Two New Species of the Genus Temnaspis Lacordaire, 1845, (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea: Megalopodidae) from China and Myanmar, with Notes on the Biology of the Genus

Zootaxa 3737 (4): 379–398 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3737.4.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7CC5D919-FA22-4768-8BB6-6DACFEAEE8D1

Two new species of the genus Temnaspis Lacordaire, 1845, (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea: Megalopodidae) from China and Myanmar, with notes on the biology of the genus

KAIQIN LI1,2, ZONGLI LIANG3 & HONGBIN LIANG1,4 1Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. E-mail: [email protected] 2Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China 3Administrative Bureau of Fenshuiling National Reserve, Jinping, Yunnan 661500, China 4Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Two new species of the genus Temnaspis Lacordaire, 1845, family Megalopodidae, are described from China and Myan- mar: Temnaspis puae Li & H.B. Liang, sp. nov., Temnaspis syringa Li & H.B. Liang, sp. nov. Biological notes are provided for Temnaspis syringa. Temnaspis flavicornis Jacoby, 1892 is redescribed and a lectotype designated. A key to species of the genus Temnaspis with black elytra in China and adjacent areas is provided.

Key words: Megalopodidae, taxonomy, larva, host plant, parasitoid

Introduction

The family Megalopodidae is an ancient and relatively small family in Chrysomeloidea (Crowson 1960; Suzuki 1988, 1994, 2003; Reid 1995, 2000; Gómez-Zurita et al. 2007, 2008; Marvaldi et al. 2009). In China, 54 species of Megalopodidae have been recorded, including 22 species of the genus Temnaspis Lacordaire, 1845 (Gressitt & Kimoto 1961; Chen & Pu 1962; Chen 1974; Kimoto & Gressitt 1979; Tan et al. 1980; Medvedev & Sprecher- Uebersax 1997; Medvedev 2002, 2010; Yu & Liang 2002; Silfverberg 2010). Four species of Temnaspis have been recorded in neighbouring Myanmar (Kimoto 2005). In the insect collection of the Institute of Zoology (Beijing), we found a Temnaspis specimen with black elytra, which had been determined as T. nigriceps Baly, 1859. But after careful comparison with type material and original descriptions, we conclude that it represents a new species of Temnaspis, which is described below, with additional material from Myanmar. A key to species of the genus Temnaspis with black elytra in China and adjacent areas is presented. Two other Temnaspis specimens with yellowish-brown elytra, collected from Beijing, have been sent to us by Mr D.K. Zhou. At first we thought they were T. japonica Baly, 1873, which was wrongly recorded from China (Yu & Liang 2002). However our examination of Japanese material of T. japonica shows that this Beijing species is also new. In spring 2012, many adults and larvae were collected in two localities in Beijing, and their biological features were observed in the field. This species is also described below.

Material and methods

All measurements were made using a Nikon SMZ1500 stereoscopic dissecting microscope with an ocular micrometer. Body length (BL) = the linear distance along the midline from the anterior margin of labrum to the apex of elytra; body width (BW) = elytra width (EW) = the maximum linear distance across elytra; pronotum

Accepted by C. Reid: 24 Oct. 2013; published: 21 Nov. 2013 379 length (PL) = the linear distance along the median line of pronotum; pronotum width (PW) = the linear distance across the widest part of the pronotum; pronotum width at apex (PAW) = the linear distance across the apex of the pronotum; pronotum width at base (PBW) = the linear distance across the base of the pronotum; elytra length (EL) = the linear distance from elytral base to the apex of sutural angle. Ratios cited in descriptions are based on these measurements. Dry specimens were soaked in warm water for 1–2 hours. The abdomen was opened at its latero-apical margin and genitalia were pulled out by forceps. Genitalia were soaked in warm 10% KOH for 10–20 minutes, washed in excess water, and dyed with Chlorazol black E, then transferred to glycerin for examination and photography. Photographs of habitus and genitalia were obtained using a digital camera (Canon 450D), sometimes connected to the dissecting microscope. Morphological terminology follows Snodgrass (1935), Chûjô (1952, 1953), Kasap & Crowson (1985) and Lawrence et al. (2010). Abbreviations: BMNH = Natural History Museum, London; IZCAS = National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; MNHN = Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; MSNG = Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova.

Temnaspis puae Li & H.B. Liang, sp. nov. (Figs 1–14, 39, 51)

Material examined. Types. Holotype: m (IZCAS) / CHINA, Yunnan Province, Ruili City, Nongdao Town, Alongba, 900m, 2003.XI.17, Jinxin Song coll. / Holotype Temnaspis puae sp. n., des. by K.Q. Li & H.B. Liang, 2012 [red label] /; paratype (paralectotype of T. flavicornis Jacoby, 1892): 1 f (MSNG), Carin Chebá, 900–1100m, L. Fea, V XII–88 / flavicornis Jac. / Temnaspis flavicornis Jac. [blue label] / Syntype Temnaspis flavicornis Jacoby, 1892 [red label] / Museo Civico di Genova / Paratype Temnaspis puae sp. n., des. by K.Q. Li & H.B. Liang, 2012 [red label] /. Description. BL = 13.5–14.0 mm, BW = 5.0–5.3 mm. Head, pronotum, scutellum, prosternum, meso-, and metaventrite red; labrum, clypeus, antennae, abdomen, metafemora and metatibiae yellow; pro- and mesofemora brown; elytra, tarsi, pro- and mesotibiae black; pubescence on head and pronotum yellow, on elytra black. Head: eyes prominent, inner margin with distinct canthus; vertex coarsely and densely punctate, with small deep median fovea (Figs 3, 7); occiput constricted; clypeus trapezoid, punctate and pubescent laterally; labrum rectangular, densely punctate and pubescent; antennae reaching slightly beyond elytral bases, antennomeres 1–4 cylindrical with sparse long setae, 5–11 strongly flattened and widened, densely pubescent, length of first antennomere 1.3x third antennomere. Thorax: PW/PL = 1.3–1.4, PBW/PAW = 1.1; basal and apical pronotal margins nearly straight; anterior transverse pronotal groove deep laterally, obsolete medially, posterior groove absent; pronotal disc convex, slightly impressed along midline, sparsely punctate and pubescent, punctures sparser than on vertex; lateral margins nearly parallel; each basal angle produced as an indistinct tubercle. Scutellum trapezoid, slightly emarginate at apex, sparsely punctate and pubescent. EL/EW = 1.6–1.7; elytral humeri broad, projecting antero-laterally; elytra laterally slightly widened from humeri to posterior third, then convergent to suture; disc convex, shiny, finely punctate and pubescent; epipleura densely punctate and pubescent. Metaventrite sparsely punctate and pubescent, each side raised to a prominent conical tubercle. Hind femora swollen, with two large ventral teeth at apex, on inner and outer surfaces, outer slightly longer than inner (Figs 4, 8); hind tibiae curved in male (Figs 1–2), less so in female. Abdomen: apex of last abdominal sternite concave in female, rounded in male. Median lobe flattened, strongly curved in lateral view (Fig. 10), sides and apex strongly sclerotised, dorsocentral portion membranous (Figs 10– 12), sides parallel, apex rounded (Fig. 12); median struts rod-shaped, widely separated from each other, 1.5–2.0 times as long as median lobe (Figs 10–11); tegmen trapezoid, basal piece rod-like, tegminal ring gradually narrowed towards parameres, apical margin of parameres with dense setae (Fig. 13); endophallus membranous, with paired elongate stick shaped sclerites at base in repose (EdpS, Figs 10–11). Spiculum relictum short, basal portion strongly sclerotised, apical portion rounded, weakly sclerotised (Fig. 14). Ovipositor long (Fig. 51), base broad, apex narrow, divided into two vaginal palpi, two baculi at each side connected at their bases, the outer short,

380 · Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press LI ET AL. the inner long, coxite strongly sclerotised and sub-quadrate, apical margin with long setae, stylus small and distinct (Fig. 52). Distribution. China (Yunnan); Myanmar (Kayin). Etymology. The specific name puae is proposed in memory of Professor Fuji Pu, who greatly contributed to taxonomy of Chinese Megalopodidae.

FIGURES 1–4. Holotype of Temnaspis puae sp. nov., male: 1, dorsal; 2, ventral; 3, head, anterior; 4, teeth of right hind femur, ventral. Scale line = 5.0 mm. (Figs 1–2); scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 3–4).

FIGURES 5–9. Paratype of Temnaspis puae sp. nov., female: 5, dorsal; 6, ventral; 7, head, anterior; 8, teeth of right hind femur, ventral; 9, labels attached to paratype (paralectotype of T. flavicornis Jacoby). Scale line = 5.0 mm. (Figs 5–6); scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 7–8).

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TEMNASPIS Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 381 FIGURES 10–14. Holotype of Temnaspis puae sp. nov., male genitalia: 10, aedeagus, lateral; 11, median lobe (Mdl) and median struts (Mds), ventral; 12, median lobe, dorsal view; 13, tegmen (Teg), dorsal; 14, spiculum relictum (Spi), dorsal. Abbreviations: basal piece (Bpi); endophallus (Edp); parameres (Par); sclerites of endophallus (EdpS); tegminal ring (Tgr). Scale line = 2.0 mm. (Figs 10–11); scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 12–13); scale line = 0.5 mm. (Fig. 14).

FIGURES 15–16. Rubus alceaefolius Poir, at Alongba, Yunnan, possible host plant of Temnaspis puae, sp. nov., showing typical adult megalopodine damage.

382 · Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press LI ET AL. Remarks. On October 2, 2012, H.B. Liang went to Alongba, the type locality of the new species, where he found a few damaged shoots of Rubus alceaefolius (Figs 15–16). From what is known of other Temnaspis species (Yu 1977; Yu & Yang 1994), this was probably caused by Temnaspis adults. No adults were found on this or the succeeding two days. From October 21 to November 7, 2012, our colleague Mr. X. Huang looked for Temnaspis in the same area. He found only one Megalopodinae larva inside a shoot of R. alceaefolius, almost certainly of T. puae, since no other Megalopodidae are known from the area The two syntypes of Temnaspis flavicornis Jacoby, 1892, in MSNG belong to different species. One syntype, with two outer teeth on the hind femora (Figs 18, 20), fits the original description of T. flavicornis, and is designated lectotype of T. flavicornis (see below). However, the other, with a single outer tooth on the hind femora, is identical to the holotype of T. puae sp. nov. (Figs 5–9, 51), and is designated a paratype of T. puae sp. nov., as well as being a paralectotype of T. flavicornis. The new species differs from T. flavicornis by: the apex of the femora with single outer and inner teeth (two outer teeth and no inner tooth in T. flavicornis, Figs 18, 20, 23); pronotum sub-quadrate (Fig. 39) with apex slightly constricted laterally (pronotum trapezoid with apex distinctly constricted in T. flavicornis, Fig. 40); median lobe of aedeagus more curved (Figs 45–46), sides parallel and apex rounded (median lobe less curved, sides convergent from base to apex, and apex acute in T. flavicornis, Figs 45–46); ovipositor bases and outer baculi (Fig. 51) strongly sclerotised (weakly sclerotised in T. flavicornis, Fig. 52). Photographs of the holotype of Temnaspis bidentata Pic, 1922, show that is it correctly placed as a junior synonym of T. flavicornis (Figs 22–23). Temnaspis nigriceps also has black elytra and one ventral outer tooth on the femora, and occurs in China and Myanmar (Medvedev 2002; Yu & Liang 2002). Photographs of type material of T. nigriceps and its two junior synonyms (Medvedev 2002): T. insignis Baly, 1859, and T. nigripennis Jacoby, 1889, (Figs 25–35, 48–50), show that this is a different species. Temnaspis puae differs from T. nigriceps by having: pronotum sub-quadrate, with tubercle of basal angle less protruding (pronotum trapezoid with tubercle of basal angle more protruded in T. nigriceps); eyes less prominent (eyes more prominent in T. nigriceps Baly); median lobe strongly curved with longer apical lamella (median lobe less curved with shorter apical lamella in T. nigriceps Baly). Finally, T. puae differs from Temnaspis omeiensis (Gressitt 1942) by antennae yellowish-brown, pronotum with tubercle of basal angle less protruding, head nearly as wide as pronotum (antennae blackish-brown, tubercle of basal angle more protruding, head wider than pronotum in T. omeiensis, Figs 36–38, 41).

Temnaspis flavicornis Jacoby, 1892 (Figs 17–24, 40, 45–47, 52)

Temnaspis flavicornis Jacoby, 1892: 875 (Carin Chebá) Temnaspis bidentata Pic, 1922: 27 (Assam)

Material examined. Types. Temnaspis flavicornis. Lectotype: female (MSNG) (this specimen is herein designated as the lectotype in order to stabilize the taxonomy and facilitate further identifications of this species), Carin Chebá, 900–1100 m, L. Fea, VI 88 / Syntypus, Temnaspis flavicornis Jacoby, 1892 [red label] / Museo Civico di Genova / Temnaspis flavicornis / Lectotype, Temnaspis flavicornis Jacoby, 1892, des. K.Q. Li & H.B. Liang 2012 [red label]. Paralectotype: see “Types” section of Temnaspis puae. Temnaspis bidentata: syntype: 1 (sex undetermined, MNHN) / Assam / type / Temnaspis bidentata n. sp. / flavicornis Jac. / Type [red label]. Non-types (21 specimens, deposited in IZCAS): China: 1 f, Guangxi, Longzhou, 1980.VI.18; 1 m, Sichuan, Ya-an, 1939.VII.17; 1 m, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang, 850m / 1957.IX.1, Lingchao Zang coll.; 2 f, ditto except 1957.VI.13–14; 1 m, ditto except 1957.VII.11; 1 m and 1 f, ditto except 1957.VIII.22, Shuyong Wang coll.; 1 f, ditto except 1957.IX.06; 1, ditto except 1958.VIII.19, Yiran Zhang coll.; 4 m and 1 f, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Mengzhe, 870m / 1958.VIII.01-06, Fuji Pu and Zhizi Chen coll.; 2 m and 1 f, ditto except 1958.IX.07-08; 1 m, ditto except 1958.VII.01, Shuyong Wang coll.; 1, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menga, 800m / 1958.VII.02, Fuji Pu coll.; 1 f, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Yunjinghong, 910m / 1958.IV.25, Yiran Zhang coll.; 1 m and 1 f, Indochina, 1917.V.27. Description. BL = 10.3–11.8 mm, BW = 4.5–6.0 mm. Head, antennae, pronotum, scutellum, underside of body and legs yellow; apical portion of maxilla mandibles brown or black; elytra, tarsi, pro- and mesotibiae and apical portion of hind tibiae black; hind femora yellowish-brown; pubescence on head and pronotum yellow, on elytra black.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TEMNASPIS Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 383 Head: eyes prominent, inner margin with distinct canthus; vertex finely and densely punctate, with a small deep median fovea; occiput slightly constricted; clypeus trapezoid, punctate and pubescent laterally; labrum sub- quadrate, sparsely punctate and pubescent; antennae reaching beyond elytral bases, antennomeres 1–4 cylindrical with sparse long setae, 5–11 strongly flattened and widened, densely pubescent, length of first antennomere 1.5x third antennomere. Thorax: PW/PL = 1.3–1.4, PBW/PAW = 1.1–1.2; pronotum trapezoid, with anterior portion distinctly constricted laterally; pronotal anterior transverse groove deep laterally, obsolete centrally, posterior groove absent; pronotal disc slightly convex, slightly impressed along midline, sparsely punctate and pubescent except the midline, punctures finer than on vertex; lateral margin expanded from apex to base; each basal angle produced as a blunt tubercle. Scutellum trapezoid, slightly emarginate at apex, sparsely punctate and pubescent.

FIGURES 17–24. Lectotype of Temnaspis flavicornis Jacoby, 1892, female: 17, dorsal; 18, ventral; 19, head, anterior; 20, teeth of right hind femur, ventral; 21, labels attached to specimen. Syntype of Temnaspis bidentata Pic, 1922: 22, dorsal; 23, lateral; 24, labels attached to specimen. Scale line = 5.0 mm. (Figs 17–18, 22–23); scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 19–20).

384 · Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press LI ET AL. FIGURES 25–28. Holotype of Temnaspis nigriceps Baly, 1859: 25, dorsal; 26, lateral; 27, head, anterior; 28, labels attached to specimen. Scale line = 5.0 mm. (Figs 25–26); scale line = 1.0 mm. (Fig. 27).

FIGURES 29–32. Syntype of Temnaspis nigripennis Jacoby, 1889: 29, dorsal; 30, ventral; 31, head, anterior; 32, labels attached to specimen. Scale line = 5.0 mm. (Figs 29–30); scale line = 1.0 mm (Fig. 31).

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TEMNASPIS Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 385 FIGURES 33–38. Syntype of Temnaspis insignis Baly, 1859: 33, dorsal; 34, labels attached to specimen. Temnaspis insignis Baly from Yunnan (China): 35, head, anterior; Temnaspis omeiensis (Gressitt, 1942) from Sichuan (China), female: 36, head, anterior view; 37, dorsal view; 38, ventral view. Scale line = 5.0 mm. (Figs 33, 37–38); scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 35–36).

FIGURES 39–44. Pronotum of Temnaspis species. 39, holotype of Temnaspis puae sp. nov.; 40, lectotype of Temnaspis flavicornis Jacoby, 1892; 41, Temnaspis omeiensis (Gressitt, 1942) from Sichuan (China); 42, syntype of Temnaspis nigriceps Baly, 1859; 43, syntype of Temnaspis insignis Baly, 1859; 44, syntype of Temnaspis nigripennis Jacoby, 1889. Scale line = 1.0 mm.

EL/EW = 1.4–1.7, elytral humeri broad, projecting antero-laterally; elytra laterally narrowed behind the humeri; apices rounded, divergent at the suture; disc convex, shiny, finely punctate and pubescent; epipleura finely punctate and pubescent. Metaventrite sparsely punctate and pubescent, each side raised to a prominent conical tubercle. Hind femora swollen, venter with two teeth on outer apex, basal one longer than apical one, lacking teeth on inner surface (Figs 18, 20, 23); hind tibiae curved in male, less so in female. Abdomen: Apex of last abdominal sternite concave in female, rounded in male. Median lobe flattened, curved in lateral view (Fig. 45), sides and apex strongly sclerotised, dorsocentral portion membranous, sides parallel, apex triangular (Figs 45–46); median struts rod-shaped, widely separated from each other, 1.8 times as long as median

386 · Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press LI ET AL. lobe (Fig. 45); tegmen trapezoid, basal piece rod-like, tegminal ring gradually narrowed towards parameres, apical margin of parameres with dense setae (Fig. 47); endophallus membranous, with paired elongate stick shaped sclerites at base in repose. Spiculum relictum short, basal portion strongly sclerotised, apical portion rounded, weakly sclerotised. Ovipositor long, base broad, apex narrow, divided into two vaginal palpi, two baculi at each side connected at base, the outer short and weakly sclerotised, the inner long; coxite strongly sclerotised, cylindrical, apical margin with long setae, stylus small and distinct (Fig. 52).

FIGURES 45–50. Male genitalia of Temnaspis species. Temnaspis flavicornis Jacoby from Yunnan (China), male genitalia: 45, median lobe and median struts, lateral; 46, median lobe, dorsal; 47, tegmen, dorsal. Temnaspis nigriceps Baly from Yunnan (China), male genitalia: 48, median lobe, dorsal; 49, median lobe and median struts, lateral; 50, tegmen, dorsal. Scale line = 2.0 mm. (Figs 45, 48); scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 46–47, 49–50).

Distribution. China (Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); India (Assam); Myanmar (Kayin). Remarks. The biology of this species is unknown. Medvedev (2002) synonymized T. bidentata with T. flavicornis and we agree with this action based on photographs of type material (Figs 17–23). There is no significant difference between T. bidentata and T. flavicornis: the conical tubercles on the metaventrite are less developed (Fig. 23) in the former.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TEMNASPIS Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 387 FIGURES 51–53. Temnaspis species, ovipositor, ventral. 51, paratype of Temnaspis puae sp. nov.; 52, Temnaspis flavicornis Jacoby from Yunnan (China); 53, paratype of Temnaspis syringa sp. nov. Abbreviations: Cox: coxite; Sty: stylus. Scale line = 0.5 mm.

Key to Temnaspis species with black elytra from China and adjacent areas

To date, there are four species of Temnaspis with black elytra recorded from China and adjacent areas, as differentiated below.

1. Venter of hind femur with two large teeth at outer side near apex, without tooth at inner apex (Figs 18, 20, 23); vertex flat (Fig. 19) ...... T. flavicornis Jacoby, 1892 - Venter of hind femur with one tooth at outer apex and one tooth at inner apex (Figs 4, 8, 26); vertex more or less depressed (Figs 3, 7, 27, 31, 35) ...... 2 2. Antennae dark, blackish-brown (head wider than pronotum) ...... T. omeiensis (Gressitt, 1942) - Antennae pale, yellow or yellowish-brown ...... 3 3. Pronotum with basal angle produced into a short, distinct tubercle, base wider than the width across the middle (Figs 42–44); eye more prominent and head as wide as or slightly wider than pronotum (Fig. 25); median lobe less curved, with shorter apical lamella (Fig. 48) ...... T. nigriceps Baly, 1859 - Pronotum with basal angle produced into a blunt tubercle, basal width subequal to width across the middle (Fig. 39); eye less prominent (Fig. 1) and head narrower than pronotum; median lobe strongly curved, with longer apical lamella (Fig. 10) ...... T. puae sp. nov.

Material examined. Types (All deposited in IZCAS except otherwise noticed). Holotype: m / CHINA, Beijing, Yanqing, Zhangshanying Town, Xidazhuangke, Songshan, 40.5071˚N, 115.7928˚E / 780m, 2012.IV.29–30 d, host: Syringa pubescens, leg. H.B. Liang, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Acad. Sci. / Holotype Temnaspis syringa sp. n. des. by K.Q. Li & H.B. Liang, 2012 / [red label] /. Paratypes (39 m and 20 f): 15 m and 4 f, ditto except / Paratype Temnaspis syringa sp. n. des. by K.Q. Li & H.B. Liang, 2012 / [yellow label]; 1 m, ditto except 2012.VI.11 d, leg. K.Q. Li; 7 m and 4 f (deposited in Insect Collection of Beijing Forestry University), ditto except 2012.V.26–VI.5, leg. Beijing Forest. Univ.; 1 f, ditto except 2005.V. 6, leg. D.K. Zhou; 12 m and 3 f / CHINA, Beijing, Mentougou District, Xiaolongmen, 39.9668˚N, 115.4358˚E / 1165m, 2012.V.1 d, host: Syringa pubescens, leg. H.B. Liang, H.L. Shi, K.Q. Li, Inst. of Zool., CAS /; 2 m and 2 f, ditto except 39.6512˚N, 115.4586˚E, 990m; 1 m and 3 f, ditto except 2012.V.11 d. leg. H.B. Liang; 1 f, ditto except Qijia village, 39.9399˚N, 115.4948˚E, 735m, 2012.V.1 d., leg. H.B. Liang; 1 m, ditto except Xiaolongmen, 2003.V.18, leg. D.K. Zhou; 1 f / CHINA, Ningxia Province, Jingwei district, Liupanshan, 1995.VI.11 / Paratype Temnaspis syringa sp. n., des. by K.Q. Li & H.B. Liang, 2012 [yellow label]; 1 f, ditto except CHINA, Shaanxi Province, Huanglong County, Shaqu River, 1979.VI.08, leg. Weixu Hou. Description. BL = 6.0–8.5 mm, BW = 2.3–3.5 mm. Head black, apical margin of labrum and clypeus yellowish-brown, antenna black, pronotum, scutellum and elytra yellowish-brown (slightly reddish-brown in live specimens), prosternum and mesoventrite black, metaventrite black in the middle and brown at sides; abdomen yellowish-brown, legs black except outer part of hind femora brown in a few specimens; pubescence yellow. Head: eyes prominent, inner margin with distinct canthus; vertex coarsely and densely punctate and pubescent, with a small deep median fovea; occiput constricted; clypeus trapezoid, punctate and pubescent laterally; labrum rectangular, sparsely punctate and pubescent; antennae slightly extended beyond elytral bases, antennomeres 1, 3, 4 cylindrical, with long setae, 5–11 strongly flattened and widened, densely pubescent, length of first antennomere 1.5x third antennomere.

FIGURES 54–57. Holotype of Temnaspis syringa sp. nov., male: 54, dorsal; 55, ventral; 56, head, anterior; 57, teeth of right hind femur, ventral. Scale line = 5.0 mm. (Figs 54–55); scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 56–57).

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TEMNASPIS Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 389 FIGURES 58–63. Holotype of Temnaspis syringa sp. nov., male genitalia: 58, aedeagus, lateral; 59, median lobe (Mdl) and median struts (Mds), ventral; 60, median lobe, dorsal; 61, tegmen (Teg), dorsal view; 62, sclerites of endophallus (EdpS), ventral; 63, spiculum relictum (Spi), dorsal. Abbreviations: basal piece (Bpi); endophallus (Edp); parameres (Par); tegminal ring (Tgr). Scale line = 2.0 mm. (Figs 58–59); scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 60–61); scale line = 0.5 mm. (Figs 62–63).

FIGURES 64–65. Habitat of Temnaspis syringa sp. nov.: 64, Beijing, Songshan; 65, Beijing, Xiaolongmen.

FIGURES 69–76. Biology of Temnaspis syringa sp. nov. on Syringa: 69, shoot cut by adult; 70, oviposition hole; 71, chamber and egg; 72, exerted excrement of larva; 73–74, second instar larvae in shoots; 75, robust shoots attacked by larvae; 76, slender shoots attacked by larvae. Scale line = 2.0 mm. (Figs 70–71); scale line = 5.0 mm. (Figs 73–74).

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TEMNASPIS Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 391 FIGURES 77–81. Temnaspis syringa sp. nov., first instar larva: 77, dorsal; 78, ventral; 79, lateral; 80, head, dorsal; 81, head, anterior. Scale line = 1.0 mm (Figs 77–79); scale line = 0.2 mm (Figs 80–81).

FIGURES 82–86. Temnaspis syringa sp. nov., second instar larva: 82, dorsal; 83, ventral; 84, lateral; 85, head, dorsal; 86, head, anterior. Scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 82–84); scale line = 0.2 mm. (Figs 85–86).

392 · Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press LI ET AL. FIGURES 87–91. Temnaspis syringa sp. nov., third instar larva: 87, dorsal; 88, ventral; 89, lateral; 90, head, dorsal; 91, head, anterior view. Scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 87–89); scale line = 0.2 mm. (Figs 90–91).

FIGURES 92–96. Temnaspis syringa sp. nov., fourth instar larva: 92, dorsal; 93, ventral; 94, lateral; 95, head, dorsal; 96, head, anterior. Scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 92–94); scale line = 0.2 mm. (Figs 95–96).

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TEMNASPIS Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 393 FIGURES 97–102. Aprostocetus sp., ectoparasitoid of eggs of Temnaspis syringa sp. nov.: 97–99, larva; 100, pupa, ventral view; 101, adult, dorsal view; 102, adult, lateral view. Scale line = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 103–106. Temnaspis japonica Baly, 1873: 103, labels on holotype; 104, holotype, dorsal; 105–106, specimen from Honshu (Japan), dorsal; and ventral. Scale line = 5.0 mm.

Thorax: PW/PL = 1.1–1.4, PBW/PAW = 1.2–1.4; basal and apical pronotal margins nearly straight; pronotal anterior transverse groove deep laterally, obsolete medially, posterior groove absent; pronotal disc convex, slightly impressed along midline, sparsely punctate and pubescent, punctures sparser than on vertex; lateral margin slightly expanded from apex to base; each basal angle protruding as a short but distinct tubercle. Scutellum trapezoid, apical margin truncate, sparsely punctate. EL/EW = 1.6–1.9; elytral humeri broad, projecting antero-laterally; elytra laterally nearly parallel, apices rounded, divergent at the suture; disc slightly convex, shiny, densely punctate and pubescent; epipleura sparsely punctate and pubescent. Metaventrite sparsely punctate and pubescent, each side raised to a prominent conical tubercle. Hind femora swollen, venter with two large teeth on either side of apex, subequal in length (Figs 55, 57), male with additional median tooth; hind tibia strongly curved in male, weakly so in female (Figs 54–55). Abdomen: Apex of last abdominal sternite concave in female, rounded in male. Median lobe flattened, gradually curved in lateral view (Fig. 58), sides and apex strongly sclerotised, dorsocentral portion membranous (Figs 58–60), sides parallel, apical lamella long, triangular, apex blunt (Fig. 60); median struts rod-shaped, widely separated each from other, twice as long as median lobe (Figs 58–59); tegmen slightly longer than median lobe,

394 · Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press LI ET AL. basal piece short and rod-like, tegminal ring gradually narrowed toward parameres; apical margin of parameres with long dense setae; endophallus membranous with granulated area and paired elongate stick shaped sclerites at base in repose (EdpS, Figs 58–59, 62). Spiculum relictum short, basal portion V-shaped, strongly sclerotised, apical portion rounded, weakly sclerotised (Fig. 63). Ovipositor long, base broad, apex narrow, two baculi fused at their bases at each side, the outer short, the inner long; coxite strongly sclerotised and cylindrical, apical margin with long setae, stylus small and distinct (Fig. 53). Distribution. China (Beijing, Shaanxi, Ningxia). Etymology. The name syringa refers to the host plant genus Syringa (Family Oleaceae) and is a noun in apposition.

FIGURES 107–112. Temnaspis japonica Baly, 1873, from Honshu (Japan), male genitalia: 107, aedeagus, lateral; 108, median lobe and median struts, dorsal; 109, median lobe, dorsal; 110, tegmen, dorsal; 111, sclerites of endophallus, ventral; 112, spiculum relictum, dorsal. Scale line = 2.0 mm. (Figs 107–108); scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 109–110); scale line = 0.5 mm. (Figs 111–112).

Remarks. At the type locality, in 2012 adults of T. syringa sp. nov. emerged in late April, and disappeared in mid June (Figs 64–65). The adults ate young shoots of Syringa pubescens, and mated on the shrubs (Figs 66–68). In mid May, females cut the top off young shoots, made a hole and chamber slightly below the cutting (Figs 69– 70), and laid one egg inside each chamber. The chamber was about 4–5 mm long, and the egg 1.4 mm long and 0.5 mm wide (Fig. 71). After hatching in the chamber, the larva ate inner tissue of the stem, discharging excrement from the hole (Fig. 72). It gradually made a channel in the stem, moving up and down (Figs 73–74). Four instars of larvae were recognized and are illustrated here (Figs 77–96). Head width of each instar is as follows: first = 0.45– 0.50 mm, second = 0.65–0.75 mm, third = 1.00 mm, and fourth = 1.38 mm. Some eggs of T. syringa were ectoparasitized by the larva of Aprostocetus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and gradually became wrinkled (Figs 97–102). The parasitic rate appeared to be high. More than half of eggs examined (26 of 50) were parasitized when we checked Syringa shoots in 2012. Eggs laid in thicker, more robust Syringa shoots seemed less parasitized by Aprostocetus sp. than those laid in slender shoots (Figs 75–76).

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TEMNASPIS Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 395 FIGURES 113–116. Temnaspis nankinea (Pic, 1914) from Henan (China): 113, dorsal; 114, ventral. Paratype of Temnaspis fraxini (Komiya, 1986): 115, dorsal; 116, ventral. Scale line = 5.0 mm.

FIGURES 117–123. Male genitalia of Temnaspis species. Temnaspis nankinea (Pic) from Henan (China): 117, aedeagus, lateral; 118, median lobe, dorsal; 119, tegmen, dorsal. Paratype of Temnaspis fraxini (Komiya): 120, aedeagus, lateral; 121, median lobe, dorsal; 122, apical lamella, dorsal; 123, tegmen, dorsal. Scale line = 2.0 mm. (Figs 117, 120); scale line = 1.0 mm. (Figs 118–119, 121–123).

The new species is only similar to T. japonica Baly, 1873, T. nankinea (Pic, 1914) and T. fraxini (Komiya, 1986), because of their similar colour schemes. The holotype of T. japonica is illustrated here (Figs 103–112). Temnaspis syringa differs from T. japonica in having: all legs black except the outside of hind femora brown in a

396 · Zootaxa 3737 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press LI ET AL. few specimens (hind tibiae more or less yellow, apex of femora yellow in T. japonica); labrum and clypeus only yellow at apical margin (all yellow in T. japonica); subapical portion of median lobe thin in lateral view (Fig. 58), gradually narrowed to apex (thick, abruptly narrowed in T. japonica; Fig. 107); apical lamella of media lobe (Fig. 58) long (short in T. japonica; Fig. 107); granulated area of EdpS (Fig. 62) long (granulated area short in T. japonica; Fig. 111). Furthermore, the host plant of T. syringa is Syringa pubescens, while the host plant of T. japonica in Japan is Fraxinus sieboldiana, Ligustrum japonicum, and L. obtusifolium (Chûjô & Kimoto, 1961) Temnaspis syringa is also similar to T. nankinea, a specimen of which is illustrated here (Figs 113–114, 117– 118). Temnaspis syringa differs by having: pronotum, scutellum and elytra brown, metaventrite more or less yellow (pronotum and scutellum black, elytra yellowish-brown, metaventrite black in T. nankinea; Figs 113–114); median lobe blunt at apex (median lobe sharp at apex in T. nankinea; Figs 117–118). Temnaspis syringa can be distinguished from T. fraxini by having pronotum brown, prosternum and metepisternum black (pronotum with black area, prosternum and metepisternum yellow in T. fraxini), and apical lamella long (apical lamella short in T. fraxini, Figs 115–116, 120–122).

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Professor Peiyu Yu (IZCAS) for valuable help to our Megalopodidae study; Dr Masakazu Hayashi (Hoshizaki Green Foundation, Japan), Dr Shigehiko Shiyake (Osaka Museum of Natural History, Japan), Mr Hiroaki Konno (Sendai City, Japan) for loan of Temnaspis japonica Jacoby; Dr Masakazu Hayashi for valuable comments on an early draft; Dr Maria Tavano and Dr Roberto Poggi (MSNG) for loan of T. flavicornis Jacoby and T. nigripennis Jacoby, 1889; Dr Hongliang Shi (IZCAS) and Dr Li Ren (IZCAS) for taking photographs of type specimens of T. insignis, T. nigriceps and T. bidentata; Dr Dong Zhang (Beijing Forestry University, China) for presenting 11 specimens of T. syringa; Mr Dakang Zhou (Beijing Botanical Garden, China) for loan of specimens and locality information of T. syringa; Dr Chaodong Zhu (IZCAS) for determining the parasitic wasp of Temnaspis syringa; Dr Siqin Ge for providing important literatures. This work is supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31172047) and Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (grant No. 201103022).

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