Dictionary: Know Your Resistors
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TPC NTC/PTC Thermistors Contents NTC/PTC Thermistors
A KYOCERA GROUP COMPANY TPC NTC/PTC Thermistors Contents NTC/PTC Thermistors NTC THERMISTORS General Characteristics . 2 Application Notes . 6 Selection Guide . 8 Ordering Code . 9 NTC SMD Thermistors NC 12 - NC 20 . 10 With Nickel Barrier Termination NB 12 - NB 20 - NB 21. 12 NTC Accurate . 14 NJ 28 - NI 28 - NK 20 . 14 NTC Disc Thermistors General Purpose: ND 03 / Professional: NV 03 . 16 General Purpose: ND 06 / Professional: NV 06 . 18 General Purpose: ND 09 / Professional: NV 09 . 20 NTC Leadless Disc Thermistors . 22 Insulated Metal Case: NM 06. 24 Table of Values: NM 06 . 25 NTC Inrush Current Limiters Thermistors NF 08 - 10 - 13 - 15 - 20 . 26 Resistance Temperature Characteristics. 32 PTC THERMISTORS General Characteristics / Electrical Characteristics . 36 Application Notes . 38 Selection Guide . 40 Ordering Code . 41 PTC Disc Thermistors PE – PG . 42 PE – PS . 46 Industrial and Automotive . 47 Resistance – Temperature Characteristics. 48 Current – Voltage Characteristics. 49 Manufacturing Process . 50 Reliability . 51 Packaging . 52 As we are anxious that our customers should benefit from the latest developments in the technology and standards, AVX reserves the right to modify the characteristics published in this brochure. NOTICE: Specifications are subject to change without notice. Contact your nearest AVX Sales Office for the latest specifications. All statements, information and data given herein are believed to be accurate and reliable, but are presented without guarantee, warranty, or responsibility of any kind, expressed or implied. Statements or suggestions concerning possible use of our products are made without representation or warranty that any such use is free of patent infringement and are not recommendations to infringe any patent. -
The Engineer's Guide to Temperature Sensing
The Engineer’s Guide to Temperature Sensing Temperature sensor design challenges and solutions ranging from thermistors to multi-channel remote-sensor ICs Table of contents Preface Chapter 4: Body temperature monitoring Message from the editors . 3 Design challenges of wearable temperature sensing . 17 Additional resources to explore . 4 Chapter 5: Fluid temperature monitoring Chapter 1: Temperature sensing fundamentals RTD replacement in heat meters using Introduction . 5 digital temperature sensors . 20 Chapter 2: System temperature monitoring Chapter 6: Threshold detection Section 2 .1 How to monitor board temperature . 7 How to protect control systems from thermal damage . 23 Section 2 .2 High-performance processor die temperature monitoring . 9 Chapter 7: Temperature compensation Chapter 3: Ambient temperature monitoring and calibration Section 3 .1 Layout considerations for accurately Section 7 .1 Temperature compensation using measuring ambient temperature . 12 high-accuracy temperature sensors . 26 Section 3 .2 Efficient cold-chain management Section 7 .2 Methods to calibrate temperature with scalable temperature sensors . 14 monitoring systems . 28 Temperature monitoring and protection 2 Texas Instruments Preface: Message from the editors Introduction • Temperature protection: Several applications In designing personal electronics, industrial or medical require action once the system goes above or below applications, engineers must address some of the same functional temperature thresholds. Temperature challenges: how to increase performance, add features sensors provide output alerts upon the detection of and shrink form factors. Along with these considerations, defined conditions to prevent system damage. It is they must carefully monitor temperature to ensure safety possible to enhance processor throughput without and protect systems and consumers from harm. compromising system reliability. -
Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistors
WHITE PAPER NEGATIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT THERMISTORS Gregg J. Lavenuta CHARACTERISTICS, MATERIALS, AND CONFIGURATIONS After time, temperature is the variable most frequently measured. The three most common types of contact electronic temperature sensors in use today are thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermistors. This article will examine the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. GENERAL PROPERTIES AND FEATURES NTC thermistors offer many desirable features for temperature measurement and control within their operating temperature range. Although the word thermistor is derived from THERMally sensitive resISTOR, the NTC thermistor can be more accurately classified as a ceramic semiconductor. The most prevalent types of thermistors are glass bead, disc, and chip configurations (see Figure 1), and the following discussion focuses primarily on those technologies. Figure 1. NTC thermistors are Temperature Ranges and Resistance Values NTC thermistors exhibit a decrease in manufactured in a variety of sizes electrical resistance with increasing temperature. Depending on the materials and and configurations. The chips methods of fabrication, they are generally used in the temperature range of -50°C to at the top of the photo can be 150°C, and up to 300°C for some glass-encapsulated units. The resistance value of a used as surface mount devices thermistor is typically referenced at 25°C (abbreviated as R25). For most applications, the or attached to different types of R25 values are between 100 Ω and 100 kΩ. Other R25 values as low as 10 Ω and as high insulated or uninsulated wire leads. as 40 MΩ can be produced, and resistance values at temperature points other than 25°C The thermistor element is usually can be specified. -
Article on Resistance Thermometry
Article on Resistance Thermometry PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS AND THERMISTOR Resistance thermometers and Thermistor are temperature sensors, which changes there electrical resistance with temperature. The superior sensitivity and stability of these devices, in comparison to thermocouples, give them important advantages in low and intermediate temperature ranges. In addition, resistive devices often simplify control and readout electronics. Resistance thermometers are specified primarily for accuracy and stability from cryogenic levels to the melting points of metals. They are accurate over a wide temperature range and may be used to sense temperatures over a large area, and are highly standardized. The standard platinum resistance thermometer is specified by the ITS-90 (International Temperature Scale of 1990) to interpolate between fixed points in the range 13.80K (-259.35°C) to 1234.93K (961.78°C). RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS Resistance thermometers may be called as RTDs (resistance temperature detectors), PRT's (platinum resistance thermometers), or SPRT's (standard platinum resistance thermometers). These thermometers operate on the principle that, electrical resistance changes in pure metal elements, relative to temperature. The traditional sensing element of a resistance thermometer consists of a coil of small diameter wire wound to a precise resistance value. The most common material is platinum, although nickel, copper, and nickel-iron alloys compete with platinum in many applications. A relatively recent alternative to the wire-wound RTD substitutes a thin film of platinum or nickel-iron, which is deposited on a ceramic substrate and lasertrimmed to the desired resistance. Thin film elements attain high resistances with less metal, thereby lowering cost. RESISTANCE/TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS Resistance thermometers exhibit the most linear signal with respect to temperature of any sensing device. -
ABSTRACT Title of Document: PROGNOSTICS of POLYMER
ABSTRACT Title of Document: PROGNOSTICS OF POLYMER POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT RESETTABLE FUSES Shunfeng Cheng, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), 2011 Directed By: Professor Michael G. Pecht Department of Mechanical Engineering Polymer positive-temperature-coefficient (PPTC) resettable fuse has been used to circuit-protection designs in computers, automotive circuits, telecommunication devices, and medical devices. PPTC resettable fuse can trip from low resistance to high resistance under over-current conditions. The increase in the resistance decreases the current and protects the circuit. After the abnormal current is removed, and/or power is switched off, the fuse resets to low resistance stage, and can be continuously operated in the circuit. The resettable fuse degrades with the operations resulting in loss or abnormal function of the protection of circuit. This thesis is focused on the prognostics methods for resettable fuses to provide an advance warning of failure and to predict the remaining useful life. The failure precursor parameters are determined first by systematic analysis using failure modes, mechanisms, and effects analysis (FMMEA) followed by a series of experiments to verify these parameters. Then the causes of the observed failures are determined by failure analyses, including the analyses of interconnections between different parts, the microstructures of the polymer composite, the properties (such as crystallinity) of the polymer composite, and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of different parts. The revealed failure causes include the cracks and gaps between different parts, the agglomerations of the carbon black particles, the change in crystallinity of the polymer composite, and the CTE-mismatches between different parts. Cross validation (CV) sequential probability ratio test (CVSPRT) is developed to detect anomalies. -
Electronic Devices & Circuits Ii B.Tech I Semester
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS II B.TECH I SEMESTER (COMMON FOR ECE/CSE/IT) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India (Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade - ISO 9001:2008 Certified) Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via Hakimpet), Secunderabad – 500100 PREPARED BY Mr K.MALLIKARJUNA LINGAM, Mr R.CHINNA RAO, Mr E.MAHENDAR REDDY, Mr V SHIVA RAJKUMAR Dr.S.SRINIVASA RAO (R15A0401) ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS OBJECTIVES This is a fundamental course, basic knowledge of which is required by all the circuit branch engineers .this course focuses: 1. To familiarize the student with the principal of operation, analysis and design of junction diode .BJT and FET transistors and amplifier circuits. 2. To understand diode as a rectifier. 3. To study basic principal of filter of circuits and various types UNIT-I P-N Junction diode: Qualitative Theory of P-N Junction, P-N Junction as a diode , diode equation , volt- amper characteristics temperature dependence of V-I characteristic , ideal versus practical –resistance levels( static and dynamic), transition and diffusion capacitances, diode equivalent circuits, load line analysis ,breakdown mechanisms in semiconductor diodes , zener diode characteristics. Special purpose electronic devices: Principal of operation and Characteristics of Tunnel Diode with the help of energy band diagrams, Varactar Diode, SCR and photo diode UNIT-II RECTIFIERS, FILTERS: P-N Junction as a rectifier ,Half wave rectifier, , full wave rectifier, Bridge rectifier , Harmonic components in a rectifier circuit, Inductor filter, Capacitor filter, L- section filt - section filter and comparison of various filter circuits, Voltage regulation using zener diode. -
Resistance Thermometry: Principles and Applications of Resistance Thermometers and Thermistors
Resistance Thermometry: Principles and Applications of Resistance Thermometers and Thermistors Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................................................Page 3 Resistance Thermometers...................................................................................................................................................................Page 3 Resistance/Temperature Characteristics ................................................................................................................................Page 3 Platinum .......................................................................................................................................................................................Page 3 Copper ..........................................................................................................................................................................................Page 5 Nickel-Iron ...................................................................................................................................................................................Page 5 Nickel .............................................................................................................................................................................................Page 6 DIN Nickel ....................................................................................................................................................................................Page -
Unit-II BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR INTRODUCTION
Unit-II BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR INTRODUCTION The transistor was developed by Dr.Shockley along with Bell Laboratories team in 1951 The transistor is a main building block of all modern electronic systems It is a three terminal device whose output current, voltage and power are controlled by its input current In communication systems it is the primary component in the amplifier An amplifier is a circuit that is used to increase the strength of an ac signal Basically there are two types of transistors Bipolar junction transistor Field effect transistor The important property of the transistor is that it can raise the strength of a weak signal This property is called amplification Transistors are used in digital computers, satellites, mobile phones and other communication systems, control systems etc., A transistor consists of two P-N junction The junction are formed by sand witching either p-type or n-type semiconductor layers between a pair of opposite types which is shown below Fig: transistor TRANSISTOR CONSTRUCTION A transistor has three regions known as emitter, base and collector Emitter: it is aregion situated in one side of a transistor, which supplies charge carriers (ie., electrons and holes) to the other two regions Emitter is heavily doped region Base: It is the middle region that forms two P-N junction in the transistor The base of the transistor is thin as compared to the emitter and is alightly doped region Collector: It is aregion situated in the other side of a transistor (ie., side opposite to the