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El Problema De La Emergencia De Propiedades Desde La Perspectiva De La IA (Ciencia Cognitiva)

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El Problema De La Emergencia De Propiedades Desde La Perspectiva De La IA (Ciencia Cognitiva) El Problema de la Emergencia de Propiedades desde la perspectiva de la IA (Ciencia Cognitiva) FACULTADE DE INFORMÁTICA DE A CORUÑA TESIS DOCTORAL Título: El Problema de la Emergencia de Propiedades desde la perspectiva de la IA (Ciencia Cognitiva). DEPARTAMENTO DE TECNOLOXÍAS DA INFORMACIÓN E AS COMUNICACIONS Autor: Cesareo Barreiro Sorrivas Director/es: Juan Ares Casal Aurora Martínez Rey 2012 1 El Problema de la Emergencia de Propiedades desde la perspectiva de la IA (Ciencia Cognitiva) 2 El Problema de la Emergencia de Propiedades desde la perspectiva de la IA (Ciencia Cognitiva) Resumen: Esta tesis trata sobre la conciencia dentro de la ciencia cognoscitiva y la Inteligencia Artificial (IA). A lo largo de la historia ha habido distintas interpretaciones para explicar la mente y sus atributos como la conciencia. Algunas teorías hacen de la conciencia una propiedad emergente del cerebro. En este trabajo se expone la emergencia de propiedades en el marco de una nueva ontología del universo (la teoría EMI) y mediante unos constructos (holones e informones) proporcionándose ejemplos de casos computacionales. Se concluye que la emergencia funcional de propiedades, algo necesario para entender la mente, es asequible mediante métodos computacionales. Abstract: This thesis is about consciousness within cognitive science and artificial intelligence (AI). Throughout history there have been different interpretations to explain the mind and its attributes as consciousness. Some theories make consciousness an emergent property of the brain. This work exposes the emergence of properties under a new ontology of the universe (EMI theory) and by some constructs (holons and informons) being provided examples of computing. It is concluded that the emergence of functional properties, which is necessary to understand the mind, is affordable by computational methods. Resume: Esta tese é sobre a conciencia na ciencia cognitiva e Intelixencia Artificial (AI). Ao longo da historia houbo diferentes interpretacións para explicar a mente e os seus atributos como a conciencia. Algunhas teorías fan da conciencia unha propiedade emerxente do cerebro. Este traballo expón a emerxencia de propiedades desde unha nova ontoloxía do universo (teoría EMI) e mediante uns constructos (holóns e informóns) sendo proporcionados exemplos de casos computacionais. Conclúese que a emerxencia de propiedades funcionais, algo que é necesario para entender a mente, é accesible por métodos computacionais. 3 El Problema de la Emergencia de Propiedades desde la perspectiva de la IA (Ciencia Cognitiva) AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis padres quiero dedicarle el fruto de este trabajo, con un especial recuerdo a mi pa- dre, fallecido recientemente, que no ha podido llegar a ver el final de este proyecto. Mi mujer, Isabel, y mis hijos, Andrés y Xaquín, saben que, debido a la realización de este trabajo, he tenido que alejarme de ellos más de lo que quisiera y, a pesar de ello, no me lo han tenido en cuenta. Mi hermano Chema ha conseguido que me atreva con algo que inicialmente no me sentía capaz de hacer; gracias a su ánimo y al empujón, en momentos de incertidumbre, el pro- yecto está finalizado. También quiero agradecer a mis directores de tesis profesores Doctores Juan Ares Casal y Aurora Martínez Rey, por su paciencia para conmigo y todo el apoyo y asesoramiento recibido; siempre con buen ánimo y sin una palabra descortés, a pesar de la lata que les he ido dando; sus consejos y orientaciones han servido para que no me perdiese y pudiese ver la luz al final del túnel de este proceso. De igual forma quisiera reconocer la inestimable ayuda de los grupos de investigación de la Facultad de Informática de la Universidad de A Coruña y de la Facultad de Informática de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, por su asesoramiento, y el uso de material y aportaciones que resultaron fundamentales en la elaboración de esta tesis. Un especial agradecimiento va dirigido al profesor Juan Pazos Sierra quien, con sus ame- nas y doctas explicaciones que transmiten su sabiduría, ha conseguido que aumente mi interés por el tema y que haya comprendido mejor, no solo el tema de la conciencia sino que además aspectos como la educación, la cultura la neurociencia y la ciencia en general. 4 El Problema de la Emergencia de Propiedades desde la perspectiva de la IA (Ciencia Cognitiva) ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS 1. INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................... 7 1.1. El problema mente-cuerpo: .................................................................................... 10 1.1.1. Antecedentes .............................................................................................. 10 1.1.2. El enfoque filosófico .................................................................................. 11 1.2. El lugar del ser humano en el Universo ................................................................. 14 1.3. El problema ............................................................................................................ 19 1.4. Conciencia y física cuántica. .................................................................................. 49 1.5. La única prueba “objetiva” de la conciencia. ......................................................... 53 2. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN ...................................................................................... 57 2.1. Evolución de la cuestión ........................................................................................ 57 2.2. Enfoques ................................................................................................................. 63 2.2.1. Filosófico .................................................................................................... 63 2.2.2. Científico .................................................................................................... 72 2.3. Reduccionismo versus Emergencia ........................................................................ 96 2.3.1. Reduccionismo ........................................................................................... 96 2.3.2. Emergencia ............................................................................................... 107 2.4. Teoría del caos y conciencia ................................................................................ 110 2.5. Mente y Computador ............................................................................................ 118 2.6. Características del estado consciente ................................................................... 126 2.6.1. Problemas fáciles ...................................................................................... 132 2.6.2. El Problema Arduo o Duro ....................................................................... 133 2.7. Resultados obtenidos a partir del estado de la cuestión ....................................... 137 2.7.1. Tipología de los investigadores de la conciencia ..................................... 137 3. EL PROBLEMA ABORDADO Y LA SOLUCIÓN .................................................. 147 3.1. El marco conceptual: La ontología del universo. El Modelo EMI. ..................... 147 3.1.1. La información el tercer constructo del Universo. ................................... 147 3.1.2. El Modelo EMI ......................................................................................... 152 5 El Problema de la Emergencia de Propiedades desde la perspectiva de la IA (Ciencia Cognitiva) 3.1.3. Equivalencia entre Materia-Energía-Información .................................... 158 3.1.4. Ejemplos de la Relación Energía-Información......................................... 161 3.2. Los Constructos: Holones e Informones .............................................................. 168 3.2.1. Informón ................................................................................................... 168 3.2.1.1. Definición ................................................................................... 168 3.2.1.2. Niveles y elementos de información .......................................... 169 3.2.1.3. Aspectos de la información ........................................................ 170 3.2.2. El “Holón” ................................................................................................ 173 3.2.2.1. La parábola de los relojeros. Definición de holón ..................... 173 3.2.2.2. Características de los holones .................................................... 178 3.2.2.3. Niveles holónicos ....................................................................... 181 3.2.2.4. Dominios de cooperación y colaboración holónica ................... 183 3.2.2.5. Holones versus Agentes ............................................................. 187 3.2.3. Postulados de la Teoría ............................................................................ 189 3.2.4. Experimentación ....................................................................................... 190 3.3. Emergencia de propiedades.................................................................................. 193 3.3.1. Emergencia o fulguratio. .......................................................................... 193 3.3.2. Clasificación de fenómenos emergentes: Simplejidad y Complicidad. ... 199 3.3.3. Sistemas Constitutivos. ............................................................................ 205 3.3.4. Emergencia de Propiedades: Casos de estudio Computacionales. ..........
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