Classic Palace Architecture of the Eastern Podillia in Ukraine: Historical Background and Key Factors
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ARCHITECTURE CIVIL ENGINEERING E NVIRONMENT The Silesian University of Technology No. 3/2018 doi : 10.21307/ACEE-2018-034 CLASSIC PALACE ARCHITECTURE OF THE EASTERN PODILLIA IN UKRAINE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND KEY FACTORS Oksana KHOROSHA a*, Volodymyr SMOLIAK b a Grad. Student; Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thermal Power Engineering and Gas Supply, Vinnytsia National Technical University, 95 Khmelnytske shose, Vinnytsia, Ukraine, 21021 * E-mail address: [email protected] b PhD; Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thermal Power Engineering and Gas Supply, Vinnytsia National Technical University, 95 Khmelnytske shose, Vinnytsia, Ukraine Received: 14.04.2018; Revised: 24.07.2018; Accepted: 11.09.2018 Abstract The article deals with the palace architecture of the style of classicism in the Eastern Podillia in Ukraine of the late 18 th and early 20 th centuries, in the context of historical and socio-political backgrounds. This issue remains poorly studied, because it was not considered comprehensively for Eastern Podillia. The purpose of the article is to establish the factors and his - torical preconditions of the architecture of the palace complexes in accordance with the world tendencies and regional fea - tures of Eastern Podillia. The complex of general scientific and special research methods was applied in the work. It was established, that the palace architecture of Eastern Podillia was formed dependent on socio-economic and political changes in society, a complex of the main factors and worldview-cultural desires of the owners of estates. Determined, that the prin - ciples of the European classicism had an impact on the creation of conceptual features and typical signs of the palace com - plexes of the Eastern Podilia in the context of regional architectural tendencies and belonging to the territory of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18 century. Keywords: Palace; Ensemble; Classicism; Factors of influence; Architectural features; Podillia; Period; Backgrounds. 1. INTRODUCTION ern Vinnytsia region, where a historical context and careful searches of sources come forward as main. The study of the cultural heritage of Ukraine has The palace and park estates of the Eastern Podillia of always attracted the interest of scientists, architects, the late 18 th and early 20 th centuries, which are geo - restorers and cultural figures, such, as D. Malakov [1], graphically the lands of Vinnytsia, in turn, represent a V. Timofienko [2], V. Kolesnyk [3], L. Tomilovich, [4], bright part of the architectural heritage of our coun - M. Potupchik [5], A. Izotov [6], and also the Polish his - try; they contain memories of significant historical torians and researchers investigated our cultural her - events, important figures and cultural development of itage, such as W. Marczynski [7], A. Przezdziecki [8], the region. The formation of the main architectural A. Urbansky [9], E.A. Rolle [10], T. Jaroszewski [11] principles in the establishment of the palace complex - because the sights of past generations left in fact need es of the Eastern Podillia also is performed in the style the deep analytical studies of specialists of different of all Ukrainian trends and the combined socio-politi - industries. The most voluminous factual work closely cal system of that time. related to the topic of this article is the multidimen - sional edition of the Polish researcher R. Aftanazi The socio-historical peculiarity of the region based on [12], 10 and 9 volumes of this work are devoted to the its territorial belonging consistently to the Polish- study of palace and manor construction within mod - Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire. 3/2018 ARCHITECTURE CIVIL ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENT 13 O. Khorosha, V. Smoliak Political changes led to the changes in the territorial Having analyzed the source base for the palace archi - distribution of Vinnytsia, in the social structure of the tecture of the Eastern Podillia, the conclusion can be region, in the social structure of the population and, made that the information is characterized by selec - in accordance with changes in architecture in gener - tivity in the context of the palace architecture of al, the palace architecture in the Eastern Podillya got Ukraine: individual estates are mentioned in various changes as well. publications, most often it is the group of the most Territorial boundaries covered the modern adminis - known objects, the information is more descriptive. trative division of the land of Vinnytsia region as part The principles of the formation and development of of Ukraine. In the historical context, these were the classicism in the architecture of the Vinnytsia palaces lands of the Bratslav Voivodship (during the Polish- remain to be discovered; the factors that influenced Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Podolsk the volumetric organization of the classic estate province and partly the Kyiv province (during the haven’t been determined; any scientific work hasn’t Russian Empire). been issued on the study of architectural and stylistic orientation, the history of construction and develop - The timeframe for the study begins at the end of the ment of palaces of the classic style in the Eastern 18 th century and continues until the beginning of the Podillia. 20 th century. From the end of the 18 th to the middle of the 19 th century it was the period of the emerging of the first manifestations of classicism, the rise and 2. FORMATION OF CLASSIC PALACE fall of the style features in palace architecture, and ARCHITECTURE OF THE EASTERN also from the end of the 19 th to the beginning of the PODILLIA 20 th century, it was the period of return to the classi - cal style features (in the period of architecture of his - 2.1. Historical background and peculiarities of the toricism ) here the stylistics of neoclassicism mani - formation of classicism in Europe and in the Polish- fested itself in the architecture of individual palaces Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Vinnytsia region. Architecture in European countries in the second half To highlight the objectives, the article developed a of the 18 th century was characterized by the develop - methodological sequence of research which consists of ment of a style that in international terminology is the following stages: in the first stage, it has been called “classicism”, the scope and grandeur of which selected the objects of research, formulated the goal actively spread to neighboring states. This style, and determined its boundaries; at the second stage, based on the ideals of the ancient classics art, is char - the historical analysis of the formation of the classi - acterized by majestic simplicity, the absence of cism style at the world level has been made and its unnecessary details, rigor, and laconicism. The key influence on the formation of the palace complexes of element of style is the order [2]. the Eastern Podillia has been traced; at the third stage, During this period, the main tendencies of the socio - using the structural analysis of archival, iconographic, cultural development of Western Europe in different cartographic materials and the systematization of pri - countries manifested themselves in different ways. mary sources, it has been established the main socio- However, on the whole, a broad social movement, the historical factors that influenced the development and Enlightenment, was formed in the sphere of the cul - growth of classic palaces in the region. ture of the 18 th century. New tasks were put forward In this paper, all the objects of the classic palace in architecture, in search of an exquisitely simple, architecture in Vinnytsia region are taken into con - renewed and freed from unprofitable imposition. It sideration, namely 19 palace complexes. After all, formed a specific type of private residential house, they started the construction of palace ensembles in manor, and ensemble of buildings. There was a fruit - the region. According to the quantitative ratio, the ful interaction and mutual enrichment of various palaces of classical style were the most significant types of art – architecture, sculpture, painting, litera - part among the palace complexes of other stylistic ture, theater, etc. directions built in Vinnytsia region (39% of them Classicism also arose here as the antithesis of belong to the classical style estates from all estates in baroque with its splendor, richness of decor and rest - the region). This tendency of the development of the less, as if slippery lines. As an architectural style, clas - classic palace architecture was also observed in sicism was formed in France in the 17 th century, but Volynsk [13] Kyiv [14] and Galytsk [15] regions of as a common European phenomenon, it became in Ukraine. 14 ARCHITECTURE CIVIL ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENT 3/2018 CLASSIC PALACE ARCHITECTURE OF THE EASTERN PODILLIA IN UKRAINE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND KEY FACTORS a th th E the 18–19 centuries. The ideas of the beauty in this the 18 century, a circle of classicistic phenomena R style underlined in the ideals of A. Palladio, the was formed, which was called “the style of King U T antiquity served as a historical reference point [13]. Stanislaw August”. It should also be noted that C E The architecture of classicism as a whole was inher - already in the Kingdom of Poland at the beginning of T th I ent in the correct geometric forms, symmetry of the 19 century classicism also acquired development H C space-planning decisions, regular and rhythmic divi - with young architects such as Y. Kubinsky, R sion of the facade, balanced compositions, emphati - S. Zavadsky and so on [14]. A cally static and organized into logically arranged ensembles. 2.2. Historical background of the formation of classi - These principles were applied to garden and park art. cism in Ukraine and of classic palace ensembles in French classicism developed the so-called “ordinary the Eastern Podillia. park”, in which the strictly arranged flower beds and th lawns formed symmetrical patterns that were clearly The architecture in Ukraine at the end of the 18 cen - ordered in comparison with natural objects.