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Diagnostic Upper Endoscopy Jean Marc Canard, Jean-Christophe Létard, Anne Marie Lennon

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Diagnostic Upper Endoscopy Jean Marc Canard, Jean-Christophe Létard, Anne Marie Lennon CHAPTER 3 Diagnostic upper endoscopy Jean Marc Canard, Jean-Christophe Létard, Anne Marie Lennon Summary Introduction 84 4. Equipment 90 1. Upper gastrointestinal anatomy 84 5. Endoscopy technique 91 2. Indications 85 6. Complications 97 3. Contraindications 90 7. Upper endoscopy in children 99 Key Points the horizontal line that passes through the cardia and that is visible in a retroflexed endoscopic view. The body is the ᭹ Upper endoscopy is a commonly performed procedure. remainder of the upper part of the stomach and is delimited ᭹ Always intubate under direct vision and never push. at its lower edge by the line that passes through the angular ᭹ Be aware of ‘blind’ areas, which can be easily missed. notch. Endoscopically, the transition from the body to the ᭹ Cancers should be classified using the Paris classification system. antrum is seen as a transition from rugae to flat mucosa (Fig. 4). The pylorus is a circular orifice, which leads to the first part of the duodenum. Introduction Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is one of the com- monest procedures that a gastroenterologist performs. This chapter covers how to perform a diagnostic upper endos- copy. Therapeutic interventions in upper endoscopy are dis- Dental arch cussed in Chapter 7. 1. Upper gastrointestinal anatomy 15 cm 1.1. The esophagus C6 The cervical segment of the esophagus begins at the upper esophageal sphincter, which is 15 cm from the incisors and 40 cm 1/3 proximal is 6 mm long (Fig. 1). The thoracic segment of the esophagus esophagus is approximately 19 cm long. Its lumen is open during inspi- D4 ration and closed during expiration. The imprint of the arch of the aorta is sometimes apparent at 25 cm from the inci- 25 cm 1/3 mid sors on the left. How to describe where a lesion is in terms esophagus of anterior, posterior, right, left, is very important and is D7 shown in Figure 2. The transition between the esophagus and gastric epithelium (Z line) is identified by the change in 1/3 distal color of the mucosa from pale-pink to reddish-pink. esophagus D10 1.2. The stomach The stomach extends from the cardia to the pylorus (Fig. 3). The fundus is the portion of the stomach above Figure 1 Main anatomical features of the esophagus. ©2011 Elsevier Ltd, Inc, BV 84 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-3128-1.00003-1 Canard_Chapter 3_main.indd 84 4/21/2011 3:28:05 PM Diagnostic upper endoscopy 3 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Practice Right Clinical Tips 12h Upper GI alarm symptoms • Age ≥50 with new onset symptoms. • Family history of upper GI malignancy. • Unintended weight loss >6 lb (2.7 kg). • GI bleeding or iron deficiency anemia. Anterior 9h Posterior 3h • Progressive dysphagia. • Odynophagia. A • Persistent vomiting. • Palpable mass or lymphadenopathy. 6h • Jaundice. Left Figure 2 Orientation in the esophagus. It is very important to understand your orientation in the esophagus so that you can describe where a lesion Box 1 Indications for upper endoscopy is. This figure demonstrates the orientation of the esophagus when the patient is in the left lateral decubitus position, water naturally stays in the • Dyspepsia associated with alarm symptoms at any age. • New onset dyspepsia in a patient ≥50. left face. B Figure 4 Orientation in the stomach. When the patient is in the lateral left • Dysphagia or odynophagia. decubitus position, the greater curvature is at the bottom, the lesser Figure 6 (A) Normal ampulla of Vater. (B) Biopsies should be taken AWAY • Symptoms of GERD that persist or recur despite appropriate curvature at the top, the posterior stomach wall on the right, and the therapy. Clinical Tip from the pancreatic orifice to avoid pancreatitis. A safe area to biopsy is the anterior stomach wall on the left. upper left quadrant in the area within the box. • Persistent vomiting of unknown cause. Always consider linitis plastica if the stomach fails to distend • Diseases in which the presence of upper GI pathology may affect normally. the genu superius to the genu inferius. The ampulla of Vater 2.1. Dyspepsia planned management, e.g. decision to anticoagulate. is usually found in a horizontal fold in the middle of D2 Age ≥50 with new onset dyspepsia: • Confirmation of radiological abnormalities. (Fig. 6). The accessory papilla is a small protuberance, which • Suspected neoplasia. When the patient is in the lateral left decubitus position, is usually found just superior and proximal to the ampulla • Should undergo EGD regardless of whether they have • Assessment and treatment of GI bleeding (acute or chronic). the greater curvature is at the bottom, the lesser curvature at of Vater. alarm symptoms. • Sampling of tissue or fluid. the top, the posterior stomach wall on the right, and the Age <50 with dyspepsia: • To document or treat esophageal varices. anterior stomach wall is on the left (Fig. 4). The anterior wall 1.4. Postoperative endoscopy of the stomach Patients with alarm symptoms should undergo EGD • Surveillance for malignancy in high risk groups, e.g. Barrett’s can be visualized with transillumination, a technique used • Those without alarm symptoms should undergo an esophagus, hereditary gastric cancer families. for PEG insertion (see Ch. 4). A normal stomach distends and duodenum • initial test-and-treat approach for H. pylori • Follow-up of gastric ulcer. fully with insufflation, with the rugae flattening out (Fig. 5). Common post-surgical anatomy includes a Billroth I (Fig. Patients who are H. pylori-negative should be offered a • Follow-up of patients who undergo endoscopic mucosal 7), where only one lumen is present. In a Polya or Billroth • resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of an short trial of PPI therapy II (Fig. 7), two gastrojejunal orifices are visible. The afferent early cancer. 1.3. The duodenum Patients who do not respond to empiric PPI therapy or limb leads to the duodenum, while the efferent limb leads • have recurrent symptoms after an adequate trial should The duodenum extends from the pylorus to the duodeno- to the colon. undergo endoscopy. jejunal angle. The duodenal bulb extends from the pylorus to the genu superius. The second portion (D2) extends from Clinical Tip The afferent limb is usually the more difficult limb to enter. Fundus 2. Indications Cardia Upper endoscopy (EGD) is indicated for investigation of the following presentations or for screening for pre-malignant lesions. Lesser Body curvature Greater curvature Genu A superius Angle A E Bulb E Pylorus Antrum A B A B C Figure 5 Insufflation of the stomach. (A) Normal insufflations of the Figure 3 Gastric anatomy. stomach. (B) Non-distention of the stomach in a patient with linitis plastica. L1 Figure 7 (A) Billroth I. (B) Polya. (C) Billroth II. A, afferent limb. B, efferent limb. 85 86 Canard_Chapter 3_main.indd 85 4/21/2011 3:28:06 PM Canard_Chapter 3_main.indd 86 4/21/2011 3:28:07 PM Diagnostic upper endoscopy 3 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Practice Right Clinical Tips 12h Upper GI alarm symptoms • Age ≥50 with new onset symptoms. • Family history of upper GI malignancy. • Unintended weight loss >6 lb (2.7 kg). • GI bleeding or iron deficiency anemia. Anterior 9h Posterior 3h • Progressive dysphagia. • Odynophagia. A • Persistent vomiting. • Palpable mass or lymphadenopathy. 6h • Jaundice. Left Figure 2 Orientation in the esophagus. It is very important to understand your orientation in the esophagus so that you can describe where a lesion Box 1 Indications for upper endoscopy is. This figure demonstrates the orientation of the esophagus when the patient is in the left lateral decubitus position, water naturally stays in the • Dyspepsia associated with alarm symptoms at any age. • New onset dyspepsia in a patient ≥50. left face. B Figure 4 Orientation in the stomach. When the patient is in the lateral left • Dysphagia or odynophagia. decubitus position, the greater curvature is at the bottom, the lesser Figure 6 (A) Normal ampulla of Vater. (B) Biopsies should be taken AWAY • Symptoms of GERD that persist or recur despite appropriate curvature at the top, the posterior stomach wall on the right, and the therapy. Clinical Tip from the pancreatic orifice to avoid pancreatitis. A safe area to biopsy is the anterior stomach wall on the left. upper left quadrant in the area within the box. • Persistent vomiting of unknown cause. Always consider linitis plastica if the stomach fails to distend • Diseases in which the presence of upper GI pathology may affect normally. the genu superius to the genu inferius. The ampulla of Vater 2.1. Dyspepsia planned management, e.g. decision to anticoagulate. is usually found in a horizontal fold in the middle of D2 Age ≥50 with new onset dyspepsia: • Confirmation of radiological abnormalities. (Fig. 6). The accessory papilla is a small protuberance, which • Suspected neoplasia. When the patient is in the lateral left decubitus position, is usually found just superior and proximal to the ampulla • Should undergo EGD regardless of whether they have • Assessment and treatment of GI bleeding (acute or chronic). the greater curvature is at the bottom, the lesser curvature at of Vater. alarm symptoms. • Sampling of tissue or fluid. the top, the posterior stomach wall on the right, and the Age <50 with dyspepsia: • To document or treat esophageal varices. anterior stomach wall is on the left (Fig. 4). The anterior wall 1.4. Postoperative endoscopy of the stomach Patients with alarm symptoms should undergo EGD • Surveillance for malignancy in high risk groups, e.g. Barrett’s can be visualized with transillumination, a technique used • Those without alarm symptoms should undergo an esophagus, hereditary gastric cancer families. for PEG insertion (see Ch. 4). A normal stomach distends and duodenum • initial test-and-treat approach for H.
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