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Baker V. Carr in Context: 1946-1964
BAKER V. CARR IN CONTEXT: 1946-1964 Stephen Ansolabehere and Samuel Issacharoff1 Introduction Occasionally in all walks of life, law included, there are breakthroughs that have the quality of truth revealed. Not only do such ideas have overwhelming force, but they alter the world in which they operate. In the wake of such breakthroughs, it is difficult to imagine what existed before. Such is the American conception of constitutional democracy before and after the “Reapportionment Revolution” of the 1960s. Although legislative redistricting today is not without its riddle of problems, it is difficult to imagine so bizarre an apportionment scheme as the way legislative power was rationed out in Tennessee, the setting for Baker v. Carr. Tennessee apportioned power through, in Justice Clark’s words, “a crazy quilt without rational basis.”2 Indeed, forty years after Baker, with “one person, one vote” a fundamental principle of our democracy, it may be hard to imagine what all the constitutional fuss was about. Yet the decision in Baker, which had striking immediate impact, marked a profound transformation in American democracy. The man who presided over this transformation, Chief Justice Earl Warren, called Baker “the most important case of [his] tenure on the Court.”3 Perhaps the simplest way to understand the problem is to imagine the role of the legislator faced with the command to reapportion legislative districts after each decennial Census. Shifts in population mean that new areas of a state are likely to emerge as the dominant forces of a legislature. But what if the power to stem the tide were as simple as refusing to reapportion? It happened at the national level when Congress, realizing that the swelling tide of immigrant and industrial workers had moved power to the Northeast and the Midwest, simply refused to reapportion after the 1920 Census. -
Seventy-Sixth Congress January 3, 1939, to January 3, 1941
SEVENTY-SIXTH CONGRESS JANUARY 3, 1939, TO JANUARY 3, 1941 FIRST SESSION—January 3, 1939, to August 5, 1939 SECOND SESSION—September 21, 1939, to November 3, 1939 THIRD SESSION—January 3, 1940, to January 3, 1941 VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES—JOHN N. GARNER, of Texas PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE—KEY PITTMAN, 1 of Nevada; WILLIAM H. KING, 2 of Utah SECRETARY OF THE SENATE—EDWIN A. HALSEY, of Virginia SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE SENATE—CHESLEY W. JURNEY, of Texas SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—WILLIAM B. BANKHEAD, 3 of Alabama; SAM RAYBURN, 4 of Texas CLERK OF THE HOUSE—SOUTH TRIMBLE, 5 of Kentucky SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE HOUSE—KENNETH ROMNEY, of Montana DOORKEEPER OF THE HOUSE—JOSEPH J. SINNOTT, of Virginia POSTMASTER OF THE HOUSE—FINIS E. SCOTT ALABAMA John E. Miller, Searcy Alfred J. Elliott, Tulare SENATORS REPRESENTATIVES Carl Hinshaw, Pasadena John H. Bankhead II, Jasper E. C. Gathings, West Memphis H. Jerry Voorhis, San Dimas Charles Kramer, Los Angeles Lister Hill, Montgomery Wilbur D. Mills, Kensett Thomas F. Ford, Los Angeles REPRESENTATIVES Clyde T. Ellis, Bentonville John M. Costello, Hollywood Ben Cravens, 8 Fort Smith Frank W. Boykin, Mobile Leland M. Ford, Santa Monica George M. Grant, Troy Fadjo Cravens, 9 Fort Smith Lee E. Geyer, Gardena Henry B. Steagall, Ozark David D. Terry, Little Rock Thomas M. Eaton, 10 Long Beach Sam Hobbs, Selma W. F. Norrell, Monticello Harry R. Sheppard, Yucaipa Joe Starnes, Guntersville Wade Kitchens, Magnolia Pete Jarman, Livingston Ed. V. Izac, San Diego William B. -
Lewis Shepherd Pope Papers, 1825-1971
State of Tennessee Department of State Tennessee State Library and Archives 403 Seventh Avenue North Nashville, Tennessee 37243-0312 POPE, LEWIS SHEPHERD (1878-1972) PAPERS 1825-1971 Processed by: JHT Archival Technical Services Accession Number: 84-16 Date Completed: 11-29-84 Location: VII-K-1-3 Microfilm Accession Number: 1069 MICROFILMED INTRODUCTION This collection is centered around Lewis Shepherd Pope of Bledsoe County, Tennessee, lawyer, Assistant U.S. Attorney, member of the Senate in the Tennessee General Assembly, Commissioner of Institutions, and three-time Candidate for Governor of Tennessee. The materials in this collection measure 5.88 cubic feet and contain approximately 1,500 items and four volumes. There are no restrictions on the materials. Single photocopies of unpublished writings in the Lewis Shepherd Pope may be made for purposes of scholarly research. SCOPE AND CONTENT These papers of Lewis Shepherd Pope spanning the years 1929 to1971 consist of accounts, correspondence, court records, diaries, election records, reports, speeches, and a few miscellaneous items. Concentrated in the years 1928-1937 these records document the public career of Lewis S. Pope, a native of Bledsoe County, Tennessee. Accounts for the years 1925-1936 are primarily for several departments of state government including the Department of Institutions where Pope served as Commissioner from 1919 to1928. Correspondence for the year 1916 to1971 is concentrated in the years 1932 to1938. Prominent among these correspondents are: T.H. Alexander, Richard M. Atkinson, Nathan L. Bachman, C.N. Bass, George L. Berry, Gordon Browning, E.W. Carmack, Jr., Walter Chandler, Frank G. Clement, Prentice Cooper, Charles L. -
Robert Boyte Crawford Howell Papers, 1838-1963
State of Tennessee Department of State Tennessee State Library and Archives 403 Seventh Avenue North Nashville, Tennessee 37243-0312 HOWELL, ROBERT BOYTE CRAWFORD (1878-1955) PAPERS 1838-1963 Processed by: John H. Thweatt Archival Technical Services Accession Number: 1971.143 Date Completed: July 10, 1972 Location: I-L-1-4 Microfilm Accession Number: 1270 MICROFILMED INTRODUCTION The papers of Robert Boyte Crawford Howell (1878-1955), businessman; historian; jurist; lawyer; public official; Chancellor of Part I of the Seventh Chancery Division of Tennessee (1928-1940); and Judge, Middle Division, Tennessee Court of Appeals (1940- 1955); span the years 1838-1963. The Robert Boyte Crawford Howell Papers were given to the Tennessee State Library and Archives by Mrs. Gerald Henderson, of Nashville, Tennessee, 1966-1968. The materials in this finding aid measure 10.08 linear feet. There are no restrictions on the materials. Single photocopies of unpublished writings in the Robert Boyte Crawford Howell Papers may be made for purposes of scholarly research. SCOPE AND CONTENT The Robert Boyte Crawford Howell Papers, containing approximately 4,500 items and 20 volumes, span the years 1838-1963. The collection is composed of accounts, business papers, club and organization papers, correspondence, a diary, genealogical data, lecture notes, legal documents, legislative bills, military records, newspaper clippings, pictures, programs, publications, school records, sketches (biographical and general), and speeches. Correspondence for the years 1865-1957 deals with such topics as business affairs including those of Boscobel College, Mount Olivet Cemetery Company and the Phillips and Buttoroff Manufacturing Company; club fraternal and literary organizations including the Elks Club, Lions Club, Knights of Pythias, Knights Templar, Round Table Club, and the Vanderbilt Law Class of 1899; genealogical data for the Howell and related families including the memoir of Howell’s father, Morton Boyte Howell (1834-1909), and information concerning Howell’s grandfather, R.B.C. -
Black Politics in the Age of Jim Crow Memphis, Tennessee, 1865 to 1954
Black Politics in the Age of Jim Crow Memphis, Tennessee, 1865 to 1954 Elizabeth Gritter A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Jacquelyn Dowd Hall W. Fitzhugh Brundage William R. Ferris Genna Rae McNeil Larry J. Griffin Copyright 2010 Elizabeth Gritter ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract ELIZABETH GRITTER: Black Politics in the Age of Jim Crow: Memphis, Tennessee, 1865 to 1954 (Under the direction of Jacquelyn Dowd Hall) Because the vast majority of black southerners were disenfranchised, most historians have ignored those who engaged in formal political activities from the late nineteenth century through the 1950s. This study is the first to focus on their efforts during this time. In contrast to narratives of the Jim Crow era that portray southern blacks as having little influence on electoral and party politics, this dissertation reveals that they had a significant impact. Using Memphis as a case study, it explores how black men and women maneuvered for political access and negotiated with white elites, especially with machine boss Edward H. Crump. It focuses in particular on Robert R. Church, Jr., who interacted with Crump, mobilized black Memphians, and emerged as the country’s most prominent black Republican in the 1920s. Church and other black Republicans carved out a space for themselves in party politics and opened up doors for blacks in the process. This study argues that formal black political mobilization constituted a major prong of the black freedom struggle during the Jim Crow era in the South. -
Black Politics in the Age of Jim Crow Memphis, Tennessee, 1865 to 1954
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository Black Politics in the Age of Jim Crow Memphis, Tennessee, 1865 to 1954 Elizabeth Gritter A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Jacquelyn Dowd Hall W. Fitzhugh Brundage William R. Ferris Genna Rae McNeil Larry J. Griffin Copyright 2010 Elizabeth Gritter ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract ELIZABETH GRITTER: Black Politics in the Age of Jim Crow: Memphis, Tennessee, 1865 to 1954 (Under the direction of Jacquelyn Dowd Hall) Because the vast majority of black southerners were disenfranchised, most historians have ignored those who engaged in formal political activities from the late nineteenth century through the 1950s. This study is the first to focus on their efforts during this time. In contrast to narratives of the Jim Crow era that portray southern blacks as having little influence on electoral and party politics, this dissertation reveals that they had a significant impact. Using Memphis as a case study, it explores how black men and women maneuvered for political access and negotiated with white elites, especially with machine boss Edward H. Crump. It focuses in particular on Robert R. Church, Jr., who interacted with Crump, mobilized black Memphians, and emerged as the country’s most prominent black Republican in the 1920s. Church and other black Republicans carved out a space for themselves in party politics and opened up doors for blacks in the process. -
Tennessee State Library and Archives POPE, LEWIS SHEPHERD
State of Tennessee Department of State Tennessee State Library and Archives 403 Seventh Avenue North Nashville, Tennessee 37243-0312 POPE, LEWIS SHEPHERD (1878-1972) PAPERS 1825-1971 Processed by: JHT Archival Technical Services Accession Number: 84-16 Date Completed: 11-29-84 Location: VII-K-1-3 Microfilm Accession Number: 1069 MICROFILMED INTRODUCTION This collection is centered around Lewis Shepherd Pope of Bledsoe County, Tennessee, lawyer, Assistant U.S. Attorney, member of the Senate in the Tennessee General Assembly, Commissioner of Institutions, and three-time Candidate for Governor of Tennessee. The materials in this collection measure 5.88 cubic feet and contain approximately 1,500 items and four volumes. There are no restrictions on the materials. Single photocopies of unpublished writings in the Lewis Shepherd Pope may be made for purposes of scholarly research. SCOPE AND CONTENT These papers of Lewis Shepherd Pope spanning the years 1929 to1971 consist of accounts, correspondence, court records, diaries, election records, reports, speeches, and a few miscellaneous items. Concentrated in the years 1928-1937 these records document the public career of Lewis S. Pope, a native of Bledsoe County, Tennessee. Accounts for the years 1925-1936 are primarily for several departments of state government including the Department of Institutions where Pope served as Commissioner from 1919 to1928. Correspondence for the year 1916 to1971 is concentrated in the years 1932 to1938. Prominent among these correspondents are: T.H. Alexander, Richard M. Atkinson, Nathan L. Bachman, C.N. Bass, George L. Berry, Gordon Browning, E.W. Carmack, Jr., Walter Chandler, Frank G. Clement, Prentice Cooper, Charles L. -
H. Doc. 108-222
SEVENTY-FIFTH CONGRESS JANUARY 3, 1937, TO JANUARY 3, 1939 FIRST SESSION—January 5, 1937, 1 to August 21, 1937 SECOND SESSION—November 15, 1937, to December 21, 1937 THIRD SESSION—January 3, 1938, to June 16, 1938 VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES—JOHN N. GARNER, of Texas PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE—KEY PITTMAN, of Nevada SECRETARY OF THE SENATE—EDWIN A. HALSEY, of Virginia SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE SENATE—CHESLEY W. JURNEY, of Texas SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—WILLIAM B. BANKHEAD, 2 of Alabama CLERK OF THE HOUSE—SOUTH TRIMBLE, 3 of Kentucky SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE HOUSE—KENNETH ROMNEY, of Montana DOORKEEPER OF THE HOUSE—JOSEPH J. SINNOTT, of Virginia POSTMASTER OF THE HOUSE—FINIS E. SCOTT ALABAMA Carl Hayden, Phoenix William Gibbs McAdoo, 12 Los Angeles Thomas M. Storke, 13 Santa Barbara SENATORS REPRESENTATIVE AT LARGE REPRESENTATIVES 4 John R. Murdock, Tempe Hugo L. Black, Birmingham Clarence F. Lea, Santa Rosa 5 Dixie Bibb Graves, Montgomery Harry L. Englebright, Nevada City 6 ARKANSAS Lister Hill, Montgomery Frank H. Buck, Vacaville John H. Bankhead II, Jasper SENATORS Franck R. Havenner, San Francisco REPRESENTATIVES Joseph T. Robinson, 9 Little Rock Richard J. Welch, San Francisco Frank W. Boykin, Mobile John E. Miller, 10 Searcy Albert E. Carter, Oakland Lister Hill, 7 Montgomery Hattie W. Caraway, Jonesboro John H. Tolan, Oakland George M. Grant, 8 Troy REPRESENTATIVES John J. McGrath, San Mateo Henry B. Steagall, Ozark William J. Driver, Osceola Bertrand W. Gearhart, Fresno 14 Sam Hobbs, Selma John E. Miller, 11 Searcy Henry E. -
SS300.Mp3 This Is the Oral History Project, the Sanitation
SS300.mp3 This is the oral history project, The Sanitation Strike Project. We are interviewing Dan Powell, who is Regional Director of COPE for Six Southern States. We are recording this November 19, 1971. The interviewers are Joan Beifuss and Carol Lynn Yellin. We are at Dan Powell’s home on Revere Road in Memphis. This is Carol Lynn Yellin. Carol Lynn Yellin: We have just been setting up the equipment. I think just for the record it would be interesting to note that once again, 20th century technology has failed us, and we are using Dan Powell’s own recording equipment. Joan Beifuss: I don’t know that that was technology that failed. Carol Lynn Yellin: Human error. Joan Beifuss: Dan, to start off, could you name the Six Southern States? Dan Powell: Yes. Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, and Florida. Carol Lynn Yellin: And maybe my identification of COPE is certainly not enough. This is what the…? Dan Powell: Committee on Political Education of the AFL-CIO. Joan Beifuss: Do you want to in one sentence describe it’s function? Dan Powell: It’s function is to activate union members, working through city and state councils politically to activate these members politically. Carol Lynn Yellin: And, when did you come to Memphis? This would be, I think… Dan Powell: I came to Memphis, I think it was 1936. Carol Lynn Yellin: For goodness sakes. You’ve seen a lot. Dan Powell: Yeah. Joan Beifuss: Dan, when was COPE, what was the year that COPE began? Dan Powell: COPE was formed in 1955 at the (muffled) convention of the CIO and the AF of L. -
H. Doc. 108-222
SEVENTY-SIXTH CONGRESS JANUARY 3, 1939, TO JANUARY 3, 1941 FIRST SESSION—January 3, 1939, to August 5, 1939 SECOND SESSION—September 21, 1939, to November 3, 1939 THIRD SESSION—January 3, 1940, to January 3, 1941 VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES—JOHN N. GARNER, of Texas PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE—KEY PITTMAN, 1 of Nevada; WILLIAM H. KING, 2 of Utah SECRETARY OF THE SENATE—EDWIN A. HALSEY, of Virginia SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE SENATE—CHESLEY W. JURNEY, of Texas SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—WILLIAM B. BANKHEAD, 3 of Alabama; SAM RAYBURN, 4 of Texas CLERK OF THE HOUSE—SOUTH TRIMBLE, 5 of Kentucky SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE HOUSE—KENNETH ROMNEY, of Montana DOORKEEPER OF THE HOUSE—JOSEPH J. SINNOTT, of Virginia POSTMASTER OF THE HOUSE—FINIS E. SCOTT ALABAMA John E. Miller, Searcy Alfred J. Elliott, Tulare SENATORS REPRESENTATIVES Carl Hinshaw, Pasadena John H. Bankhead II, Jasper E. C. Gathings, West Memphis H. Jerry Voorhis, San Dimas Charles Kramer, Los Angeles Lister Hill, Montgomery Wilbur D. Mills, Kensett Thomas F. Ford, Los Angeles REPRESENTATIVES Clyde T. Ellis, Bentonville John M. Costello, Hollywood Ben Cravens, 8 Fort Smith Frank W. Boykin, Mobile Leland M. Ford, Santa Monica George M. Grant, Troy Fadjo Cravens, 9 Fort Smith Lee E. Geyer, Gardena Henry B. Steagall, Ozark David D. Terry, Little Rock Thomas M. Eaton, 10 Long Beach Sam Hobbs, Selma W. F. Norrell, Monticello Harry R. Sheppard, Yucaipa Joe Starnes, Guntersville Wade Kitchens, Magnolia Pete Jarman, Livingston Ed. V. Izac, San Diego William B. -
The Knoxville Focus November 4, 2019 November 4, 2019 **HUGE AUCTION**PAGE A1 FRIDAY, Nov
PAGE APB The Knoxville Focus November 4, 2019 November 4, 2019 www.knoxfocus.com **HUGE AUCTION**PAGE A1 FRIDAY, Nov. 8 at 6PM The Knoxville See pictures at The Knoxville fountaincityauction.com Fountain City Auction (865)474-9931 OCUS FREETake One! www.knoxfocus.com F November 4, 2019 Phone: 865-686-9970 | PO Box 18377, Knoxville, TN 37928 | Located at 4109 Central Avenue Pike, Knoxville, Tennessee 37912 Did the Pension Board violate Sunshine Law? By Mike Steely Senior Writer requested by a board chair session. lawsuit filed against Knox may be a decision based Only members of the board, [email protected] and a motion made by the Owings is not a voting County. He then asked for a on how the outside attor- including four Knox County members with the majority member or member of the motion that he be allowed ney feels about it or wheth- Commissioners, the pen- The steps for going into choosing to close its door board. to represent the pension er or not the executive ses- sion staff, the attorney, and an executive session, as for some business under When the board resumed board in the county’s law- sion was legally called by a briefly Mayor Glenn Jacobs outlined by Roberts Rules most procedural rules. business and the media suit and Commission- motion. were present in the closed of Order, were not followed However, the pension was allowed back in, er Brad Anders moved to If Owings called the session. during the September board’s attorney, John Owings, not Chris Caldwell authorize him to enter the executive session, then It is against the Sunshine Knox County Retirement Owings, requested the who had been chairing case. -
The Wage Earners' Plan: Its Purpose
Vanderbilt Law Review Volume 15 Issue 1 Issue 1 - December 1961 Article 8 12-1961 The Wage Earners' Plan: Its Purpose Walter Chandler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr Part of the Bankruptcy Law Commons, and the Commercial Law Commons Recommended Citation Walter Chandler, The Wage Earners' Plan: Its Purpose, 15 Vanderbilt Law Review 169 (1961) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr/vol15/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Wage Earners' Plan: Its Purpose Walter Chandler* In this article, the author discusses the need for this provision of the bankruptcy laws and its history both in the Congress and in practice. The reader will be interested in comparing Mr. Chandlers views with those of Referee R. W. MeDuffee in the succeeding article. Chapter XIII 1 is the forerunner of the general revision of the National Bankruptcy Act in 1938. Introduced as a bill for the relief of harassed wage earners who desire to pay their debts if given sufficient opportunity, the bill attracted the attention of the Honorable Hatton W. Sumners, Chairman of the Com- mittee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives. In view of the cumulative need for a definitive study of the law of bankruptcy with the end view of enacting a complete revision of the Act of 1898, a special subcommittee on bankruptcy was created; this subcommittee, with the cooperation of various organizations interested in commercial law and bankruptcy, undertook a three year study which culminated in the Act of June 22, 1938.2 In its turn, the bill for the relief of overburdened wage earners was considered and, after changes, was approved and included as chapter XIII of the new law.