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(Cherts) Du Bassin De Franceville (2,1 Ga) : Origine Et Processus De Formation

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(Cherts) Du Bassin De Franceville (2,1 Ga) : Origine Et Processus De Formation THÈSE Pour l'obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE POITIERS UFR des sciences fondamentales et appliquées Institut de chimie des milieux et matériaux de Poitiers - IC2MP (Diplôme National - Arrêté du 25 mai 2016) École doctorale : Sciences pour l'environnement - Gay Lussac (La Rochelle) Secteur de recherche : Terre solide et enveloppes superficielles Présentée par : Stellina Gwenaëlle Lekele Baghekema Études multi-proxies et multi-scalaires des roches siliceuses (cherts) du bassin de Franceville (2,1 Ga) : origine et processus de formation Directeur(s) de Thèse : Abderrazak El Albani, Armelle Riboulleau Soutenue le 29 juin 2017 devant le jury Jury : Président Emmanuel Tertre Professeur des Universités, Université de Poitiers Rapporteur Marc Chaussidon Directeur de recherche CNRS, Institut de physique du globe de Paris Rapporteur Karim Benzerara Directeur de recherche CNRS, Sorbonne Universités Membre Abderrazak El Albani Professeur des Universités, Université de Poitiers Membre Armelle Riboulleau Maître de conférences, Université de Lille 1 Membre Claude Geffroy-Rodier Maître de conférences, Université de Poitiers Membre Claire Rollion-Bard Ingénieur de recherche CNRS, Institut de physique du globe de Paris Membre Kevin Lepot Maître de conférences, Université de Lille 1 Pour citer cette thèse : Stellina Gwenaëlle Lekele Baghekema. Études multi-proxies et multi-scalaires des roches siliceuses (cherts) du bassin de Franceville (2,1 Ga) : origine et processus de formation [En ligne]. Thèse Terre solide et enveloppes superficielles. Poitiers : Université de Poitiers, 2017. Disponible sur Internet <http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr> THESE Pour l’obtention du Grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE POITIERS (Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées) (Diplôme National - Arrêté du 25 mai 2016) Ecole Doctorale μ Sciences pour l’Environnement – Gay Lussac Secteur de Recherche : Géosciences – Terre solide et enveloppes superficielles Présentée par : Stellina Gwenaëlle LEKELE BAGHEKEMA ************************ ETUDES MULTI-PROXIES ET MULTI-SCALAIRES DES ROCHES SILICEUSES (CHERTS) DU BASSIN DE FRANCEVILLE (2,1Ga) : ORIGINE ET PROCESSUS DE FORMATION ************************ Directeur de Thèse : Abderrazak EL ALBANI Co-directeur de thèse : Armelle RIBOULLEAU ************************ Soutenue le 29 juin 2017 devant la Commission d’Examen ************************ MEMBRES DU JURY Rapporteurs Marc CHAUSSIDON Directeur de recherche CNRS (IPGP) Karim BENZERARA Directeur de rechercher CNRS (IMPMC) Examinateurs Claire ROLLION-BARD Ingénieur de recherche HDR-CNRS, (IPGP) Kevin LEPOT Maître de conférences, université Lille 1 Emmanuel TERTRE Professeur, Université de Poitiers Claude GEFFROY Maître de conférences, Université de Poitiers Armelle RIBOULLEAU Maître de conférences, HDR, université Lille 1 (Co-directrice) Abderrazak EL ALBANI Professeur, Université de Poitiers (Directeur) 2 LEKELE BAGHEKEMA Sellina Gwenaelle, 2017 RESUME Le bassin de Franceville d’âge Paléoprotérozoïque (2,2-2,0 Ga) est connu pour ses réacteurs nucléaires naturels, la richesse de son sous-sol (minéralisations uranifères et manganésifère) et ses formations sédimentaires bien préservées qui ont fourni les plus an- ciens macro-organismes multicellulaires déplaçant la limite de l’apparition de la vie multi- cellulaire précédemment fixée à 600 Ma à 2,1 Ga. Ces derniers sont retrouvés dans la for- mation FB dont la mise en place s’est faite durant et immédiatement après le GOE (Grand Evenement d’Oxydation de l’atmosphère terrestre). Cependant, le bassin de Franceville possède également des roches de type cherts qui appartiennent majoritairement au FC et sont le sujet de ce travail. Les observations de terrains, les études pétrographiques et géochimiques sont utili- sées pour déterminer l’environnement de dépôts, le mode de formation, et la source de la silice qui compose ces cherts. L’analyse des différents affleurements met en évidence trois faciès distincts : (1) un faciès chert massif d’apparence homogène, (2) un faciès de chert béchique et (3) un faciès stromatolites. La présence des stromatolites montrant des dômes plats, relativement peu épais, avec des formes concentriques à la surface de ces dômes tra- duisent un milieu de faible profondeur. Les observations microscopiques dépeignent trois microfaciès : (1) un microfaciès homogène composé de microquartz dans lequel sont inclus de carbonates et des calcédoines; ce microfaciès est caractéristique des affleurements de Sucaf et route de Moyabi; (2) un microfaciès hétérogène montrant des grains qui peuvent être assimilés à des péloïdes à Bambaye, et à des intraclastes et oncoïdes à Lekouba; (3) un microfaciès laminé (stromatolites) présent dans tous les affleurements. Les observations des differents faciès permettent de suggerer une précipitation directe de silice pour les fa- ciès homogènes dont les carboantes sont totalement absent. Pour les microfaciès homo- gènes et à intraclastes comprenant des inclusions de carbonates pourrait résulter de la sili- cification d’un précurseur carbonaté. La géochimie élémentaire et isotopique ont été effectué afin de retrouver les ori- gines possibles de la silice des cherts Francevilliens. La géochimie élémentaire par le biais des terres rares associées à l’Yttrium (REE+Y) montre que les cherts sont d’origines hy- drothermale ou diagénétique. Afin d’obtenir des informations plus détaillées sur l’origine de la formation de ces cherts, des analyses isotopiques ont été effectuées et des paléotempé- ratures de formation de la silice ont été estimés. Les signaux isotopiques indiquent trois sources possibles pour ces cherts : une source d’eau de mer, une source hydrothermale et une source diagénétique. Cependant, les températures obtenues sont autour de 59°C à 122°C. les plus faibles températures reflètent les températures de l’eau de mer et les plus élevées se rapprochent des températures diagénétiques. La formation FC de Francevillien du Gabon renferme les plus vieux microfossiles de Gunflint (Gunflintia, Huroniospora, Eoastrion) qui sont observés dans des stromatolites. Des observations microscopiques (microscopie optiques, microscope électronique à ba- layage, microscopie électronique à transmission, microscopie laser confocal à balayage et la microspectroscopie Raman) ont été utilisées pour étudier la morphologie et l’ultrastructure dans le but de mieux caractériser leur préservation, leur biogénicité et leur 3 LEKELE BAGHEKEMA Sellina Gwenaelle, 2017 affinité biologique. Malgré un degré de maturation élevé de la matière organique qui les compose, les gaines et les parois des Gunflintia et Huroniospora sont préservées par une recristallisation de plusieurs générations d’opales de différentes textures. Des filaments larges (> 3 μm) à parois épaissessont reconnus pour la première fois dans un assemblage stromatolitique de type Gunflint et montrent la préservation d'une ultra-structure de gaine épaisse souvent observée dans lescyanobactéries. Deux types de formes en étoiles (Eoas- trion) sont distinguées. L’étude palynologique et ultrastructurale révèle un processus de préservation similaire à celui des Gunflintia et Huroniospora. Toutefois, les branches d’un Eoastrion traversant un cristal de chlorite diagénétique tardif sont compatibles avec la formation de branches par migration. De ce fait, leur biogénicité reste discutable. Mots clés: Paléoprotérozoïque, bassin de Franceville, cherts Paléoenvironnements, ori- gine, formation, microfossiles ABSTRACT The Franceville basin of Paleoproterozoic age (2.2-2.0 Ga) is known for its natural nuclear reactors, richness of its bedrock (uranium and manganese ore mineralization). and well-preserved sedimentary formations. That provided the oldest multicellular macro- organisms moving the limit of the emergence multicellular life previously set at 600 Ma to 2.1 Ga. The These are found in the FB formation which was deposed during and immediately after the GOE (Great Oxydation Evenof Earth's Atmosphere). However, the Franceville basin also possesses cherty-type rocks which mainly belong to the FC and are the subject of this work. Field observations, petrographic and geochemical studies are used to determine environment of deposition, mode of formation, and source of the silica which composes these cherts. The different outcrops analysis shows three distinct facies : (1) massive chert facies (2) brecia chert facies and (3) stromatolites facies. The presence of stromatolites showing flat domes, and concentric forms on the dome surface indicate shallow depth environment. Microscopic observations depict three microfacies : (1) homogeneous microfacies composed of microquarz in which are included carbonates and chalcedony; This microfacies is characteristic of Sucaf and route de Moyabi outcrops (2) heterogeneous microfacies showing grains that can be assimilated at peloidsBambaye, and intraclasts and oncoids at Lekouba; (3) laminated microfacies (stromatolites) present in all outcrops. These different microfacies may be related to direct silica precipitation, with the exception of some homogeneous and intraclastic facies including carbonate inclusions, resulting from silica replacement of carbonate rocks.* Elementary and isotopic geochemistry have been carried out to trace the silica origins of Francevillian cherts. Elementary geochemistry through the rare earth associated with Yttrium (REE + Y) shows that the cherts are of hydrothermal or diagenetic origin. In order to obtain more detailed information on the chert formation processes, isotopic
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