, D.C. in 1989. This publication, addressed to scientists interested on thl-topic and to readers in general, inclodes papers presented by symposium participants and the panelists comments on the workshop final discussion. It also includes the "Principles Declaration" prepared by a commission of expert participants in the Symposium/Workshop, coordinated by Dr. Thomas Yuill (University of Wisconsin) and Dr. Danilo Pezo (CATIE). CATIE thanks those who made publication of these proceedings possible, and carticularly to Dr. Thomas 5 Yuill from Wis':onsin who providef his personal support to this task. I am sure that they will be an important contribution for the future of production systems sustainability, including the animal compo­ nent, in fragile ecosystems in the American Tropics. Rubdn Guevara Moncada DIRECTOR GENERAL CATIE, Turrialba July, 1994 6 PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE SYMPOSIUM CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS IN ANIMAL AGRICULTURE IN CENTRAL AMERICA James B. French Escuela de Agricultura de la Reyi6n Tropical Htimeda (EARTH) GuAcimo, Limon, Costa Rica. 1. INTRODUCTION In Central America, human pressure on the use of land for animal agriculture activities has increased during the last decade. The growth of Oie population in the region, the economic difficulties and problems, the international financial situation, and the decrease in the per capita production of food have contributed to a great demand across all agricultural fields. The impact has been greater deforestation, greater use of agrochemicals, marginal production on the hillsides, greater erosion on the soil, deterioration of watersheds and water sources. Cattle pro­ duction has been one of the most criticized activities associated with this destruction. Cortes (1990) argued that "the majority of the studies agree that the main cause for the deforestation in Latin America has been the establishment of cattle ranches. The purpose of this symposium is to promote the discussion among scientists, agricultur­ ists, and representatives of the industry abeit this problem, and the confrontation between the livestock production and natural resources in a search for working relations and collaboration between these groups. It is important to find solutions to this problem so that Central America can meet its productive and economic needs and, at the same time, maintain and protect its nat­ ural resources, since these are indeed the most important resources for productivity. To begin this discussion, it is important to establish a common point of reference in dis­ cussing the trends in use and production of livestock products in the region. This information will give us a good understanding on the influences that currently affect the land use and oper­ ational practices. This is the departure point for any future improvement. The central focus of my discussion will be the natural resources-livestock relationship which is the focus of the sym­ posium. That is not to say that the impacts of agricultural crop production are not important. On the contrary, banana plantations and other non-traitiona 1crops in Costa Rica have now replaced livestock as the sacrificial goat of natural resource destruction. 2. DEMAND AND CONSUMPTION OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS Let us start by discussing the demand and consumption of livestock products given that, at heart, this form of production is merely a business which responds to market influences. 2.1 Trends in Domestic Demand Demand for livestock products is determined by consumer taste, income level, and pop­ ulation numbers. Any change in these factors over time would cause changes in the level of demnd. If we assume that the domestic taste for a product does not change drastically over time 1, then only two factors will determine the trends in the domestic demand: the population growth and the changes in the national income level. Let us consider the trends of these factors during the last decade and the future expectations. 9 2.2 Population In 1985, the Central American population was increasing at an 2.8%, compared average annual rate of with 2.3% for the rest of Latin America (Leonard, 1987). With this rate of growth, the Central American population will duplicate in 25 years, from 25.25 to 50.5 million million in 1986 in 2011. If income per individual is maintained at the same level, then the demand for agriculture and livestock products will also duplicate during this time. 2.3 Income What are the expectations for income, and what impact would it
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Q:\Dokumentation-Bulletins
    Von: [email protected] Gesendet: Freitag, 01. Jänner 2010 18:55 An: [email protected] Betreff: [425ENG] 425 DX News #974 > > > 425 DX NEWS < < < _____________________________________________________________________________ > > > 425 DX NEWS < < < 425 DX News is available in the following languages: English * Italian * Japanese * Portuguese * Russian * Spanish _____________________________________________________________________________ 02 January 2010 A.R.I. DX Bulletin No 974 =========================== *** 4 2 5 D X N E W S *** **** DX INFORMATION **** =========================== Edited by I1JQJ & IK1ADH Direttore Responsabile I2VGW 8Q - Cezar, YO8TLC will be active as 8Q7CE from the Maldives (AS-013) on 8-25 January. He plans to operate holiday style on 40, 30 and 20 metres, mainly CW and some SSB. QSL via home call, direct or bureau. [TNX http://dx-hamspirit.com/] A6 - Gerry, VE6LB will be active as A6/VE6LB from Dubai, United Arab Emirates from 8 January to 8 February. He plans to operate holiday style on 40-12 metres mainly CW, with 100 watss and a wire antenna. QSL via home call and LoTW. [TNX VE6LB] C6 - Tom, C6ANM will be active from January through April 160-6 metres CW and SSB, including participation in the CQ WW 160-Meter DX Contests (CW and SSB) and in the ARRL DX SSB Contest. He will primarily operate from Nassau (NA-001). QSL via LoTW (preferably) or direct to WA2IYO. [TNX NE1B] EL - Chris, ZS6RI will be active again (this time with 100 watts) as EL8RI from Liberia for one month starting on 2 January. This will be his last trip to Liberia, as he has been transferred to another country in Africa where he expects to be working on a six week on, six week off schedule.
    [Show full text]
  • New Cities in Urban and Regional Development Planning Oyesiku K; Lagos, Nigeria
    ISSN 0024-9521 IJG Vol. 46, No.1, June 2014 (99 - 103) © 2014 Faculty of Geography UGM and The Indonesian Geographers Association New Cities In Urban And Regional Development Planning Oyesiku K; Lagos, Nigeria. Longman (2010) Pp 353. Isbn 978 978 026 3577 (Paper Back) Includes Index, Photos, Notes, Tables And Figures, Appendix And References. Price N1,500.00. Approx. $10.00. Mohammed Olaitan Lawal Received: 25 11 2013 / Accepted: 11 12 2013 / Published online: 30 06 2014 © 2014 Faculty of Geography UGM and The Indonesian Geographers Association Abstract For a long time, cities have been regarded as the main source of economic growth and development. However, increased size and density of cities have generated high land costs, rent and transport cost, conges- tion and pollution, and increased social disorganization. The condition is even worse in developing coun- tries – urban migration, over-utilization of housing and infrastructure, persistent slums, and squatter settle- ments. This books represents a comparative study between the USA and Nigeria related to characteristics of the cities in both countries. This book tries to address the question “How has the United States of America and Nigeria have been able to address the problems of ‘swollen’ cities and metropolitan growth?”. Outcome of several planned new communities and cities in both countries is of paramount importance to the contri- bution of knowledge on physical planning approaches globally. The most significant discussion are shown in the final chapter, by giving examples of policy implications and comments on new cities in national and regional development as well as urban and regional development and planning strategy in the global context.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Fishes from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica
    Rev. Biol. .• 19( 1. 2): 59-71, 1971 Trop Notes on fishes from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica by Donald S. Erdman':;' (Received for publication September 13, 1968) From March 1951 through March 1953, I fished for the market in Puno tarenas and collected more than 500 fish specimens and 70 species for the Field Museum of Natural History. This paper concerns information on life histories, migrations, habits and ecology of marine fishes. Of particular interest are notes on blacktip, hammerhead and bonnethead sharks; sawfish, stingrays and mantas; sea catfishes, floating cIingfish, crevalle jack, corbina, sierra and Pacific bonito. Fifty-five fish species are discussed in phylogenetic order, in accordance with BAILEY al. (1). The reader is referred to BUSSING (4) for fresh· et water fishes and BUSSING (5) for marine fish families with sorne vernacular Spanish names. The Gulf of Nicoya is estuarine, with extensive areas of shallow mud bottom. Tidal currents are strong. The difference between high and low tides is 7 feet for neaps and 11 feet for springs. For the purposes of this paper the inner Gulf waters are northwestward of a hypothetical line drawn southwestward from Puntarenas along the north coast of San Lucas Island, where the Gulf narrows, to the coast of Nicoya. Most of these waters are less than 10 fathoms. Fishes characteristic of the inner Gulf were bonnethead sharks, guitarfish, stingrays, eagle rays, ladyfish, anchovies, marine catfishes, toadfish, snooks, groupers, jacks, grunts, corbina and mullets. The outer Gulf south of P�tarenas is open to the ocean and the water is cIearer.
    [Show full text]
  • Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies The
    ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES THE EFFECT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION ON CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION IN 14 SELECTED EAST AFRICAN COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM PANEL-ARDL BY DEMISSE JARSA JUNE, 2019 ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA i THE EFFECT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION ON CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION IN 14 SELECTED EAST AFRICAN COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM PANEL-ARDL DEMISSE JARSA WOTANGO A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Economics Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Economics (MSc in Resource and Environmental Economics) Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June, 2019 ii Declaration First, I know plagiarism is to cope and use another’s works and claim that it is owns work, which is wrong Second, this submitted thesis project is my own work and each and every contribution to, and quotation in it from the works of other people has been cited and referenced Third, I have not permitted, and will not permit, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work Finally, I acknowledge that copying someone else work or parts of it is wrong, and declare that it is my own work Signature………………………………….. iii Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by DEMISSE JARSA, entitled: The effect of energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in 14 selected African countries: Evidence from panel-ARDL and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in resource and economics complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to its originality, quality and contribution.
    [Show full text]
  • National Intelligence Council's Global Trends 2040
    A PUBLICATION OF THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COUNCIL MARCH 2021 2040 GLOBAL TRENDS A MORE CONTESTED WORLD A MORE CONTESTED WORLD a Image / Bigstock “Intelligence does not claim infallibility for its prophecies. Intelligence merely holds that the answer which it gives is the most deeply and objectively based and carefully considered estimate.” Sherman Kent Founder of the Office of National Estimates Image / Bigstock Bastien Herve / Unsplash ii GLOBAL TRENDS 2040 Pierre-Chatel-Innocenti / Unsplash 2040 GLOBAL TRENDS A MORE CONTESTED WORLD MARCH 2021 NIC 2021-02339 ISBN 978-1-929667-33-8 To view digital version: www.dni.gov/nic/globaltrends A PUBLICATION OF THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COUNCIL Pierre-Chatel-Innocenti / Unsplash TABLE OF CONTENTS v FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION 1 | KEY THEMES 6 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 | THE COVID-19 FACTOR: EXPANDING UNCERTAINTY 14 STRUCTURAL FORCES 16 | DEMOGRAPHICS AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 23 | Future Global Health Challenges 30 | ENVIRONMENT 42 | ECONOMICS 54 | TECHNOLOGY 66 EMERGING DYNAMICS 68 | SOCIETAL: DISILLUSIONED, INFORMED, AND DIVIDED 78 | STATE: TENSIONS, TURBULENCE, AND TRANSFORMATION 90 | INTERNATIONAL: MORE CONTESTED, UNCERTAIN, AND CONFLICT PRONE 107 | The Future of Terrorism: Diverse Actors, Fraying International Efforts 108 SCENARIOS FOR 2040 CHARTING THE FUTURE AMID UNCERTAINTY 110 | RENAISSANCE OF DEMOCRACIES 112 | A WORLD ADRIFT 114 | COMPETITIVE COEXISTENCE 116 | SEPARATE SILOS 118 | TRAGEDY AND MOBILIZATION 120 REGIONAL FORECASTS 141 TABLE OF GRAPHICS 142 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv GLOBAL TRENDS 2040 FOREWORD elcome to the 7th edition of the National Intelligence Council’s Global Trends report. Published every four years since 1997, Global Trends assesses the key Wtrends and uncertainties that will shape the strategic environment for the United States during the next two decades.
    [Show full text]
  • (Crustacea Decapoda Natantia) of the Americas. I. the Subfamilies Euryrhynchinae and Pontoniinae
    A GENERAL REVISION OF THE PALAEMONIDAE (CRUSTACEA DECAPODA NATANTIA) OF THE AMERICAS. I. THE SUBFAMILIES EURYRHYNCHINAE AND PONTONIINAE (PLATES 1-63) By LIPKE B. HOLTHUIS ERRATA FOR PART I A GENERAL REVISION OF THE PALAEMONIDAE (CRUSTACEA DECAPODA NATANTIA) OF THE AMERICAS. I. THE SUBFAMILIES EURYRHYNCHINAE AND PONTONIINAE OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 11 p. 130, line 11 from bottom: for Guerin, 1857, Sagra's Historia Cuba read: Guerin, 1857, Sagra's Historie Cuba p. 180, footnote 9: for vid. footnote 6 on p. 142 read: vid. footnote 7 on p. 179 p. 240, line 2 from bottom: for Lebour, new species read: Lebour pp. 311 and 315; pis. 55 and 57 have been interchanged. The plates in­ serted as n. 55 is n. 57, and vice versa. ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OCCASIONAL PAPER NUMBER 11 ISSUED JULY 30, 1951 THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PRESS Los ANGELES, CALIFORNIA A GENERAL REVISION OF THE PALAEMONIDAE (CRUSTACEA DECAPODA NATANTIA) OF THE AMERICAS. I. THE SUBFAMILIES EURYRHYNCHINAE AND PONTONIINAE By LIPKE B. HOLTHUIS Research Associate Allan Hancock Foundation INTRODUCTION Heretofore our knowledge of the American Palaemonidae was so confused, and the descriptions of and remarks on the several species scattered over such a large number of more or less important papers, that it was very difficult to get a correct idea of the size, the status, and the distribution of the various species. When beginning the study of the Palaemonid material collected by the Allan Hancock Expeditions during the years 1931-1941, it at first was the intention to restrict this study to the West-American forms.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the World's Cities 2012/2013
    Y E BILIT QUIT INA Y A TA ND US S S OC AL IA T L N IN E C M L N U O S IR IO V N N E PROSPERITY E P F R I O L D F U O C T Y I T V I I L T A Y U Q INFRASTRUCTURE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity of Cities STATE OF THE WORLD’S CITIES 2012/2013 Prosperity of Cities First published 2013 by Routledge for and on behalf of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2013 All rights reserved United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) P.O. Box 30030, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7621 234 Fax: +254 20 7624 266/7 Website: www.unhabitat.org DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or its Governing Council. The Report is produced with official data provided by governments and additional information gathered by the Global Urban Observatory.
    [Show full text]
  • Articulo De Brugnoli
    Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 43(1): 75-89, abril de 2008 Trophic planktonic dynamics in a tropical estuary, Gulf of Nicoya, Pacific coast of Costa Rica during El Niño 1997 event Dinámica trófica planctónica en un estuario tropical, Golfo de Nicoya, costa Pacífica de Costa Rica durante El Niño 1997 Ernesto Brugnoli-Olivera1 and Alvaro Morales-Ramírez2 1Sección Oceanología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República. Iguá 4225, Montevideo, Uruguay 2CIMAR y Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica. P.O. Box 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica [email protected] Resumen.- Durante las épocas seca y lluviosa de 1997 se Abstract.- The trophic dynamics of the plankton from the analizó la dinámica trófica del plancton en el Golfo de Nicoya, Gulf of Nicoya, a tropical estuary in the Pacific coast of Costa costa Pacífica de Costa Rica. En dos profundidades de Rica, was conducted during dry and rainy seasons of 1997. penetración de luz se determinaron la temperatura del agua, Water temperature, oxygen and salinity were measured at two salinidad y oxígeno disuelto. En cada profundidad se different light penetration depths. Inorganic nutrients, total and cuantificaron los nutrientes inorgánicos, biomasa nannophytoplanktonic chlorophyll a were determined at each fitoplanctónica total y nanofitoplanctónica, recolectándose depth and additional samples were taken for phytoplankton muestras para análisis taxonómicos fitoplanctónicos. Se taxonomic work. Oblique zooplankton hauls were done and realizaron arrastres oblicuos para estimar abundancias, abundance, composition and dry weight of zooplankton were composición y peso seco del zooplancton. La estimación determined. Indirect grazing rate estimate was calculated using indirecta de la tasa de herbivoría se realizó utilizando el the pigment budget.
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenges of Urbanization in West Africa
    The Public Disclosure Authorized CHALLENGES of URBANIZATION in West Africa Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized COUNTRY FOCUS: GUINEA SPRING 2018 The CHALLENGES of URBANIZATION in West Africa ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................3 FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................................................................4 SPECIAL TOPIC ...........................................................................................................................................................................7 Unlocking productivity and livability ...........................................................................................................................7 COUNTRY FOCUS: GUINEA ............................................................................................................................................42 COUNTRY ECONOMIC FOCUS .....................................................................................................................................59 CHAD ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 60 MALI ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Heritage Within Environmental Impact Assessment
    ICOMOS INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM 2013 SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA TANGIBLE RISKS, INTANGIBLE OPPORTUNITIES: LONG-TERM RISK PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSES FOR THREATS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE 2013 THEME: REDUCING RISKS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE FROM UNCONTROLLED DEVELOPMENT IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD SOFIA AVGERINOU-KOLONIAS, MELVIN CAMPOS OCAMPO & GUILLERMO BARZUNA PÉREZ (EDITORS) EDITORIAL BOARD: JAMES K. REAP, AMEL CHABBI, PAMELA JEROME International Council on Monuments and Sites, ICOMOS. © 2015 All rights reserved. ISBN 978-2-918086-16-1 EAN 9782918086161 No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by an information storage and retrieval system —except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper— without permission in writing from the publisher. Photos and images presented in the texts are the copyrights of the authors unless otherwise indicated. The opinions expressed in the articles do not commit ICOMOS in any way and are the sole responsibility of their authors. Henning Jensen-Pennington Rector, University of Costa Rica INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON MONUMENTS AND SITES Advisory and Executive Committee Meeting & Scientific Symposium 2013, San José, Costa Rica ICOMOS International Secretariat 11 rue du Séminaire de Conflans, 94220 Charenton-le-Pont, France Gustavo Araoz President, ICOMOS Ofelia Sanou President, ICOMOS Costa Rica Pamela Jerome Scientific Council Officer Sofia Avgerinou-Kolonias & Gisle Jakhelln Symposium Co-Chairs Main Editors: Sofia Avgerinou-Kolonias, Melvin Campos Ocampo & Guillermo Barzuna Pérez. English Editor for Theme I: James K. Reap. English Editor for Theme II: Amel Chabbi.
    [Show full text]
  • Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved: R Steve
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF LUIS MURILLO for the MASTER OF SCIENCE (Name) (Degree) in OCEANOGRAPHY presented on McXC\ 3(cLqi (Major) (Date) Title: MODELLING TIDAL CIRCULATION AND DISPERSION IN THE GULF OF NICOYA, COSTA RICA Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: r steve Two numerical models are used to predict tidal circu- lation and dispersion in the Gulf of Nicoya. The two dimensional Mungall Model is used in. the prediction of tidal heights and velocities. The one dimensional Thomann Model is used to predict tidal dispersion of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and the resultant distribution of dissolved oxygen. Winter salinity data from 1953 is used to compute the tidal diffusion coefficients used by the Thoinann Model. These show great variability. This variability is due to the larger dimensions of the Gulf of Nicoya as compared to other estuaries where the model has been used, to the fact that fresh water convection is unimportant relative to tidal diffusion, and to the distortions implied by using tidal volumes instead of sectional volumes. The mixing effects of wind stress during the summer are evaluated indirectly by the impossi1i1ity of matching the computed salinity profiles with the measured salinity profiles along the longitudinal axis of the gulf during this season. It is found that BOD loads of the order of 1 x pounds/day at any segment are easily carried by the gulf with negligible effects on the resultant dissolved oxygen profile. The mayor six harmonic constituents of the tide at Puntarenas are used to exlte the gulf at its open boundary located between Ballena Bay and Punta }{erradura.
    [Show full text]
  • ARCH IV 90096 ACCOUNTS OVERDUE: Natural Resource Depreciation in Costa Rica
    ARCH IV 90096 ACCOUNTS OVERDUE: Natural Resource Depreciation in Costa Rica Raw Solorzano Ronnie de Camino Richard Woodward Joseph Tosi Vicente Watson Alexis Vasquez Carlos Villalobos Jorge Jimenez Robert Repetto Wilfrido Cruz Tropical Science Center World Resources Institute San Jose, Costa Rica Washington, D.C. WORLD RESOURCES I NSTITUTE December 1991 3)9 . 3~ ·, {>t?O • 'l ( (1c?i·(u ) ~ -t '-· ·~ ....... .'" Kathleen Courrier Publications Director Brooks Clapp Marketing Manager Hyacinth Billings Production Manager Wilfrido Cruz Cover Photo Each World Resources Institute Report represents a timely, scientific treatment of a subject of public concern. WRl takes responsibility for choosing the study topics and guaranteeing its authors and researchers freedom of inquiry. It also solicits and responds to the guidance of advisory panels and expert reviewers. Unless otherwise stated, however, all the interpretation and findings set forth in WRl publications are those of the authors. Copyright © 1991 World Resources Institute. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-915825-66-X Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 91-66165 Printed on Recycled Paper Contents Part I: Overview and Recommendations ..... 1 Methodology: Physical Accounts ... 35 Methodology: Economic Accounts .. 39 • Background ......................... 1 Results: Physical Accounts ........ .40 • Shortcomings of SNA ................ 1 Results: Economic Accounts ....... 42 •Recommendations ................... 3 • Economic Depreciation from Off-Site • Overview of Results ................. 4 Erosion
    [Show full text]