historian_88.qxp 20/12/2005 12:54 Page 8 Feature Lyndon Johnson and Albert Gore:

— PROFESSOR A.J. BADGER Southern New Dealers And The Modern South

LBJ and Albert Two Southern New Dealers Gore, Al’s father, Lyndon Johnson and Albert Gore were elected to Congress within a year of each other in helped to 1937-38. They were elected in the old style of patronage-oriented southern Democratic transform the Party politics in which a plethora of candidates, with few issues to divide them, contested Southern States. primary elections. Both circumvented the local county seat elites who usually delivered their counties' votes by taking their case directly to the people, mounting vigorous campaigns to establish their name recognition. Johnson reached out to the tiniest and most isolated communities in his district and completely overturned the 'leisurely pace normal in Texas elections.' Gore played the fiddle with a small band to attract a crowd on Saturday afternoons in courthouse squares across his district.

But if they started their political lives in the traditional, old, rural South, their careers – LBJ till he stood down from the Presidency in 1968 in the face of the intractable war in Vietnam, Gore till he was defeated as the no I target of the Nixon Southern Strategy in 1970 – spanned the creation of the modern South. In no small measure they themselves contributed to the collapse of the poor, rural, white supremacy South and the creation of a prosperous, urban, bi-racial South. Their careers saw the replacement of the props that had underpinned the Old South: a rural one-crop region mired in poverty became a booming industrialized, urbanized society with a diversified agriculture; a rigidly segregated South became a desegregated society in which African Americans enjoyed full civil rights; a politics which excluded disfranchised African Americans became a bi-racial democracy in which African Americans voted, held office and shaped public policy; a one party system in which the Democrats monopolized power became a two-party system in which a lily-white Republican Party routinely won the region's presidential votes.

Gore and Johnson were very similar. Both came from the hill country South and had struggled to go to modest colleges. Both had taught in poor schools but only briefly. Both were natural politicians who carved out reputations in state politics before going to Washington. Both served in World War II for strictly limited periods and neither had the sort of tough war-time experience that profoundly shaped so many southerners, white and black.

Johnson and Gore were elected to the Senate in 1948 and 1952. Johnson defeated the rigidly conservative, popular governor, Coke Stevenson, Gore defeated the veteran chair of the Senate Appropriations Committee and ally of Boss Crump, Kenneth McKellar. President Lyndon B. Johnson and Both did so by dauntingly vigorous personal campaigns. While Johnson used a helicopter Albert Gore, June 1968. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Library to follow a punishing schedule across the state, the stately Stevenson deigned to give one photo by Mike Geissinger address in each county seat. While Gore criss-crossed Tennessee in a relentless daily

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schedule of stump speeches and provide everything from hospital President Lyndon B. Johnson and Albert Gore meet in the Oval Office, television broadcasts, the enfeebled construction to rural telephones. White House, June 1968. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Library McKellar largely remained in his photo by Yoichi R. Okamoto hotel while supporters hit the What Gore saw in the Tennessee campaign trail as surrogates. Valley, Johnson saw when rural His time in Germany convinced electrification came to the Hill him of the value of the autobahns. Both represented a new style of Country and when he could see And at the end of the war there issue-oriented politics heralded by what the great projects on the was a dramatic increase in car the New Deal and an activist Lower Colorado River could ownership. As Al Gore recalled: federal government. The Tennessee achieve. Whereas, for southern Valley Authority (TVA) and cheap conservatives, the federal I remember seeing as a child the public power were the key factor in government was the problem, for long, long, long lines of red tail this new politics. To a new southern New Dealers like Johnson lights stretching out of highway generation of southern politicians and Gore the federal government 70 at night and the equally long the TVA was a model for what the was the solution. Federal aid, they line of headlights coming in the federal government might do for believed, was essential to solve the opposite direction. And at that the poorest region in the country. region's health care and educational time with only one, two-lane They became, in north Alabaman problems. Cheap credit from the road going representing the John Sparkman's words, TVA Reconstruction Finance main east-west corridor for liberals. Just as the federal Corporation would liberate the Tennessee but also nationally. government had rejuvenated a region's entrepreneurs. In the battle Highway 70 north was the whole valley, so the federal to develop the region's principal east-west route for the government could rejuvenate a infrastructure, Johnson and Gore whole midsection of the country. whole region. Federal assistance would be allies from the late 1930s through flood control, cheap power to the Great Society: most notably, Al Gore remembered that the six to and water resource development on interstate highways, federal aid eight round trips a year between could be the engine of economic to education, and Medicare. Carthage and Washington became growth modernizing agriculture 'a much longer ordeal.' The lesson and stimulating industry. Aid to Gore, with Johnson's backing, was his father learnt from those regular education could transform the the main congressional sponsor of trips was that these two lane roads schools. Federal assistance could the Interstate Highway Act of 1956. were no longer adequate.

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Albert Gore Sr. and Lyndon B. Johnson at the Democratic Convention, Chicago, 1956. Photo by Hank Walker Time Life Pictures/Getty Images

Gore took great pride in his leadership of Senate forces in support of the Interstate Highway system, what he and his House co- sponsor called 'the greatest construction program in the history of the world.' As chair of the Subcommittee of Public Roads of the Senate Public Works Committee he followed up on Eisenhower's initiative and, even before General Clay's task force reported, introduced legislation for federal funding over the next six years of an interstate system. He believed that, without it, 'national economic development would be seriously impaired'. Given his head by the alcoholic chair of the Committee, Dennis Chavez, Gore For LBJ it was the space For Gore it was atomic power. He secured Senate passage of his bill in programme which brought such had been made privy by FDR to the 1955. In 1956 the House tackled the spectacular benefits to Alabama developments at Oak Ridge. He was source of funding – user taxes paid and Florida but above all Houston. as enthusiastic about the peaceful into a Highway Trust fund – and The powerful Houston use of atomic power as he was for the Interstate Highway Act passed congressman, Albert Thomas, the the TVA. In his senate campaign in that summer. Gore consistently led only congressman LBJ was 1952 he vowed to make Tennessee the fight to ensure that there was no allegedly afraid of, actually the 'atomic capital' of the nation. 'stretch-out' of the programme, to opposed the space programme as Despairing of the slowness of ensure that spending on the chair of the Appropriations private industry to develop nuclear program was not cut back in the subcommittee that controlled reactors on the scale of the British, late Eisenhower administration and space spending. But once the he secured passage with Johnson's throughout the 60s. Soviets launched Sputnik, LBJ saw help of a Senate bill in 1956 for the potential to embarrass the government financing of reactor The South led the nation in Eisenhower administration and construction. The bill floundered in securing federal funds for interstate rally Democrats. He and Sam the House. construction and led the nation in Rayburn got Thomas onside devoting their state budgets to together with another Texan, Olin But Johnson and Gore did not highway construction. In 1965 'Tiger' Teague, chair of the House merely want to see economic every southern state but North Space Committee, and led the fight growth in the South, they also Carolina exceeded the US level of to establish NASA. NASA awarded wanted to help the region's poor. highway spending per thousand 50 of its 130 research grants and LBJ's Great Society produced a dollars of personal income. Mississippi contracts to southern universities. welfare explosion in the South in spent twice the national ratio. When it was announced that the the 1960s. It increased transfer Manned Spacecraft Center would payments through the War on Johnson and Gore had particular be built in Houston, 29 companies Poverty, Medicare and Medicaid. It enthusiasms for special aspects of had located there within a year, gave access to educational federal investment in the South. even before construction started. opportunity that facilitated the

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Lyndon Johnson and Albert Gore Lyndon Johnson taking the oath of office on Air Force One following the assassination of John Kennedy, Dallas, Texas, 22 November 1963. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library photo

lessen the need for competition between lower-income whites and blacks and eliminate poor white racism. Gore and Johnson were cast in this southern liberal New Deal mode on race but for personal and political reasons freed themselves from the fatalism and resignation on the race issue that affected so many other white southern liberal politicians. Both favoured economic measures as the key to gradual racial change. Both Johnson and Gore supported the drive to abolish the poll tax. Both claimed to have an epiphany on segregation as a result of their drives to and from Washington. Johnson lamented that his cook had to squat in the bushes to relieve dramatic increase of the black financial security to contemplate herself because there were no middle class. It empowered local the senate race in 1952. He also set colored rest rooms at the filling black activists as they sought up a cattle breeding business with stations. Gore dated his awareness control of the new federal Armand Hammer. They consoled to his first drive to Washington DC programmes. Gore supported each other over the loss of their in 1939 with their new baby and Johnson fully in these endeavours. prize Angus bull, the 382, and African American nanny. Unable to Hammer suggested they place an find a motel that would house them Gore may have been more of a obituary of the 382 in the American for the overnight stop, they populist on economic issues than Angus Journal. But Gore made detoured to a cousin's in the East LBJ: he distrusted tax cuts, pushed serious money after he left office. Tennessee mountains. Subsequently for tax reform and constantly Setting up as a lawyer in he came to an arrangement with a lamented policies of high interest Washington with Hammer's motel whereby they could all be rates. But both men admired and Occidental as one of his clients, housed, provided they arrived after cultivated rich and successful Gore became chair of the Island dark and left before other guests businessmen: for Johnson, George Creek Coal Company, one of rose in the morning. Mrs Gore Brown of Brown and Root and Hammer's subsidiaries and he outraged the wife of another some of the independent oilmen, travelled the world negotiating one Tennessee congressman during the for Gore, Bernard Baruch and to one with foreign heads of state war by addressing an African Armand Hammer. Raised in like Ceausescu of Rumania and American woman with the prefix economic insecurity, both strove to with the Chinese. 'Mrs'. achieve financial success. Johnson made his money while in office Racial Moderates Gore considered himself 'personally through his radio and TV empire Southern liberals believed that upfront' on the race issue but if he in Austin. Gore had more modest federally-sponsored economic and Johnson had any doubts about goals while in office – he set up a development would eventually segregation they carefully avoided local food and feed mill with Grady solve the region's racial problems. sharing these doubts before 1954 Nixon, which gave him enough Economic growth would eventually with their constituents. Indeed

The Historian / Winter 2005 ...11 historian_88.qxp 20/12/200512:55Page12 Johnson wasanxious to move on to endblack disfranchisement. His landslide basis for massive desegregation school and ending the of discrimination, job Act. Having dismantled overnight physical the attributes of segregation and laid the compromise. That Republican passage of support to 1964 final the the wascrucial retained loyalty the of Republicans by demonstrating that hewasnot going to nomination inhisown right asPresident. He faceddown filibusterand southern the billpossible through to doubters winover liberal northern and legitimize his measurethe of opposition. southern the He hehadto get strongest knew the Johnson himnot scared advised toof be southerners. the As President, Johnson had Americans. When Kennedy introduced finally strong civil rights legislation in1963, government contractors to open up employment equal opportunities for African As vice-president, Johnson madesubstantial progress jawboning defence and of the right to vote. claimed, to eliminate its worst coercive elements. He wasunequivocal inhisdefence 1957 Civil Rights Act (ashewould again in1960)once hehadmanaged, he Department to protect right the to vote South. inthe Gore wasable to support the Act, first the sinceReconstruction which essentially opened way the for Justice the was not paralysed on civil rights, passage mastermindedthe of 1957Civil the Rights Democrats and to show that Democratic the Party, contrary to Republican charges, Johnson, anxious to establish hiscivil rights credentials to winover northern by segregationists. Massive the Resistance Manifesto in1956,ablast of to defiance Supreme the drafted of aspart Court were two of only three southern senators who refused to sign the Southern North. Brown Afterthe desegregation school decision of 1954Johnson and Gore segregationist diehards from South the and civil the rights 'bomb throwers' from the hedisliked fire-eaters the could only on divide Democraticsides,the the party: both civil rightshismentor issue. Like issuethat hesaw Sam it Rayburn asasectional interference with southern racerelations. Johnson instinctively wanted to avoid the with flamboyant segregationist attacking speeches of spectre the government federal with Texas both conservatives and Richard Russell and older the senators Southern Johnson after hisnarrow in1948strove Senate election victory to ingratiate himself 12... The Historian/Winter 2005

Feature when Kingwhen wasassassinated, he Farmer and Whitney Young and, leaders like Roy Wilkins, James relationships closest the with black ghettoes. inthe Hepoor retained donelittle for hadbeen black the impatience and how understood against him.He black understood were odds stacked the when even pushing for civil rights measures get legislation through. He kept todoing what trying hedidbest, Yet heworked time the all away at to do.had tried he all to affront personal a as took Commission on riots he which the Kerner the to angrily reacted and communist conspiracies. He King, revolutionary black radicals, Edgar Hoover put inhisear about He wasprey topoison that the J with youngerdeal black militants. Martin Luther King and could not programmes. He shiedaway from social from away money took and Vietnam War Johnson distracted legislate for than voting rolls. The to harder were Jobs demands. increasingly unsympathetic to black rights concessions. Congress was civil tofurther hostility northern summers of raceriots strengthened rights victory. Thelong hot It LBJ'slastmajor wasto be civil Mississippi blacks could vote. of Voting the passage 60% Rights of registered. Within three years of the voting age black population were Mississippi. 6%of the than Less less than a thousand voters in Freedom Summer had registered Rights Act. wasdramatic. Theeffect drive through 1965Voting the gaveSelma leverage himthe to in1964and violence the victory at photo byCecilStoughton Lyndon BainesJohnsonLibrary Lyndon B.Johnsonwithreporters 1964 PresidentialElectionNight,President historian_88.qxp 20/12/2005 12:55 Page 13

Lyndon Johnson and Albert Gore seized the chance to get through Martin Luther King, Jr. talks with President Lyndon B. Johnson, Oval Open Housing legislation. He Office, White House, Washington, DC cemented the loyalty of African- Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Library American voters, north and south, photo by Yoichi R. Okamoto to the Democratic Party. And what he did for black civil rights Clement Haynesworth and Harold remained his proudest achievement Carswell. These votes won him until his death in 1973. much praise from the black political organization, the Gore, like other southern moderate Tennessee Voters Council. Gore congressmen, failed to support the received overwhelming black 1964 Civil Rights Act but Gore support. But there was always a found Johnson's address to certain distance between black Congress after Selma 'inspiring' and voters and Gore. Gore himself from the start indicated that he acknowledged that 'while black would support the Voting Rights leaders almost unanimously Act. 'Freedom of the ballot box is supported me, some of them were the very essence of democracy,' he not all that enthusiastic. For they proclaimed. Indeed, as someone never felt I was quite their man. who had supported anti-poll tax While I had supported civil rights legislation in 1942, he supported legislation generally, I was not the the efforts to add the abolition of kind of person to 'clear' things in the poll tax by legislation rather advance with black leaders – or any than constitutional amendments. other kind of leader.' Gore's relations with African Americans dealing through intermediaries Gore also supported the Open reflected the general pattern of with black leaders who were Housing Act in 1968 and opposed southern moderates of his expected to deliver the black vote. the Supreme Court nominations of generation. They campaigned for That style of campaigning for black conservative white southerners black support at one remove, support made it hard for Gore to pick up some of the immediacy and impatience of black demands and to enthuse the black electorate. Rivalry Johnson and Gore therefore had much the same political agenda. They were natural allies. They worked hard to like each other. Gore rejoiced in Johnson's Senate victory in 1948. They flattered each other and joked about their respective herds of cattle. They visited each other's ranches. Their wives got on well. Gore gave Johnson a much-appreciated pig for his ranch and they spoke in each

Sen. Albert Gore in the Cabinet Room, White House May 1967. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Library photo by Yoichi R. Okamoto

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President Lyndon B. Johnson greets American troops in Vietnam, 1966. National Archives and Records Administration

support, he chafed at the deference required to the majority leader. In 1960 he led an effort to undermine Johnson's absolute control of the Democratic Policy Committee. Gore invited all the likely Democratic presidential candidates to Tennessee in 1960. He saw no reason to feel inferior to any of them and he supported Kennedy rather than Johnson for the presidency in 1960. He thought that Johnson was too subservient to the big money interests. He also thought that Johnson was the other's states. In particular, Johnson there speaking of the outrageous meanest man in Washington, and called Gore over to Texas to speak thing that had just been he meant 'mean' as in cruel. When in the last week of the 1956 perpetrated on the people by the Kennedy was elected and Johnson campaign as he and Rayburn tried Establishment. Then Gore was became vice-president, Gore must to keep the state in Democrat also terribly ambitious. have thought that his days of hands. Johnson cast Texas votes for having to defer to Johnson were Gore's vice-presidential bid in 1956. As Gore's admirer, Adrian Fisher over. By the time Kennedy's second Gore had the greatest admiration recalled, Gore was 'a hard man to term would be over in 1968, Gore for Johnson's legislative expertise. put pressure on' and Johnson might have a realistic chance of He supported the Great Society wanted to be able to pressure being the first southern president. legislation enthusiastically. everybody. Where Johnson was a When Johnson attempted to friend of J Edgar Hoover, Hoover continue as vice-president to Yet in many ways they were too targeted Gore from 1953. Gore was control the Democratic caucus and similar. Both saw themselves as far friendlier with Johnson's Texas keep his majority leader's office, potential southern presidents, Gore nemesis Ralph Yarborough than Gore was the leader of the powerful was never a member of the with Johnson. He was close also to minority that effectively drove Southern caucus and he was never other Senators whom Johnson Johnson off. Gore spoke with the part of Johnson's inner circle. He often humiliated – like Paul unguarded vehemence of someone was too uncompromising for the Douglas of Illinois and Herbert who would not have to worry about majority leader who were always Lehman of New York – or tough Johnson again. Johnson also coldly anxious to compromise. As Harry men Johnson could not control – ensured that Gore, who knew more McPherson recalled: like Gore's closest ally, Mike about the control of nuclear Monroney of Oklahoma. weapons than any man in the He [Johnson] had a terrible time Senate, was excluded from the with Gore. They had a lot in Johnson kept Gore off the Finance congressional delegation that common politically, but Gore Committee for a long time. He helped negotiate the test ban treaty had the damnedest ability to undercut Gore's efforts to in Washington. When Kennedy was offend through a kind of investigate campaign finances in assassinated, Gore will have realized righteous pomposity that would 1956. From 1958 onwards, the that he would never have the drive Johnson right up the wall conservative Buford Ellington, chance to be president. and me too. I used to just despise whom Gore regarded as a 'dolt', was it. He always looked like a Johnson's point man in Tennessee. Despite Gore's support of Great Baptist bishop standing back Much as Gore needed Johnson's Society legislation, Gore infuriated

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Lyndon Johnson and Albert Gore LBJ by his opposition to the tax cut, Republican isolationism. But they find the bait of that development his opposition to the nomination of differed bitterly on Vietnam. plan irresistible. LBJ never quite Henry Fowler as Secretary of the understood why Ho did not react Treasury, and his repeated criticism Johnson committed himself to the like Lister Hill or John Sparkman or of the high interest rates and tight war in Vietnam as a means of himself to the promise of cheap money in the later Johnson years. demonstrating America's resolve in electrical power. Robert Komer, the Cold War, as a way of stopping director of pacification in Vietnam, But it was foreign policy that was to the dominos falling in South East recalled that LBJ drove him up the see a lasting and bitter breach Asia and because he thought that wall about rural electrification. between the two southern New defeat in South East Asia would Johnson persuaded the old head of Dealers. unleash the great reactionary beast the TVA, David Lilienthal, to take in the United States, just as the loss charge of special development Southern Internationalists of China, as he saw it, unleashed programmes in Vietnam. Like most southerners, liberal or McCarthyism. But Johnson, as conservative, Johnson and Gore Lloyd Gardner has compellingly Lilienthal had been Gore's mentor. were liberal internationalists. They argued, also saw Vietnam through But Gore was unpersuaded by the were committed to preparedness the eyes of a Southern New Dealer. possibilities of American success in and support for Britain during the Like Texas in the 1930s it was ripe Vietnam. His own visit there in run-up to World War II, supporters for infrastructure development. His 1959 had led him to doubt of the Roosevelt-Hull foreign billion-dollar development plan, laid American ability to compensate for policy, supporters of containment, out in his Johns Hopkins speech of a corrupt and authoritarian regime. the Truman Doctrine and the 1965, would enable Vietnam to be He listened to dissenters like David Marshall Plan. They were staunch transformed in the same way as the Halberstam, whom he had anti-communists and opponents of New Deal had changed the South. nurtured when he was a cub For the Tennessee Valley, read the reporter on the Tennesseean, and to President Lyndon B. Johnson addresses the Nation 31 March 1968, announcing a Mekong Delta. Johnson liked to Chester Bowles and John Kenneth bombing halt in Vietnam and his believe that other Asian leaders Galbraith who had worked with him intention not to run for re-election. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Library shared his vision and for a time he on price controls in World War II. photo by Yoichi R. Okamoto believed that Ho Chi Minh would He pleaded with Kennedy in 1963 historian_88.qxp 20/12/2005 12:56 Page 16 Feature

to plan for a quick withdrawal. He order, the Supreme Court even more than he hated Gore, became a leading opponent of the nominations, gun control. However, Stahlman telegrammed Richard war on the Senate Foreign Relations as his successful opponent noted, Nixon at San Clemente the day Committee. The war compounded Gore's stance on Vietnam was one after the election: WE GOT 'EM Gore's distrust of Lyndon Johnson. of the 'major factors' in his defeat. BOTH, ONE WITH EACH BARREL. GLADYS JOINS IN He never wavered in his belief that Lyndon Johnson and Albert Gore, BEST TO YOU AND PAT. The his course of action on Vietnam inspired by the New Deal, helped next day he sent a telegram to was right. 'If I have ever,' he told create the infrastructure that put Lyndon Johnson: THANK GOD, Gene Sloan in November 1969, the South on the road to economic WE HELPED GET RID OF ONE 'been right about anything in my modernization. They helped OF YOUR ARCH ENEMIES. NO entire life then I was right in destroy racial segregation and ACKNOWLEDGEMENT opposing our involvement in the empower African Americans NECESSARY. Vietnam War. I cannot claim a politically. They did not succeed in perfect record because I permitted eliminating the vast swaths of myself to be misled into voting for poverty that were the 'Shadows of Professor A.J. Badger is Paul Mellon the Tonkin Gulf resolution. I am the Sunbelt' and their policies drove Professor of American History at confident that I was right in the majority of white Southerners Cambridge University and Master opposing escalation of the war. into the arms of the Republican of Clare College. Among his books Indeed, except for the role that I party. They were political allies but are The New Deal: The Depression and others played in this regard, we their personal rivalry, even hatred, Years, 1933-1940 (1989) and, edited may well have been in war with never abated. After the 1970 with Brian Ward, The Making of Red China today.' Gore was election Jimmy Stahlman, Martin Luther King and the Civil defeated a year later. He had conservative editor of the Nashville Rights Movement (1995). His allowed himself to get out of touch Banner, sent two exultant 'Southerners who did not sign the with his constituents but the telegrams. Referring to the defeat of Southern Manifesto' Historical Republicans also targeted new both Gore and the Democratic Journal 42 2 (1999) 517-34 deals cultural issues like school prayer gubernatorial candidate, John Jay with both LBJ and Gore. He is and coded racial issues – law and Hooker, whom Stahlman hated writing a biography of Albert Gore Sr.

President's Office in the White House and Albert Gore for president, but not because On the Web end amidst the Vietnam War in the 1970s. he has been vice-president' For that reason, his political record and (www.populist.com/99.10.mccarthy.html). achievements continue to be tainted by his On the other hand, there were those Bane and glory demise, so that some people wrap him up concerned about 'Inventing Al Gore' as a 'Flawed Giant' (www.nytimes.com/ (www.nytimes.com/books/first/t/turque- It seems to be the politician's glory and/or books/first/d/dallek-giant.html). gore.html). bane to trace a path where private and Fortunately for him, one of his successors public elements coalesce, at best, if they do in the post, Bill Clinton, has spoken up Furthermore, they made politics in a not interfere with each other, to the doom and described him as 'a President I climate of personal attacks, which might of catastrophe, at worst. In the cases of admired for all he did for civil rights' bunch together members of the family. Lyndon Baines Johnson and Albert Gore (www.pbs.org/newshour/election2000/de 'Was Albert Gore Sr. a Crook? - No, but he and his namesake son, they made it and mconvention/clinton3.htm). was sleazy enough to…' (slate.msn.com/id/ nearly made it, depending on the 78634). 'These days, almost anyone can viewpoint. For the historian, the task Similarly, AG followed a remarkably call public figures Big Liars. (…) Gore "lies remains to scrutinise the unforgiving past parallel path and nearly made it (Albert like a rug", the author said, and he listed a and set its dramatis personae in a fair Gore and His Papers. The Senate string of alleged… (…) flood relief is more perspective. Collection. spider.georgetowncollege.edu/ serious than Lyndon Johnson lying the htallant/border/bs10/mitchell.htm) but it country into a war [in Vietnam]' Starting with LBJ, his biography was his son who acceded to the Vice- (www.dailyhowler.com/ h051600_1.shtml). (www.aca.ch/lbjbio.htm) will travel from Presidency. One of the latter's supporters the South of the United States to the wanted him to go all the way: 'I am for Rafael Manuel PEPIOL

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