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Syst Parasitol (2017) 94:151–157 DOI 10.1007/s11230-016-9688-y Some remarks on the distribution and dispersion of Coccidia from icterid birds in South America: Isospora guaxi n. sp. and Isospora bellicosa Upton, Stamper & Whitaker, 1995 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the red-rumped cacique Cacicus haemorrhous (L.) (Passeriformes: Icteridae) in southeastern Brazil Lidiane Maria da Silva . Mariana Borges Rodrigues . Irlane Faria de Pinho . Bruno do Bomfim Lopes . Hermes Ribeiro Luz . Ildemar Ferreira . Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes . Bruno Pereira Berto Received: 27 May 2016 / Accepted: 19 November 2016 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract A new species of coccidian, Isospora guaxi residuum are absent, but a polar granule is present. n. sp., and Isospora bellicosa Upton, Stamper & Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, measuring on average Whitaker, 1995 (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) 19.3 9 13.8 lm. Stieda body is knob-like and sub- are recorded from red-rumped caciques Cacicus haem- Stieda body is prominent and compartmentalized. orrhous (L.) in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Brazil. Sporocyst residuum is composed of scattered granules. Isospora guaxi n. sp. has sub-spheroidal oo¨cysts, mea- Sporozoites are vermiform, with one refractile body and suring on average 30.9 9 29.0 lm, with smooth, bi- anucleus.Isospora bellicosa has sub-spheroidal to layered wall c.1.9 lm thick. Micropyle and oo¨cyst ovoidal oo¨cysts, measuring on average 27.1 9 25.0 lm, with smooth, bi-layered wall c.1.5 lm thick. Micropyle and oo¨cyst residuum are absent, but one or two polar L. M. da Silva Á M. B. Rodrigues Á I. F. de Pinho Programa de Po´s-Graduac¸a˜o em Cieˆncias Veterina´rias, granules are present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, measur- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465 ingonaverage18.19 10.9 lm. Stieda body is knob- km 7, Serope´dica, Rio de Janeiro 23897-000, Brazil like and sub-Stieda body is rounded to rectangular. Sporocyst residuum is composed of a cluster of compact B. do Bomfim Lopes Programa de Po´s-graduac¸a˜o em Cieˆncia, Tecnologia e or diffuse granules. Sporozoites are vermiform, with one Inovac¸a˜o em Agropecua´ria, Universidade Federal Rural refractile body and a nucleus. Isospora bellicosa was do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465 km 7, Serope´dica, originally described from the Peruvian meadowlark Rio de Janeiro 23897-000, Brazil Sturnella bellicosa deFilippi, a trans-Andean icterid H. R. Luz Á C. W. G. Lopes which is allopatric with the cis-Andean C. haemorrhous. Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Therefore, in conclusion, this current study reveals the Veterina´ria, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de dispersion of coccidia from Icteridae across the Andes Janeiro, BR-465 km 7, Serope´dica, Mountains, besides describing the sixth isosporoid Rio de Janeiro 23897-000, Brazil coccidium infecting an icterid bird. I. Ferreira Á B. P. Berto (&) Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Cieˆncias Introduction Biolo´gicas e da Sau´de, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465 km 7, Serope´dica, Rio de Janeiro 23897-000, Brazil The red-rumped cacique, Cacicus haemorrhous (L.) e-mail: [email protected] belongs to the family Icteridae. It occurs exclusively in 123 152 Syst Parasitol (2017) 94:151–157 Neotropical forests of the Amazon region; southeast individual boxes and feces collected immediately after and midwest regions of Brazil; Paraguay; northeastern defecation. After identification of the species, the bird Argentina; Colombia; and east of the Andes (Parkes, was released and stool samples were placed in cen- 1970; BirdLife International, 2015; IUCN, 2015). This trifuge tubes containing a potassium dichromate 2.5% species breeds in colonies, weaving nests in the form (K2Cr2O7) solution at 1:6 (v/v). Samples were carried to of suspended bag at the end of tree branches (Feekes, the Laborato´rio de Biologia de Coccı´dios, Universidade 1981; Sick, 1997). Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Samples were Species of the family Icteridae are widely dis- incubated at room temperature for one week. Oo¨cysts tributed, but restricted to the New World, with were isolated by flotation in Sheather’s sugar solution exception of some species vagrant in Europe, such (Specific gravity: 1.20) and examined microscopically as the bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.), the rusty using the technique described by Duszynski & Wilber blackbird Euphagus carolinus (Mu¨ller), the baltimore (1997) and Berto et al. (2014a). Morphological obser- oriole Icterus galbula (L.), the brown-headed cowbird vations, line drawings, photomicrographs and measure- Molothrus ater (Boddaert) and the yellow-headed ments were made using an Olympus BX binocular blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bona- microscope equipped with a digital camera Eurocam parte) (BirdLife International, 2015; IUCN, 2015). 5.0. Line drawings were edited using two software Similar to other families of Passeriformes, the applications from CorelDRAWÒ (Corel Draw Graphics icterids can be parasitised by isosporoid coccidia. Suite, Version 11.0, Corel Corporation, Canada), Currently, the Isospora spp. recorded from passerines specifically Corel DRAW and Corel PHOTO-PAINT. of this family are: (i) Isospora divitis Pelle´rdy, 1967 All measurements are in micrometres and are given as from the Cuban blackbird Dives atroviolaceus (d’Or- the range followed by the mean in parentheses. bigny) in Cuba (Pelle´rdy, 1967); (ii) Isospora cacici Lainson, 1994 from the yellow-rumped cacique Cacicus Family Eimeriidae Minchin, 1903 cela cela (L.) in Amazonian Brazil (Lainson, 1994); (iii) Genus Isospora Schneider, 1881 Isospora bellicosa Upton, Stamper & Whitaker, 1995 from the Peruvian meadowlark Sturnella bellicosa Isospora guaxi n. sp. deFilippi in Peru (Upton et al., 1995); (iv) Isospora icterus Upton & Whitaker, 2000 from the Venezuelan Type-host: Red-rumped cacique Cacicus haemor- troupial Icterus icterus (L.) in USA (Upton & Whitaker, rhous (L.) (Passeriformes: Icteridae). 2000); and (v) Isospora graceannae Upton & Whitaker, Type-locality: Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (22°2704800S, 2000 from the white-edged oriole Icterus graceannae 44°3601000W), southeastern Brazil. Cassin in USA (Upton & Whitaker, 2000). Type-specimens: Phototypes and line drawings are In this context, this study describes a new species of deposited and available (http://r1.ufrrj.br/labicoc/ Isospora and I. bellicosa from red-rumped caciques C. colecao.html) in the Parasitology Collection of the haemorrhous in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) Laborato´riodeBiologiadeCoccı´dios, at UFRRJ, Ser- in southeastern Brazil, demonstrating parasite trans- ope´dica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Photographs of the type- mission between allopatric icterids that inhabit oppo- host specimens (symbiotypes) are deposited in the same site sides of the Andes. collection. The repository number is P-64/2016. Site in host: Unknown. Materials and methods Prevalence: 63% (5 out of 8 birds infected). Etymology: The specific epitaph is derived from the One expedition was conducted in November 2015 in the common local name for the host, which is ‘guaxe’. PNI, which is a protected area with a high degree of vulnerability located in the Serra da Mantiqueira on the Description (Figs. 1A; 2A–C) border of the States of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and Sa˜o Paulo. A total of eight C. haemorrhous were Sporulated oo¨cyst captured with mist nets at an altitude of 592 m Oo¨cysts (n = 18) sub-spheroidal, 28–34 9 27–32 (22°2704800S, 44°3601000W). The birds were kept in (30.9 9 29.0); length/width (L/W) ratio 1.0–1.1 123 Syst Parasitol (2017) 94:151–157 153 Fig. 1 Composite line drawings of sporulated oo¨cysts of Isospora guaxi n. sp. (A) and Isospora bellicosa (B) ex Cacicus haemorrhous. Scale-bar:10lm Fig. 2 Photomicrographs of sporulated oo¨cysts of Isospora guaxi n. sp. (A–C) and Isospora bellicosa (D–F) ex Cacicus haemorrhous. Scale-bar:10lm (1.06). Wall bi-layered, 1.8–2.1 (1.9) thick, outer layer Sporocyst and sporozoites smooth, c.2/3 of total thickness. Micropyle and oo¨cyst Sporocysts (n = 17) ellipsoidal, 17–21 9 12–15 residuum both absent; single polar granule present. (19.3 9 13.8); L/W ratio 1.3–1.6 (1.41). Stieda body 123 154 Syst Parasitol (2017) 94:151–157 present, knob-like, 1.0 high, 2.0 wide; sub-Stieda body Discussion present, prominent and compartmentalized with a dense and central portion, rounded or irregular, 2.5 According to Duszynski & Wilber (1997) and an high, 2.0 wide, and a pale portion, rounded or extensive bibliography of coccidia of passerines trapezoidal, 3.0 high, 4.0 wide; para-Stieda body (Berto et al., 2011), the new species should be absent. Sporocyst residuum present, composed of compared in detail with the coccidian species which many scattered granules of different sizes. Sporozoite are feature-similar and belong to the same family of vermiform with single posterior refractile body and the host. Therefore, a comparison was carried out with centrally located nucleus. Isospora spp. described from Icteridae (Table 1). The oo¨cysts of I. guaxi n. sp. have similar size only with I. icterus; however, the new species can be distinguished Isospora bellicosa Upton, Stamper & Whitaker, by its sub-Stieda body being compartmentalized. This 1995 characteristic feature of compartmentalization of the sub-Stieda body is only shared with I. graceannae; Host: Red-rumped cacique Cacicus haemorrhous (L.) however, I. guaxi has larger oo¨cysts and sporocysts (Passeriformes: Icteridae). without splintered granules scattered. Locality: Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (22°2704800S, The second morphotype observed in this study was 44°3601000W), southeastern Brazil. very similar to the morphology described for I. Material studied: Phototypes and line drawings are bellicosa, except for the shape of oo¨cysts, which were deposited and available (http://r1.ufrrj.br/labicoc/ more ellipsoidal in the description of Upton et al.
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    Field Guides Tour Report Peru's Magnetic North: Spatuletails, Owlet Lodge & More 2018 Jun 23, 2018 to Jul 5, 2018 Dan Lane & Jesse Fagan For our tour description, itinerary, past triplists, dates, fees, and more, please VISIT OUR TOUR PAGE. The name of this tour highlights a few of the spectacular birds that make their homes in Peru's northern regions, and we saw these, and many more! This might have been called the "Antpittas and More" tour, since we had such great views of several of these formerly hard-to-see species. This Ochre-fronted Antpitta was one; she put on a fantastic display for us! Photo by participant Linda Rudolph. The eastern foothills of Andes of northern Peru are one of those special places on the planet… especially if you’re a fan of birds! The region is characterized by pockets of white sand forest at higher elevations than elsewhere in most of western South America. This translates into endemism, and hence our interest in the region! Of course, the region is famous for the award-winning Marvelous Spatuletail, which is actually not related to the white sand phenomenon, but rather to the Utcubamba valley and its rainshadow habitats (an arm of the dry Marañon valley region of endemism). The white sand endemics actually span areas on both sides of the Marañon valley and include several species described to science only since about 1976! The most famous of this collection is the diminutive Long-whiskered Owlet (described 1977), but also includes Cinnamon Screech-Owl (described 1986), Royal Sunangel (described 1979), Cinnamon-breasted Tody-Tyrant (described 1979), Lulu’s Tody-Flycatcher (described 2001), Chestnut Antpitta (described 1987), Ochre-fronted Antpitta (described 1983), and Bar-winged Wood-Wren (described 1977).
  • Adaptations for Food-Getting in the American Blackbirds

    Adaptations for Food-Getting in the American Blackbirds

    THE AUK A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY VOL. 68 OCTOBER,1951 No. 4 ADAPTATIONS FOR FOOD-GETTING IN THE AMERICAN BLACKBIRDS BY WILLIAM J. BEECI-IER A careful study of the American blackbird family (Icteridae) during the past severalyears revealsthat its membershave invaded virtually every food niche exploitedby passerinebirds. The presentinvestiga- tion of the functional modificationsof skull, bill, and jaw musculature in the 38 generasuggests that this successstems initially from a general pre-adaptation permitting an entirely new method of feeding. This paper describesfirst the individual feeding adaptations, then their convergent re-appearancein each of the three major icterid lines. Although the graphic comparisonof the genera is presented in the form of a morphologicaltree of relationshipsin Figures 7 to 10, the full evidencefor these relationshipsis not offered here. The present paper confinesitself rather strictly to the nature of the adaptations themselves. METHODS AND MATERIAL Primarily, the method of investigation has been one of attempting to establish valid correlations between skull structure and known feeding functionsin the various genera. The diet of North American specieswas determined from the stomach analyses made by the Bio- logical Survey under suchmen as Judd, Beal, and McAtee (1900-1910). For Central and South American speciesthe field notes of Wetmore (1916, 1926), Wetmore and Swales (1931), and a few other careful observerswere invaluable. Functionally, the method of feedingis of even greater importance than the kind of food taken, and very close observation of birds in field and captivity has been necessary. I am deeply indebted to its designer,Mr. Victor Carbonara, for the use of a Sard 6x 20 binocular, invaluable at ranges down to four feet.