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Thematic Background Study Genetic Resources for Farmed Freshwater Macrophytes: a Review

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Thematic Background Study Genetic Resources for Farmed Freshwater Macrophytes: a Review THEMATIC BACKGROUND STUDY GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FARMED FRESHWATER MACROPHYTES: A REVIEW i Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The content of this document is entirely the responsibility of the author, and does not necessarily represent the views of the FAO or its Members. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ii Table of contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Acronyms and abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 4 Background ................................................................................................................................................. 5 1. FIRST REGIONAL REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Definition of freshwater aquatic macrophytes ......................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Emergent species ................................................................................................................. 9 1.2.2 Submersed species ............................................................................................................. 10 1.2.3 Floating species .................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 The cultural heritage of edible aquatic plants ........................................................................ 11 1.4 Food safety and occupational health ....................................................................................... 18 1.5 Genetic resources and development of freshwater aquatic macrophytes ............................ 19 1.6 Case studies of commercial producers of freshwater aquatic macrophytes ........................ 22 1.6.1 Lu Hung Lanh – Bang B village, Thanh Tri district, Hanoi, Viet Nam ....................... 22 1.6.2 Minh Thuy – Phong Phu commune, Binh Chanh district, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam ............................................................................................................................................ 25 1.6.3 Phan Kim – Tam Phu Commune, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam ... 29 1.6.4 Boengchueng Congdoen – Sainoi district, Nonthaburi province, Bangkok, Thailand31 1.7 Discussion and conclusions ....................................................................................................... 33 References .................................................................................................................................................. 35 2. SECOND REGIONAL REVIEW .................................................................................................... 39 2.2 General description of freshwater aquatic macrophytes ...................................................... 42 2.2.1 Morphological characteristics of large aquatic plants ................................................... 42 2.2.2 Classification of large aquatic plants............................................................................... 42 2.3 Main farmed species and varieties: uses, farming systems, producer countries, trends in production and future prospects ......................................................................................................... 44 2.3.1 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) ................................................................................................ 44 2.3.2 Water bamboo (Zizania latifolia) .................................................................................... 45 2.3.3 Arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia) ........................................................................................ 46 2.3.4 Water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) .................................................................................. 47 2.3.5 Gorgon nut (Euryale ferox) .............................................................................................. 48 1 2.3.6 Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic) ................................................................................... 48 2.3.7 Reed (Phragmites australis Trin.) ................................................................................... 49 2.4 Drivers affecting the freshwater aquatic macrophytes farming sector ................................ 50 2.4.1 Improved income to farmers ............................................................................................ 50 2.4.2 Healthy food for human consumption............................................................................. 50 2.4.3 Conservation of biodiversity ............................................................................................ 50 2.4.4 Beautify the environment ................................................................................................. 51 2.4.5 Purification of water quality ............................................................................................ 51 2.4.6 Provide pharmaceutical raw materials ........................................................................... 52 2.4.7 Provide feed ingredients ................................................................................................... 52 2.5 Relevant stakeholders ............................................................................................................... 52 2.5.1 Farmers .............................................................................................................................. 52 2.5.2 Cooperatives ...................................................................................................................... 52 2.5.3 Private companies ............................................................................................................. 53 2.5.4 Research institutes and organizations ............................................................................. 53 2.5.5 Government ....................................................................................................................... 53 2.6 Risks of the introduction of freshwater aquatic macrophytes into non-native areas ......... 54 2.7 Research, education and training ............................................................................................ 55 2.7.1 Study on the germplasm resources of aquatic plants .................................................... 55 2.7.2 Education and training ..................................................................................................... 55 2.8 Collaborative approaches and exchange of information ....................................................... 55 2.8.1 Dissemination guidelines .................................................................................................. 56 2.8.2 Methods of applying for sharing germplasm material .................................................. 57 References .................................................................................................................................................. 58 2 Acknowledgements For the First Regional Review, thanks go to Le Thanh Hung, Truc Anh Minh, of Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, as well as Nguyen Thi Dieu Phuong, of the Research Institute of Aquaculture 1 (RIA 1) Hanoi, Viet Nam, for their help in data collection. Thanks also go to the many aquatic plant growers who have contributed their time and considerable experience to this review. It should also be noted that any views expressed in this review are purely those of the author and not necessarily representative of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). All photos unless otherwise stated were taken by the author. 3 Acronyms and abbreviations DBP di-n-butyl phthalate EC European Commission FAM freshwater aquatic macrophyte GRIN Germplasm Resources Information Network GUS beta-glucuronidase gene NGRL National Germplasm Resources Laboratory NPGS National Plant Germplasm System PAPUSSA Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (EC FP Project) PTE potentially toxic element SAR Special Administrative Region 4 Background At its Fifteenth Regular Session, the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture endorsed the preparation of a thematic study on the genetic resources of freshwater aquatic macrophytes (FAMs) of relevance for food and agriculture. This is an initiative in support of the preparation of the Report on The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (http://www.fao.org/3/CA0454EN/ca0454en.pdf). The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of the relevance of FAMs for food security and human well-being.
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