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Farmers in the 1980S (N=63)

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Farmers in the 1980S (N=63) CHANGES IN RURAL COMMUNITY WELL-BEING: A CASE OF THE TOBACCO-BELT, SOUTHERN ONTARIO A Thesis Presen ted to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by R. DOUGLAS RAMSEY In partial fulfilrnent of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Phiiosophy September, 1997 R. Douglas Ramsey, 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON KlAON4 Ottawa ON KtA ON4 cana& The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libraxy of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. R. Douglas Ramsey Advisor: University of Guelph Professor Barry Smit This thesis explores how and why mral community well-being changes. The thesis develops a theoretical model of changes in rural community well-being and applies it to the case of the tobacco-belt in southern Ontano. A review of the literature pertaining to nirai systems iliustrates the similarities between rural community systems and three other nid systems: ecosystems, agncultural systems, and agroecosystems. Elements of three research perspectives (political economy, health, and sustainability) are proposed for analysing how and why the condition of rural systems change. The development of the theoretical model begins by defining rural community well-being based on its component parts. Each part of the concept (rural, community, and weU-being) is developed in a descriptive model. The theoretical model inchdes three main wmponents: extemal forces of change Qmlitical, economic, other), rural community structure and function, and changes in rural community well-being (physical, psychological, social, economic). This general model is then modified to apply to changes in a rural community in the tobaccu-belt, southem Ontario, between 1976 and 1996. hblished data were employed to document changes in rural wmmunity structure and function. The findings indicate that during the 1980s, the number, area, and value of tobacco fmsdeched. While employment in agriculture and rural farm populations decreased throughout Ontario over this time, there waj 2 gr~ittercontraction in the tobacco-producing region. Forces of change and changes in well-being are exarnined using published data sources, key informant interviews, and a questionnaire survey. The survey includeù a sample of individuals who were tobacco farmers in the 1980s (n=63). While the weli- being of individuals and the community were generaily judged to be satisfactory in 1996, this was not the case in the 1980s. Commonly referred to as the "crunch time", the pend between 1979 and 1987 was characterized by a reduction in tobacco quota, extreme weather events, crop disease, incr& mortgage and 1oan rates, and declining fmvalues. Together, these forces impacted rural community weU- beiiig . Respondents cited changes in ail aspects of their individual and family well-being, including physical (e. g . high blood pressure), psychological (e. g. increased stress), social (e.g. loss of a friend who committed suicide), and financial (e. g . dedine in farm value). Individuals also described changes in their community, including rural depopulation, Ioss of businesses, and increased crime. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 wish to thank my academic supervisor, Dr. Barry Smit, for his support, encouragement, intellectual wntrïbution, and patience throughout my academic programme. Similarly, I must thank the members of my supe~sorycornmittee: Drs. Alun Joseph, Philip Keddie, and David Waltner-Toews. Each provided me with support, input, advice, and camaraderie throughout my academic programme. 1 am also gratehl to Dr. Michael Troughton, University of Western Ontario, and Dr. Anthony Fuller, University of Guelph, for participating in the examination of the thesis. Financial support was provided by the Tri-Council Secretariat of Canada's Agroecosystem Health Project. The collaboration arnong colieagues across a range of disciplines in this project created a nch leaming environment, one which this thesis benefitted from. In particular, 1 want to thank Ellen Wall for her advice and friendship. The cooperation of the individuais who took part in the farm survey and in the key informant interviews must al1 be acknowledged. Interviewing farmers in the sumrner is a lot to ask. The hail stom and blue mould outbreak which occurred during the interview process was even more stressful. Yet, these individuals were still willing to take the time to tell me the* stories. For that, I thank them. The staff in the Department of Geography are second to none. Mario Finoro, Carol Hart, Clarine Lace, Becky Morrison, Jeff ûverton, and Marie Puddister provide essential seMces that need to be recognized. Their assistance, patience, and friendship are appreciated. I made many friends throughout my prograrn within and outside the department, a list of which would be too long and inadquate to provide here. However, 1 must thank Johanna Wandel, Jeff Overton, and Rob Blain here for their technical assistance and friendship. My family has been very patient and understanding. My Mom and Dad have always been supportive of my academic pursuits, a debt of which 1 can never repay. Similarly, my brother Alan has dways encouraged and supported me. His positive energy and ideas keep me going. My sister Shelley and brother-in-law Tracey provided the source of inspiration for this thesis. I can only hope the final product helps their fanning career and their three beautiful children, Leigh, Arielie, and Chloé. Finaliy, 1 thank Kate. We started out as fiiends. We are now partners for life. On a practical level, 1 thank her for helping me interview farmers and edit the tables, graphs, and text of the thesis. On an emotional level, the positive energy she emits is unexplainable. for rny family.. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1 1.1. Research Problem ................................ 1 1.2. Purpose and Objectives ............................. 4 1.3. Structure of Thesis ................................ 6 2 . PERSPECTIVES FOR ANALYSING RURAL SYSTEMS ............ 8 2.1. Introduction .................................... 8 2.2. Dimensions of Rural Systems ......................... 10 2.2.1. Ecosystems ............................... 12 2.2.2. Agricultural Systems ........................ 14 2.2.3. Agroecosystems ............................16 2.2.4. Relating Rural Systems to the Rural Community ........ 17 2.3. Analysing Forces and Changes in Conditions ................ 18 2.3.1. Political Economy ...........................20 2.3.2. Sustainability .............................. 25 2.3.2.1. Sustainable Agriculture .................. 29 2.3.2.2. Sustainable Cornmunities ................. 30 2.3.3. Health and WeU-being ........................ 32 2.3.3.1. Ecosystem Health .....................33 2.3.3.2. Agroecosystem Health .................. 35 2.3.3.3. Human and Community Health ........... 37 2.4. Summary: A Systems Framework ....................... 42 3 . A MODEL OF CWGES IN RURAL COMMUNITY WELLBEING ...44 3.1. Introduction ....................................44 3.2. Defining the Concepts Related to Rural Community Well-being ..... 45 3.2.1. Rural ..................................45 3.2.2. Community .............................. -48 3.2.3. Rural Community ........................... 49 3.2.4. Well-Being ............................... 53 3.2.5. Rural Community Well-Being .................... 57 3.3. Changes in Rural Community Well-Being .................. 60 3.4. Mode1 of Changes in Rural Community Well-being ............ 64 3.5. Model of Changes in Rural Community Well-being in the Tobacco Belt .............................. 68 3.6. Surnmary ......................................71 4 . EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGY AND STUDY AREA .............. 73 4.1. Introduction ................................... -73 4.2. Research Approaches .............................. 74 4.3. Research Methods ............................... -77 4.3.1. Secondary Data Analysis ....................... 78 4.3.2. Survey Analysis ............................83 4.3.3. Key Informant Interviews ...................... 86 4.4. The Study Area .................................. 87 4.4.1. Aggregate Analysis of Changes in the Tobacco-belt ...... 88 4.4.2. The Study Area: Norfolk and Delhi Townships ......... 90 4.5. Summary ......................................95 5. STRUCTURAL GND FUNCTIONAL CaANGES IN THE TOBACCOBELT ...................................96 5.1. Introduction ....................................96 5.2. Changes in Agricultud Structure Related to the Tobacco Sector .... 97 5.2.1. Overview of Tobacco Farming in Ontario: 1931-92 ................................ 97 5.2.2. Changes in Agncuihiral S tnicture in the Tobacco-belt: 1981-91
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