July 20, 2015 - Page 1
EJOLT Land and resource use conflicts on the Island Fact sheet of Karimunjawa, Indonesia 029
Land Conflicts Instruction and Location
The Karimunjawa National Park (KNP), situated 80 km off central Java’s northern coast, is made up of 27 islands Keywords (Figure 1). It was the first marine park > Resource use established in Indonesia in 1986 and has become an important area for > Building material conservation and marine biodivers ity extraction protection. The KNP is renowned as the > Zoning ‘jewel of the Java Sea” among the emerging Javanese urban middleclass. Figure 1: Map of the KNP. Source: Balai Taman > Tourism Nasional Karimunjawa (2012) Around 8,850 people live on the three inhabited islands of Karimun & Kemujan, Nyamuk and Parang that belong to the mangrove forest (222,20 ha). To sub-district of Karimunjawa , Jepara manage and control the human Regency. economic activities within these areas, regulation was introduced in form of a The island of Karimunjawa is 1999 official zoning plan, with rezoning representative of various islands and in 2005 and 2012 in response to rapid coastal areas around the world social and economic changes. Zoning experiencing rising tensions due to land divides the park into core, protected and resource use conflicts. An important (maritime and terrestrial), utilization, question thus arises, of how to enable tourism, traditional, mariculture, religious biodiversity conse rvation and the and historical, rehabilitation and development of local development residential areas. A doubling of the simultaneously. It is the national vision of maritime protection and tourism zone the Indonesia’s Ministry of Tourism and was the outcome of zoni ng revisions in Creative Economy to build and promote 2012. Rezoning itself is essential to the Karimunjawa as “the “Eco - Island adaptive co-management of the KNPA, Resort of Indonesia”. Unfortunately which uses participative methods of however, unsus tainable land and involving locals in park management. resource use threaten the likelihood of such plans succeeding (Figures 2 -4).
Zoning
Table 2: Regulations governing activities in the KNP. Campbell et al. (2012)
A doubling of the maritime protection In 1986 the KNP was formally declared a and tourism zone was the outcome of Strict Natural Reserve. Renamed zoning revisi ons in 2012. Rezoning itself Karimunjawa National Park in 1988, it is essential to the adaptive co - encompasses an area of 111,635 management of the KNPA, which uses hectares (ha), marine (1.285,50 ha and participative methods of involving locals terrestrial, including the tropical lowland in park management . rain forest (110.117,30 ha) and July 20, 2015 - Page 2
Sand extraction for building local infrastructure. Source: P. Dorn
Legal Gap Environmental impacts
Although the given zones of the KNP The impacts of uncontrolled tourism are define land use, they lack adequate restrictions on resource use. The tourism evident and have been addressed by zone for example is restricted in terms of researchers. These relate to: • tourism activities only. The impacts of Destruction of corals reefs through large scale resource use by tourism are anchor ing and trampling hidden in the “residential” or “inhabited” • Water pollution and landslides from zone, where different regulations are infrastructure and sewage applied an d development activities like • Higher pressure on local resources, building tourism infrastructure notably fish, water and electricity (hotels/homestays/streets…) are on the • Waste disposal rise. While those resource intensive • Resource extraction for activities are restricted to the inhabited infrastructure zone, their significant impacts endanger the sustainable development and Domestic and regional tourism have qu estion the promoted “Eco -Tourism”. grown rapidly since 2009 and conflicts between the need for biodiversity The KNPA as a central government conservation and local development are authority is responsible for the financial intensifying. Well -managed and small- management of the park, yet this gap in scale Eco-tourism could be part of the regulation effectively paves the way for solution for the dilemma the isla nd is uncontrolled tourism. The Jepara District facing. To identify the potential of Eco - Government regulates touris m and Tourism in Karimunjawa, the four main development in the residential zone. The institutions Jepara District Government, lack of a coherent regulatory framework the NGO Wildlife Conservation Society across jurisdictions, along with (WCS), the Karimunjawa National Park corruption, allows investors from local to Figure 2: Clear-cut and sand Authority (KNPA) and the Indonesian global levels to exploit land and extraction - a failed tourism Tourist Guide Ass ociation (the project. resources unsustainably. Property prices Himpunan Pramuwisata Indonesia, or Source: P. Dorn furthermore, are said to be exploding as HPI), published a joint Action Plan for brokers and investors compete in land - Eco-Tourism. grabbing for tourism. The SWOT analysis undertaken in that
This document should be cited as: Dorn, Patricia. 2015. Land and resource use conflicts on the Island of Karimunjawa, Indonesia , EJOLT Factsheet No. 29, 3 p. July 20, 2015 - Page 3
plan is revealing of the tension between local development and biodiversity References conservation – it identifies weaknesses • Ardiwijaya, R. L., A.H. Baird, T. such as a “lack of access to Kartawijaya, S.J. Campbell (2008) transportation” and “lack of tourist Changes in reef fish biomass in infrastructure”, and simultaneously Karimunjawa National Park: a test of acknowledges the threat of “negative the effectiveness of government impacts on natural resources”, while gazette marine parks in Indonesia. seeing “rising numbers of tourists and Proceedings of the 11th International investors” as “opportunities”. Until now, Coral Reef Symposium, Ft. the question of how to balance the Lauderdale, Florida, 7 -11 July tensions and conflicts over the two 2008Session Number 2 3 distinct pathways for the island has been • Balai Taman Nasional Karimunjawa Figure 3: Mangrove cutting for (2012) Zonasi Taman Nasional local building material. left unanswered. Source: P. Dorn Karimunjawa Tahun 2012. Semarang • Campbell, S.J. (2006) Rebuilding Management Effectiveness in . Karimunjawa Marine National Park, Packard Report 2006. Bogor, Indonesia. • Campbell, S. J., R. L. Ardiwijaya, Y. Heridiana, I. Yulianto, T. Karawijaya, A. Mukminin, S. T. Pardede, R. Prasetia, F. Setiawan (2008): Promoting Effectiveness of MPA in Indonesia. Bogor . • Campbell, S. J., T. Kartawijaya, I. Yulianto, R. Prasetia, J. Clifton (2012) Co-Management approaches and incentives improve management Figure 4: Waste. More on this case Source: P. Dorn effectiveness in the Karimunjawa • Youtube: Zoning and fishing National Park, In donesia; In: Marine testimonies in the KNP Policy ;Volume 41, September 2013, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=me Pages 72 –79. _CMt95Nrg • Kartiwijaya, T., Ripanto (ed. Balai Taman Nasional, Wildlife • New York Times: “Where fish Conservation Society, Pemerintah outnumber phones” Daerah Kabupaten Jepara, Himpunan http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/tr Pramuwisata Indonesia) (2011) avel/indonesias -karimunjawa-is-a- Rencana Aksi Ekowisata di Taman watery - Nasional Karimunjawa. Bogor . wonderland.html?pagewanted=all&_r • Yulianto I., Y, Herdiana, M.H. Halim, =1& P. Ningtias, A. Hermansyah, S. Campbell (2013) Spatial Analysis to • Wildlife Conservation Society achieve 20 Million Hectares of Marine http://indonesia.wcs.org/WildPlaces/K This publication was developed as Protected Areas for Indonesia by a part of the project Environmental arimunjawa.aspx Justice Organisations, Liabilities 2020. Wildlife Conservation Society and Trade (EJOLT) (FP7-Science and Marine Prot ected Areas in Society-2010-1). EJOLT aims to Governance. Bogor. Indonesi a. . improve policy responses to and All sources last accessed 08.02.2015. • UNEP (2011): Governing Marine support collaborative research and action on environmental conflicts Protected Areas - Getting the Balance through capacity building of right. Volume 1. Nairob i. environmental justice groups • UNEP (2011a): Governing Marine around the world. Visit our free resource library and database at Protected Areas - Getting the Balance www.ejolt.org or Facebook right. Volume 2. Nairob i. (www.facebook.com/ejolt) or follow tweets (@EnvJustice) to stay current on latest news and events.