Langford's Basic Photography
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Langford’s Basic Photography Dedicated to Michael and P. Langford Langford’s Basic Photography The guide for serious photographers Ninth edition Michael Langford FBIPP, HonFRPS Formerly Photography Course Director Royal College of Art, London Anna Fox Professor of Photography University for the Creative Arts, Farnham Richard Sawdon Smith Reader in Photography Associate Dean Postgraduate University for the Creative Arts, Epsom & Farnham Contributors Peter Renn Senior Lecturer University for the Creative Arts, Farnham Christian Nolle Freelance Photographer and Designer First published 1995 This edition published 2013 by Focal Press 70 Blanchard Road, Suite 402, Burlington, MA 01803 Simultaneously published in the UK by Focal Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Focal Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2000 Michael Langford. Copyright © 2008, 2010, Anna Fox and Richard Sawdon Smith. Published by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. The rights of Michael Langford, Anna Fox and Richard Sawdon Smith to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Control Number: 2010924052 ISBN 13: 978-0-240-52168-8 (pbk) Contents Picture credits xii Foreword xiii Introduction xv Whatisphotography? 1 1 Why photography? 1 How photography works 3 Picture structuring 9 The roles photographs play 11 Changing attitudes towards photography 15 Personal styles and approaches 22 Measuring success 25 Summary 29 Projects 30 Light:howimagesareformed 31 2 Light itself 31 Wavelengths and colours 32 Shadows 33 When light reaches a surface 35 Light intensity and distance 39 Making light form images 40 Summary 45 Projects 46 Lenses:controllingtheimage 47 3 Photographic lenses 47 Aperture and f-numbers 50 Depth of field 52 How depth of field works 55 Depth of focus 58 Image stabilization 59 Lenses for digital cameras 59 Lens care 61 Summary 62 Projects 63 v CONTENTS Camerasusingfilm 64 4 The essential components 64 Camera types – which is best? 73 How view cameras work 76 How direct viewfinder cameras work 78 How reflex cameras work 83 Summary 90 Projects 91 Usingdifferentfocallengthlenses,camerakits 92 5 Why change focal length? 92 Lens kits 100 Close-up equipment 106 Essentials and extras 109 Right for the job 111 Summary 112 Projects 113 Digitalcameras 114 6 How are digital images captured? 114 File formats 122 Digital cameras 126 Summary 130 Projects 130 vi CONTENTS Lighting:principlesandequipment 131 7 Basic characteristics of lighting 131 Lighting equipment 140 Practical lighting problems 149 Special subjects 153 Summary 157 Projects 158 Organisingthepicture 159 8 Noticing subject features 159 Structuring pictures through the camera 175 Where photographs go 184 Summary 194 Projects 195 Films,filters 196 9 Silver halide emulsions 196 Features common to all films 199 Choosing films for black and white 206 Films for colour photography 209 Storing film – before and after exposure 214 So which film is ‘best’? 215 Filters – how they work 217 Filter kits 228 Summary 230 Projects 231 vii CONTENTS Exposuremeasurement 232 10 Factors that determine what exposure to give 232 Exposing different film types 235 Measuring exposure (continuous light) 239 Practical exposure tips 250 Measuring exposure for flash 252 Practical flash exposure tips 258 Summary 262 Projects 263 Filmprocessing 264 11 Equipment and general preparations 264 Processing black and white (silver image) negatives 273 Processing chromogenic (colour and black and white) negatives 278 Processing colour slides and transparencies 281 Processing other film materials 283 Processing by machine 284 Permanence of processed results 285 Summary 287 Projects 288 Blackandwhiteprinting:facilitiesandequipment 289 12 Darkroom organisation 289 Equipment: the enlarger 292 Printing papers 299 Safelighting and printing paper sensitivity 305 Processing procedure 306 Summary 312 Projects 313 viii CONTENTS Blackandwhiteprinting:techniques 314 13 Making contact prints 314 ‘Straight’ enlarging 317 Controls during enlarging 319 Variations 323 Common print faults 330 Chemical afterwork 330 Toning 332 Tinting 334 Retouching 335 Permanence and archiving 336 Summary 339 Projects 340 Thedigitalimage:post-production 341 14 Overview 342 Hardware 342 Software 345 Organising your work 345 Saving your digital file 348 Basic editing 350 Advanced editing 359 Summary 378 Projects 379 Finishingandpresentingwork 380 15 The permanence of prints 380 Mounting methods and framing 381 Spotting 384 Getting your work noticed 385 Pictures on the World Wide Web 390 Building your own site 390 How to get connected 393 Summary 394 Projects 395 ix CONTENTS Appendices 396 Appendix A: Optical calculations 396 Appendix B: Camera movements 397 Appendix C: Expressing film response 405 Appendix D: Chemical formulae 409 Appendix E: Health and safety concerns 414 Appendix F: Digital notebook 415 Appendix G: Photography timeline 417 Glossary 429 Index 457 x he first edition of this book, in 1965, was Michael Langford’s first published title. In its ninth edition Anna Fox and Richard Sawdon Smith have brought his coverage of Tphotography right up to date with contributions from Peter Renn and Christian Nolle. This is a classic text and every photographer’s bible. Much of Michael’s original text remains and the spirit of the new texts ensure that his influence lives on, providing guidance to everyone who shares a great passion for photography and wants to learn more. xi Picturecredits Cover image: Shiho Kito. Picture research: Natasha Caruana Figure 1.2 Vic Muniz. Courtesy of Sikkema Jenkins & Co. 1.7 Brian Griffin. 1.8 Gareth McConnell. 1.9 Henri Cartier-Bresson/Magnum Photos. 1.10 © 1984 The estate of Gary Winogrand, Courtesy Fraenkl Gallery, San Francisco. 1.11 Joel Meyerowitz. 1.12 Christopher Stewart. 1.13 Joan Fontcuberta. 1.14 Sir Francis Galton, UCL (University College London), Special Collections. 1.15 Jason Evans. 1.16, 13.16, 13.17, 13.18, 13.19, 13.20, 13.21, 13.23, 13.27, 13.28 Richard Sawdon Smith. 1.18 Eadweard Muybridge. Gift of the Sid and Diana Avery Trust. 1.19 Robert Demachy. 1.24 Stephen Dalton (DHPA). 1.28 Uta Barth. Courtesy of the artist; Tanya Bonakdar Gallery. New York; and ACME, Los Angeles. 1.29 Hiroshi Sugimoto. 2.1 Science & Technology Picture Library. 2.10(a), 3.7, 3.15, 3.19, 4.11, 5.2, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, 5.11, 5.16, 5.18(bottom), 5.20, 7.4, 7.7, 9.25, 9.27, 9.34, 9.36, 11.1, 11.5, 12.20 Peter Renn. 5.7 Walker Evans. 6.4, 8.6, 8.29, 14.34, 14.20, 14.29, 14.30, 14.21, 14.41, 14.35, 14.25b, 15.8, 15.9 Christian Nolle. 7.21 Robert Freson, Sunday Times Magazine. 8.1 Elliott Erwitt Magnum. 8.2, 8.7, 8.8, 8.27 Library of Congress. 8.3, 8.15, 8.25, 8.30, 8.37, 15.7(d) Anna Fox. 8.4 Mark Bolland. 3.12, 8.5(b), 8.35, 15.7(b) Natasha Caruana. 8.9 Paul Seawright. 8.10 Edward Weston ©1981 Arizona Board of Regents. 8.11 Bill Brandt © Bill Brandt Archive Ltd at www.billbrandt.com. 8.13 Susan Lipper. 8.14 Martin Parr/Magnum Photos. 8.16 Hunter Kennedy. Shot after a full day of rain at the end of October. Canon equipment, Fuji Film. 8.17, 8.36 Roger Bool. 8.20 Pierre Stoffel. 8.21 Bruce Gilden/ Magnum Photos. 8.22 Daniel Meadows from the exhibition ‘The Free Photographic Omnibus, National Portraits: Now & Then’. 8.32 Collections/Fay Godwin. 8.28 Anthony Haughey. 8.31 Paul Reas from the book I Can Help published by Cornerhouse Publications. 8.38(a), 8.40 Jason Evans. Styling by Simon Foxton. 8.38(b) Martin Salter. 8.42 Benjamin Stone. Courtesy of Birmingham City Library. 8.43 Trish Morrisey. 8.44 Jo Spence Collection, Jo Spence Archive London. 9.1 Courtesy Eastman Kodak Company. 13.22 © Man Ray Trust/ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London 2010. 13.24 Melanie Manchot, Courtesy Fred (London) and Goff & Rosenthal, New York. 14.1 Jeff Wall. 14.41 Pedro Vincente. 15.7(a) Maya Oklund. 15.10 © Masumi Hayashi. B.4 ©National Trust Photographic Library/John Bethell. All other pictures by Michael Langford. Special thanks to Val Williams. xii Foreword book like Langford’s Basic Photography is a fantastic introduction to a wonderful subject. I can’t see how my life could have been anywhere near as full or as rich as it has been A without photography. It’s been everything to me, the electricity in my life, the way to communicate with people, to fall in love, to vent my displeasure at the world, to articulate every fibre of my feeling. Photographing has allowed me to express all of this and to make some sense of it. Photography’s power is as a passport: it gives you permission to participate in a whole series of situations in life that you wouldn’t be allowed in normally. Whether it’s a car crash or a presidential election, society immediately accepts you into this event because you are a photographer.