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Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales Universidad FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PAMPA TESINA PRESENTADA PARA OBTENER EL GRADO ACADEMICO DE LICENCIADA EN CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS “RELEVAMIENTO DE AGARICALES (BASIDIOMYCOTA) EN ÁREAS RURALES DE TRENQUE LAUQUEN, PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES” Belen Rocío Ostertag SANTA ROSA, LA PAMPA ARGENTINA 2016 PREFACIO Esta Tesina es presentada como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado Académico de Licenciatura en Ciencias Biológicas, de la Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, y no ha sido presentada previamente para la obtención de otro título en esta Universidad ni en otra Institución Académica. Se llevó a cabo en el campo de enseñanza de la UNLPam, en el Laboratorio de Botánica Plantas Celulares/Ficología del Departamento de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, durante el período comprendido entre el 4 de Marzo de 2016 y el 16 de Diciembre de 2016, bajo la dirección de Dra. Bazán, Graciela Inés y bajo la codirección de Dra. Galea, María José. AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales- UNLPam por las herramientas cognitivas, edilicias y económicas brindadas para la realización de esta tesina. A mi directora, Dra. Graciela Inés Bazán, por sus invaluables enseñanzas, preciado tiempo y admirable dedicación; y a mi codirectora, Dra. María José Galea, por su asesoramiento, sus correcciones y lúcidas sugerencias. A la Comisión de Tesina, Dra. Graciela I. Bazán, Dra. Susana Álvarez, Lic. Cristina Cardonatto, Dra. Andrea Biasotti, Lic. Graciela Alfonzo, Dra. María José Galea, por sus correcciones y aportes al trabajo. Al Laboratorio de Hongos Agaricales, FCEN-UBA, por las herramientas, conocimientos y sugerencias brindados. A mis padres, Susana y Hugo, por sus invaluables consejos, paciencia, amor y confianza. Por la posibilidad de estudiar una carrera universitaria y de esta forma superarme personalmente realizando lo que me gusta. A mis hermanos, Juan Pablo y Ariel, y sus compañeras de vida, Marina y Nora, por su apoyo, compañía, amistad y cariño brindado. A mis sobrinos Luís y Alma, y mis abuelos. A mis amigas y compañeras de carrera y de vida, Verónica y Laura, por los momentos compartidos, su amistad y apoyo cotidiano. A Andrés por su amor, compañía y paciencia. A mis amigas y amigos que siempre han estado presentes antes y durante la carrera. A mis futuros colegas que seguirán formándome como persona y futura bióloga. 16 de Diciembre de 2016 _________________ Belen Rocío Ostertag DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PAMPA RESUMEN Los hongos cumplen un rol fundamental en los ecosistemas por su labor en el reciclaje de nutrientes y en la formación de suelos. La diversidad y estructura de las poblaciones fúngicas están íntimamente relacionadas con la composición de la biota del ecosistema. El objetivo de la presente contribución es identificar Agaricales recolectados en un ecosistema agrícola-ganadero de la zona subhúmeda de la Región Pampeana. Durante los años 2012-2013 y 2015-2016 se realizaron campañas de recolección de setas de macromicetos en dos establecimientos agropecuarios, localizados en el extremo oeste de la Región Pampeana. La morfología de los basidiomas fue estudiada a nivel macroscópico por medio de observaciones a ojo desnudo, lupa binocular y fotografías, y microscópicamente mediante microscopio óptico con cámara clara y microfotografías. Para la determinación taxonómica se usaron técnicas propias del grupo y se consultó bibliografía específica estándar y regional. El análisis de los caracteres permitió determinar 21 taxa pertenecientes al orden Agaricales. Se citan por primera vez 4 especies para la Región Pampeana: Coprinopsis nivea, C. cothurnata, Panaeolus subfirmus y Psilocybe aff. cyanescens. Estas citas actualizan y amplían el área de distribución a la llanura de la Región Pampeana. SUMMARY Fungi play a key role in ecosystems due to their work in nutrient recycling and soil formation. The diversity and structure of fungal populations are intimately related to the composition of the ecosystem biota. The objective of this contribution is to identify Agaricales collected in an agricultural-livestock ecosystem of the sub-humid zone of the Pampean Region. During the years 2012-2013 and 2015-2016, Macromyctus arrows harvesting campaigns were carried out in two farms located in the extreme west of the Pampean Region. The morphology of basidiomas was studied at macroscopic level through naked eye observations, binocular magnifying glass and photographs, and microscopically by light microscope with clear camera and microphotographs. For taxonomic determination, specific techniques for the group were used and standard and regional specific bibliography was consulted. The analysis of the characters allowed to determine 21 taxa pertaining to the Order Agaricales. There are four species cited for the first time in the Pampean Region: Coprinopsis nivea, C. cothurnata, Panaeolus subfirmus and Psilocybe aff. cyanescens. These citations update and expand the distribution area to the plain of the Pampean Region. ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO I Introducción y antecedentes sobre el tema en estudio....................................1 1.1.- Introducción.......................................................................................................2 1.2.- Objetivos, hipótesis y organización de la Tesina...............................................5 1.2.1.- Objetivo general ......................................................................................5 1.2.2.- Objetivos específicos...............................................................................5 1.2.3.- Hipótesis..................................................................................................5 CAPÍTULO II Características generales del Orden Agaricales ............................................6 2.1.- Macromorfología ...............................................................................................7 2.1.1.- Basidioma, basidiocarpo o esporocarpo..................................................7 2.1.2.- Píleo.........................................................................................................9 2.1.3.- Estípite...................................................................................................10 2.2.- Micromorfología..............................................................................................11 2.2.1.- Esporas ..................................................................................................11 2.3.- Ciclo de vida....................................................................................................12 2.4.- Nutrición..........................................................................................................13 2.5.- Importancia del grupo......................................................................................14 2.6.- Distribución .....................................................................................................15 2.7.- Aspectos económicos y culturales de Agaricales ............................................15 2.8.- Taxonomía y sistemática de Agaricales ..........................................................17 CAPÍTULO III Materiales y Métodos.................................................................................20 3.1.- Métodos ...........................................................................................................21 3.1.1.- Área de estudio......................................................................................21 3.1.2.- Sitios de muestreo .................................................................................22 3.2.- Diseño del muestreo ........................................................................................23 3.3.- Extracción y conservación de las muestras .....................................................23 3.3.1- Caracterización macroscópica de los basidiocarpos ..............................23 3.3.2.- Caracterización microscópica de los basidiocarpos ..............................24 2.3.3.- Taxonomía.............................................................................................24 CAPITULO IV Resultados..................................................................................................26 I 4.1.- Taxonomía .......................................................................................................27 4.1.1.- Familia Agaricaceae..............................................................................28 4.1.2.- Familia Bolbitiaceae..............................................................................35 4.1.3.- Familia Hymenogastraceae ...................................................................37 4.1.4.- Familia Marasmiaceae...........................................................................40 4.1.5.- Familia Psathyrallaceae.........................................................................42 4.1.6.- Familia Pluteaceae.................................................................................48 4.1.7.- Familia Strophariaceae..........................................................................49 4.1.8.- Familia Tricholomataceae .....................................................................51 4.2.- Abundancia y diversidad de basidiocarpos......................................................56 4.2.1.- Determinación cuantitativa de especies de Agaricales de acuerdo al establecimiento y estación del año ...............................................................................56
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