Climate Change and Australia's Wildlife: Is Time Running Out?

A JOINT REPORT PRODUCED BY WWF-AUSTRALIA & CLIMATE COUNCIL

REPORT

2019

Climate change and Australia’s wildlife: Is time running out? CLIMATE CHANGE AND AUSTRALIA’S WILDLIFE: IS TIME RUNNING OUT?

CLIMATE CHANGE For so long the major threats to Australia’s wildlife were known and well understood - habitat loss and fragmentation, feral predators such as foxes and cats, or IS HERE AND IT’S inappropriate fire regimes, especially in northern Australia. We’ve always known that HAVING GRAVE the impacts of climate change were looming, but it was a problem to be addressed in IMPACTS ON OUR 10, 20 or even 50 years. However, this latest Australian summer has shown us that climate change is here PRECIOUS WILDLIFE and it’s having grave impacts on our precious wildlife now. We can no longer think of NOW climate change as an issue for the future, for the next generation to deal with. We know that climate change is making our weather hotter and, in many areas, drier. Severe heatwaves are the new normal and droughts are longer and harsher. When it does rain, the downpours are becoming more intense, causing flooding such as we have recently witnessed in Townsville. A hotter, drier climate primes the bush for wildfires of increasing intensity and extent, with ecosystems such as Queensland’s rainforests and ancient Tasmanian forests suddenly now vulnerable. Marine heatwaves along Australia’s coasts are now regular events that result in extensive coral bleaching, such as we have witnessed in the summers in 2016 and 2017 on the Great Barrier Reef. Australians know it’s getting hotter and drier, they understand that sea levels are rising, and wildfires are now more widespread. They’ve suffered through flooding rains and the intense winds of Category 5 cyclones. But not all Australians know how our wildlife is suffering as climate change takes hold.

Authorised by Paul Toni, Level 1, 1 Smail Street, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Authors: Darren Grover, Lesley Hughes Cover image: © Doug Gimesy / WWF-Aus © WWF-Australia & Climate Council

Climate change and Australia’s wildlife: Is time running out? 2 © GRAEME MCCRABB / AAP MCCRABB © GRAEME

Murray Darling Basin: Millions of native fish killed In the summer of 2018/2019, our TV

© CSIRO screens were filled with the images of up to a million dead fish along the banks of the Darling River in western NSW. Prolonged drought, exacerbated by mismanagement of the river system, led to low flows and deoxygenated water that meant even the hardiest of native fish, including the iconic Murray cod, died en masse. Extended drought and low rainfall, unprecedented in many areas, is emblematic of climate change and is becoming a regular feature of large parts of inland Australia.

Cairns: Heatwave kills one third of Australian spectacled flying foxes in just two days Heatwaves across Australia are smashing temperature records by up to 5 °C - temperatures once thought impossible in some locations are now becoming common place. Cairns recorded maximum temperatures in excess of 42 °C on two consecutive days in November 2018, the previous record being 37 °C. These conditions devastated populations of the endangered spectacled flying fox, killing over 23,000 animals which equates to almost one-third of the entire species. Simply put, these temperatures were beyond the physiology of these animals to tolerate – they literally dropped dead from the trees.

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North Queensland: Lemuroid ringtail possum literally cooked to death Increasing temperatures across the World Heritage Wet Tropics region of north Queensland are putting unique rainforest species at risk of extinction. One of the most vulnerable species is the beautiful lemuroid ringtail possum that lives in the cool, wet cloud forests of the Wet Tropics above 600 m elevation. The possum is particularly vulnerable to heat, GOVERNMENT © QUEENSLAND having not evolved effective body cooling mechanisms. In the seven years following a severe heatwave in 2005, intensive field surveys in the region failed to find any possums at all. The population eventually started to recover and has been low but stable for the past decade. But another extreme heatwave hit the region in November 2018, with temperatures in the cloud forests peaking at 39 °C, well in excess of the range that the possums can tolerate. As Professor Stephen Williams of James Cook University noted, “They don’t sweat, they don’t pant, and they don’t have a way to keep cool. And they’ve never had to. After five hours exposed to these types of temperature, they die.” Surveys have not yet been done after the recent heatwave, but given what occurred after 2005, we fear the worst. © CSIRO

Australian Alps: The bogong moths are disappearing Each spring, millions of bogong moths traditionally migrate from their breeding grounds in southern Queensland and north and western New South Wales, to the Australian Alps. Here they form a vital part of the food chain for many alpine species, including the endangered mountain pygmy possum and other insectivorous mammals and birds. Prolonged drought through parts of southern Queensland and northern NSW has affected the availability of grass on which the larvae of the moths feed, in turn severely reducing moth populations in the Alps. Millions of moths lining cave walls in the Alps can usually be found over summer but for the past two years there have been no moths seen at all in many of these caves. If this trend continues, the absence of moths will have a catastrophic impact on alpine species. Reports of starving mountain pygmy possums with dead young in their pouches suggest that some of these impacts may have already occurred.

Climate change and Australia’s wildlife: Is time running out? 4 © REBECCA DIETE AND LUKE LEUNG LUKE AND DIETE © REBECCA

Government recognises Bramble Cay melomys as first mammal to go extinct because of climate change The native rodent known as the Bramble Cay melomys was once found in the hundreds © WWF-AUS / CHRISTINE HOF / CHRISTINE © WWF-AUS on a tiny sandy island in the Torres Strait, between Australia and Papua New Guinea. Despite being listed as threatened, and restricted to a habitat barely above sea level, no active efforts were taken to protect the species. The last individual on the island was observed in 2009 and the species now has the dubious distinction of being the world’s first documented extinction as a result of climate change. Scientists visiting the Bramble Cay have found evidence that the island has been repeatedly inundated by storms over the past few years, these events being exacerbated by rising sea levels. The last of the Bramble Cay melomys simply drowned.

Great Barrier Reef: 99% of green turtle hatchlings found to be female Marine turtles are the ancient mariners. For millions of years these graceful citizens of the seas have cruised the oceans but climate change is now presenting a formidable challenge. The gender of young turtles is determined by the temperature of the sand in which the eggs develop – at hotter temperatures, hatchlings become females. Research is now showing that more than 99% of green turtles being born in the northern Great Barrier Reef are female due to nest temperatures above 29 °C. In addition to the skewing of sex ratios, hotter nests can also decimate whole populations, with sand temperatures above 34 °C being fatal.

Climate change and Australia’s wildlife: Is time running out? 5 © SHUTTERSTOCK / CHAMELEONSEYE / WWF / CHAMELEONSEYE © SHUTTERSTOCK

Queensland and New South Wales: Koalas decimated by habitat loss, dehydration and starvation Australia’s iconic koala is suffering from large-scale loss of habitat throughout Queensland and NSW; in fact the current trajectory of population decline, if unabated, would result in the koala becoming extinct in NSW by 2050. But while the march of the bulldozers is plain to see, another killer – silent and insidious – is also at play. As the climate across large parts of Queensland and NSW gets hotter and drier, the leaves of Eucalypt trees – the preferred food of koalas – store less moisture and become less nutritious. As koalas starve and get increasingly thirsty, they are forced to move trees or seek water from alternative sources. Spending more time on the ground moving from tree to tree or trying to find water makes koalas vulnerable to attacks from dogs or vehicle strike – in most cases, fatally.

Climate change and Australia’s wildlife: Is time running out? 6 CLIMATE CHANGE AND AUSTRALIA’S WILDLIFE: IS TIME RUNNING OUT?

While these examples of the impact of climate change on Australia’s wildlife are alarming, there is much we don’t know about how our animals are coping with a changing climate. Australian wildlife has evolved to cope with a harsh and unforgiving environment but the relentless march of climate change will push many species beyond their physiological capacity to cope. As the days get hotter, the seasons get drier, the oceans warm up, and extreme weather events become more common and severe, Australia’s wildlife will continue to suffer. This is why it is such a critical time to take meaningful action to ensure a safe climate for all. Australia’s unique and extraordinary wildlife is counting on it!

REFERENCES Darling River fish kills What an effective Murray-Darling water policy should look like – UNSW Newsroom, 14 March 2019: https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/science-tech/what-effective- murray-darling-water-policy-should-look Menindee fish kill is Australia’s mainland ‘coral bleaching event’, scientists warn Labor – ABC News, 18 February 2019: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-18/ academy-of-science-menindee-fish-kill-report-released/10820248 Drought, water overuse caused Murray-Darling fish deaths, report finds – SBS News, 18 February 2019: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/drought-water-overuse- caused-murray-darling-fish-deaths-report-finds Mass fish kill due to ‘exceptional climate conditions’, Government’s interim report finds – ABC News, 22 February 2019: https://www.abc.net.au/news/ rural/2019-02-21/mass-fish-kill-due-to-exceptional-climate-conditions-govt- says/10835158 Flying fox heatwave deaths Extreme heat wipes out almost one third of Australia’s spectacled flying fox population – ABC News, 19 December 2018: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12- 19/heat-wipes-out-one-third-of-flying-fox-species/10632940 Queensland flying fox species decimated by record heatwave – Guardian Australia, 30 November 2018: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/30/ queensland-flying-fox-species-decimated-by-record-heatwave Wildlife struggle to cope with extreme weather – UQ News, 21 December 2018: https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2018/12/wildlife-struggle-cope-extreme- weather Maxwell S.L., Butt N., Maron M., McAlpine C.A., Chapman S., Ullmann A., Segan D.B., and Watson J.E.M (2018) Conservation implications of ecological responses to extreme weather and climate events. Diversity and Distributions ht t ps:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ddi.12878

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REFERENCES Lemuroid ringtail possum and heatwaves As the cloud forests get hotter, the white lemuroid possum gets closer to extinction – ABC News, 4 February 2019: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-03/white- lemuroid-possum-under-threat-from-climate-change/10774516 Out of sight, out of luck: the hidden victims of Australia’s deadly heatwaves – Guardian Australia, 4 March 2019: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/ mar/04/out-of-sight-out-of-luck-the-hidden-victims-of-australias-deadly-heatwaves This Rare White Possum Could Soon Be a Ghostly Memory – Scientific American, 16 September 2014: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/this- rare-white-possum-could-soon-be-a-ghostly-memory/ Pers. comm. (2019) - Professor Stephen Williams, Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University Bogong moth disappearance Decline in bogong moth numbers could have catastrophic effects in the Australian Alps – ABC News, 27 February 2019: https://www.abc.net.au/news/ science/2019-02-27/bogong-moth-decline-in-australian-alps/10850036 Decline in bogong moth numbers leaves mountain pygmy possums starving – Guardian Australia, 25 February 2019: https://www.theguardian.com/ environment/2019/feb/25/decline-in-bogong-moth-numbers-leaves-pygmy- mountain-possums-starving How Canberrans watering their lawns could help pygmy possums – Canberra Times, 2 March 2019: https://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/act/how- canberrans-watering-their-lawns-could-help-pygmy-possums-20190227-p510jc.html Bramble Cay melomys extinction An Australian rodent has become the first climate change mammal extinction – ABC Triple J Hack, 20 February 2019: https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/ bramble-cay-melomys-first-climate-change-mammal-extinction/10830080 Bramble Cay melomys: Climate change-ravaged rodent listed as extinct – BBC News, 20 February 2019: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-47300992 ‘Our little brown rat’: first climate change-caused mammal extinction – Sydney Morning Herald, 19 February 2019: https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate- change/our-little-brown-rat-first-climate-change-caused-mammal-extinction- 20190219-p50yry.html Gynther, I., Waller, N. & Leung, L.K.-P. (2016) Confirmation of the extinction of the Bramble Cay melomys Melomys rubicola on Bramble Cay, Torres Strait: results and conclusions from a comprehensive survey in August–September 2014. Unpublished report to the Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Queensland Government, Brisbane. Koalas and climate change Climate change is turning koalas to drink, scientists find – SBS News, 3 March 2017: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/climate-change-is-turning-koalas-to-drink-scientists- find

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REFERENCES Koalas and climate change (continued) ‘They don’t drop dead’: Thirsty koalas flock to Blinky drinkers – Sydney Morning Herald, 14 September 2018: https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/they-don-t-drop- dead-thirsty-koalas-flock-to-blinky-drinkers-20180913-p503ke.html Gunnedah’s koalas vital in University of Sydney study – Namoi Valley Independent, 28 January 2019: https://www.nvi.com.au/story/5870583/koala-water-use-focus-of- gunnedah-field-trip-project-koala/ GBR turtles and feminisation How can we halt the feminisation of sea turtles in the northern Great Barrier Reef? – The Conversation, 16 January 2018: https://theconversation.com/how-can-we-halt- the-feminisation-of-sea-turtles-in-the-northern-great-barrier-reef-90102 Has climate change caused Barrier Reef’s Green Turtles to turn female? – SBS News, 9 January 2018: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/has-climate-change-caused-barrier- reef-s-green-turtles-to-turn-female Totally cool turtles may help save species – UQ News, 11 February 2019: https://www. uq.edu.au/news/article/2019/02/totally-cool-turtles-may-help-save-species

Climate change and Australia’s wildlife: Is time running out? 9 CLIMATE CHANGE AND AUSTRALIA’S WILDLIFE: IS TIME RUNNING OUT? WWF.ORG.AU

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