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As M. Genitalium, Gonorrhea Molecular Testing Expands, Antibiotic Resistance Assays May Follow | 360Dx 9/6/2019 As M. Genitalium, Gonorrhea Molecular Testing Expands, Antibiotic Resistance Assays May Follow | 360Dx Article: In-Depth As M. Genitalium, Gonorrhea Molecular Testing Expands, Antibiotic Resistance Assays May Follow has been updated. As M. Genitalium, Gonorrhea Molecular Testing Expands, Antibiotic Resistance Assays May Follow Sep 06, 2019 | Madeleine Johnson 3D illustration of M. genitalium NEW YORK – Discovered only in the 1980s, Mycoplasma genitalium is more common than gonorrhea and has higher levels of antibacterial resistance in some populations. But because it's relatively new sexually transmitted infection and can take up to six months to grow in culture, it is a less well-studied disease and its prevalence and pathology remain somewhat of a mystery. Newly available US Food and Drug Administration-cleared molecular diagnostic tests, as well as in- development commercial tests to detect resistance, however, may soon enable a better understanding of the epidemiology of drug-resistant STIs like M. gen and gonorrhea. But the market for the tests is unclear as such infections are typically more prevalent in disadvantaged populations — potentially making them less commercially attractive — and testing guidelines in the US have not been updated since 2015. Antibacterial resistance is a growing problem for sexually transmitted infections, and M. gen and gonorrhea are no exceptions. Approximately half of M. gen infections are resistant to antibiotics in some parts of the world, including in the US, and increasing rates of drug-resistant gonorrhea is also raising alarms. The US Food and Drug Administration-cleared molecular diagnostic tests to detect M. gen finally became available this year, from Roche and Hologic, and a test that detects genetic resistance markers in M. gen from Australia-based SpeeDx is now in the final stages of FDA submission. The firm is developing resistance tests for gonorrhea as well, while Hologic and Roche also have resistance testing in their pipelines. https://www.360dx.com/pcr/m-genitalium-gonorrhea-molecular-testing-expands-antibiotic-resistance-assays-may-follow#.XXKafJNKh0I 1/6 9/6/2019 As M. Genitalium, Gonorrhea Molecular Testing Expands, Antibiotic Resistance Assays May Follow | 360Dx Although selective pressure – in part caused by overuse of antibiotics - is leading both M. gen and gonorrhea to adapt evasion mechanisms, the two STIs are quite different in terms of what is known about them and in the response that has been mounted so far by health organizations to combat resistance. For example, gonorrhea resistance has been the subject of research in the US for decades. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiated the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) in 1986 to monitor resistance, and has since also launched an enhanced version of the project called eGSIP. In 2016 CDC launched a project called Strengthening the United States Response to Resistant Gonorrhea (SURRG) to further enhance surveillance and conduct rapid investigations of outbreaks. Current guidelines also recommend gonorrhea and chlamydia screening annually in some asymptomatic populations. Through these efforts, the most recent data show a quarter of the gonorrhea strains evaluated were resistant to tetracycline, 19 percent were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 16 percent were resistant to penicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentration of azithromycin needed to combat the bugs was also creeping upward, with new azithromycin-attenuating mutations cropping up recently as well. Gonorrhea "superbugs" that are multidrug resistant are also an active area of investigation. In contrast, much of M. gen is a riddle that remains unsolved. It is not a reportable infection, so it isn't entirely clear what the incidence is in the US, much less the rates of resistance, although the consensus seems to be that it is more common than gonorrhea — which has an estimated 800,000 infections in the US each year — and less common than chlamydia, which accounts for nearly 2 million infections. The lack of knowledge is, in part, because of the nature of the bugs and lags in technology. Parasitic gourd-shaped bacteria that latch onto epithelial cells in the urogenital tract, M. gen are the smallest self-replicating organisms on earth, with only the briefest of genomes. They're extremely difficult to culture — requiring up to six months and incubation on mammalian cell lines — so molecular methods are the best way to quickly diagnose infection. Yet, M. gen has also been referred to as a silent epidemic, with a prevalence as high as 20 percent in some low-resource settings. Maria Trent, a physician and clinical researcher at Johns Hopkins University, explained in a recent interview that M. gen was only added to the CDC's STD treatment guidelines in the 2015 iteration. "It has been hard to predict the population impact because until recently there was not a commercially available test," she said. Still, rates of antibiotic resistance in the US are high in the strains of M. gen that have been studied. Approximately half of all infections in one multicenter clinical study led by researchers at Hologic were resistant to macrolides, specifically azithromycin, the first-line antimicrobial that CDC recommends. There are also dual-resistant strains that are resistant to macrolides and quinolones, such that the antibiotic moxifloxacin is also ineffective. A study of 116 heterosexual couples in Alabama found an M. gen prevalence of 12 percent, with macrolide resistance rates of 60 percent and 11 percent of positive cases carrying dual-resistant strains. Internationally, European guidelines issued in 2016 recommended molecular testing followed by resistance testing if available, and draft guidelines issued last year by the British Association of Sexual Health and HIV also recommended macrolide resistance testing of positive specimens, when possible. In the US, there are no national screening recommendations for M. gen, and infection is not reportable to CDC. National STD guidelines issued in 2015 recommend nucleic acid amplification-based testing for M. https://www.360dx.com/pcr/m-genitalium-gonorrhea-molecular-testing-expands-antibiotic-resistance-assays-may-follow#.XXKafJNKh0I 2/6 9/6/2019 As M. Genitalium, Gonorrhea Molecular Testing Expands, Antibiotic Resistance Assays May Follow | 360Dx gen, but not resistance testing or testing patients after treatment to make sure they have actually been cured. Update on commercial M. gen detection and resistance testing Currently, only two molecular diagnostic tests have been cleared in the US for M. gen detection, from Hologic and Roche. The Hologic Aptima Mycoplasma genitalium assay won de novo clearance earlier this year to become the first-ever US FDA-cleared M. gen test. It detects M. gen ribosomal RNA from urine, urethral, penile-meatal, endocervical, and vaginal swab samples collected in a clinical setting using the fully automated Panther system. The Roche test, called Cobas TV/MG, was cleared by FDA in May. It is a dual target test that detects both Trichomonas vaginalis and M. gen from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, and it is cleared for use in urine, endocervical swabs, and vaginal swabs collected by clinicians or self-collected by patients in a clinical setting using the firm's Cobas 6800 and Cobas 8800 real-time PCR systems. SpeeDx has also been developing its test for some time, and has established a presence globally, particularly in Australia. The firm began clinical trials of its M. gen resistance test last year and is collaborating with Cepheid to develop its M. gen resistance test on a new GeneXpert FleXible Cartridge. Colin Denver, CEO at SpeeDx, said in an interview that the collaboration is progressing and the firms plan to officially launch a CE-IVD-marked test, called ResistancePlus MG Flexible, at the International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections conference in Estonia this week. In the meantime, while resistance seems to be a priority for both Roche and Hologic, firms are also waiting to see how this new market plays out. At Hologic, Damon Getman, the director of diagnostic assay development, confirmed that the Aptima M. gen assay does not currently screen for antibiotic resistance. "Our first priority was to bring a sensitive screening test through clinical validation and into the market to provide laboratories and healthcare professionals with a tool to identify this harmful infection," Getman commented in an email. He noted that Hologic's test has been available as a research-use-only assay since the early 2000s, and its use has contributed to the current understanding of M. gen's prevalence. "In all, our scientific team collaborated on or facilitated over 80 research publications over the course of the past 15 years, which have been seminal in building the case for M. genitalium as a serious health threat," Getman said. The Hologic test has shown higher sensitivity than other testing in some studies, which Getman said can be attributed to the relative abundance of rRNA compared to the DNA targets used by other tests, as well as the fact that many infections are low titer. Another recent prospective multicenter study led by Charlotte Gaydos at Johns Hopkins looked at more than 3,000 patients and 11,000 individual specimens of various types also using the Hologic test. That study, which was published Sept. 5 in the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, revealed a prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic infection of about 10 percent, and found that the Hologic test had sensitivities and specificities in the 90 percent range, in general, for the different sample types, although sensitivity was lower for endocervical swabs and female urine. Hologic's research scientists are now working on antibiotic resistance tests, he said, although which antibiotic resistance markers to target is in flux. "We're looking forward to bringing innovation in resistance https://www.360dx.com/pcr/m-genitalium-gonorrhea-molecular-testing-expands-antibiotic-resistance-assays-may-follow#.XXKafJNKh0I 3/6 9/6/2019 As M.
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