Furs to Furriers in Dunedin, New Zealand, to 1940 Evan James Tosh
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Furs to Furriers in Dunedin, New Zealand, to 1940 Evan James Tosh A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Consumer and Applied Science at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. August 2005 Declaration To be added later ii Abstract This thesis chronicles the development of the fur trade in Dunedin from the 1870s to 1940. The fur trade in Dunedin started in response to the large numbers of rabbit skins and meat that were able to be marketed following the explosion in introduced rabbit numbers in the 1870s. Most rabbit traders diversified into buying and selling other products of the land, but a few became more involved in the fur trade, by concentrating on the rabbit trade or by diversifying into fur dressing and/or manufacturing and retailing fur garments. Dunedin became the major source of skins for export, and also was home to the main fur processing factory, and largest fur garment manufacturing operation in the country. Government measures to foster local industries and employment through the use of protective tariffs are examined. The demand for fur garments and the protection of these tariffs aided the development of fur garment manufacturers from 1920 onwards. The controversy over whether the commercial use of rabbits hindered the policy of rabbit destruction is examined. Whilst the Government tried to encourage rabbit destruction it did not hinder the trade in rabbit meat or skins. This contrasts with the official attitude to opossums, as population increases were encouraged in order to build up a fur trades. But by the late 1920s it was realised that the opossum was actually damaging forests and had become a pest. Similar good ideas, such as introduction of the natural enemies of rabbits in the 1890s, such as ferrets and weasels, were also identified as environmentally disastrous in this period. During the depression fur prices dropped, and this affected trappers and skin dealers, but allowed manufacturers to produce a cheaper range of fur products to satisfy the continuing demand for fur. Fur prices increased after the depression, fur garments remained popular, and the fur trade continued to thrive. The fur manufacturers future was jeopardised in 1938 by crisis in New Zealand’s foreign exchange situation. Quantitative import restrictions were introduced, and these initially included a ban on the import of raw and processed furs (as well as garments). The fur trade successfully lobbied, and were able to get some restrictions lifted on raw skins. However this coincided with the advent of New Zealand’s involvement in the Second World War and the thesis ends with the fur trade waiting to see how it will be affected by the introduction of war time trade restrictions. iii Acknowledgements The author wishes to gratefully acknowledge the following people: My wife, Rhonda, and our children David, Morgan, Eleanor, Alan and Claire, for their patience and tolerance whilst this thesis was being researched and written. Professor Raechel Laing for her encouragement, suggestions and patience. Joan Cameron for help with proof reading. Denys Stewart for his work on the history of the fur trade and for preserving his family’s history. The author also wishes to gratefully acknowledge the following institutions which have stored and preserved many of the resources that were invaluable in preparing this thesis: The Hocken Library, University of Otago University of Otago Library McNab Room, Dunedin Public Library Christchurch Public Library Archives New Zealand/Te Whare Tohu Tuhituhinga O Aotearoa, Head Office, Wellington, and the district offices in Christchurch and Dunedin British Library, Newspaper Library, Colindale, London This work is dedicated to the memory of my father, J.E. Tosh, and all the people who have been involved in the fur trade over the years. iv Table of Contents Title I Declaration ii Abstract iii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents v List of tables xi List of figures xii Chapter 1 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aim of the thesis 1 1.2 Limitations 1 1.3 The fur trade in Dunedin 1 1.4 Business histories 3 1.5 Social history 4 1.6 Shaping a comprehensive chronicle of the fur trade in Dunedin 6 Chapter 2 8 Methods 8 2.1 Sources 8 Previous studies 8 Dunedin newspapers 9 Directories 10 International fur trade periodicals 10 Statistical Information 11 Archives New Zealand/Te Whare Tohu Tuhituhinga O Aotearoa 12 Tosh family archives 12 Stewart family archives 13 Books about furs 13 Chapter 3 14 Fur trade structures and functions 14 3.1 Sources of skins 14 The preparation of raw skins 15 Quality 15 3.2 Marketing raw skins 16 The raw skin auction 16 v Distribution of skins 18 3.3 Processing raw skins 19 Dressing and dyeing 19 Advances processing and manufacturing 21 Fur dressing and dyeing developments 21 3.4 Manufacturing furs 21 Adoption of the fur sewing machine 24 New fur cutting techniques 30 Designs for fur garments 30 3.5 Fur knowledge and the Dunedin fur trade 32 Bringing fur fashion to Dunedin 34 Chapter 4 35 Rabbits: from pest to commercialization 35 4.1 A pest is established 35 The introduction of the rabbit 35 A cheap source of food 35 4.2 The rabbit becomes a nuisance 36 4.3 A market is established 39 The frozen meat revolution 41 The frozen rabbit meat trade 42 Frozen rabbits traders in Dunedin 45 Decline in rabbit meat exports 53 The impact of the Great War 54 4.4 The establishment of the rabbitskin trade 58 Rabbit skin auctions 62 Rabbit skin exporters 63 The Great War, 1914 to 1918 65 The International Fur Market 67 4.5 Opposition to the commercialisation of rabbits 70 Rabbit Inspectors and the Rabbit Nuisance Act 73 4.6 A plan so cunning….the natural enemies of the rabbit 84 Chapter 5 92 The furskin market 1918 to 1939 92 5.1 The international fur and skin scene after the war 92 The New Zealand rabbit trade 92 Rabbit skin boom 96 Fur prices drop internationally 97 The effect of the drop in price on Dunedin traders 97 vi Boom and bust in the rabbit canning business 98 New entrants in the rabbit skin business 99 Changes in the international rabbit trade 100 Fluctuation in rabbit prices 103 Rabbitskin price recovery 104 1926: Average rabbit prices increase and exports decrease 107 1927 107 1928: the edge of a price precipice 109 Lower prices in 1929 109 Turmoil in the fur trade 110 1931: the depression deepens 113 1932: prices remain low 114 1933: signs of recovery 116 5.2 Continuing opposition to the rabbit trade 120 Southern Pastoral Lands Commission 120 Amending the Rabbit Nuisance Act 121 More opposition to the Rabbit Nuisance Act 122 Lobbying to change the Act 125 Rabbit Nuisance Act amended 128 The battle continues 128 Victory signs 129 5.3 Fur trade recovery 132 Trapper's concerns about the auction system 133 The rabbits place in the international fur trade 135 1935: sustainable price increases 135 1936: continued optimism 136 1937 140 1938: market jitters 143 1939: uncertainty and the descent to war 144 5.4 Rabbit destruction in New Zealand during the 1930s 149 Commercial value continues to undermine eradication 150 Chapter 6 150 Other fur bearing animals in New Zealand and their use in the fur trade 151 6.1 Opossums 151 Introduction of the opossum 151 Commercialisation of the opossum 154 The first opossum season 157 Development of the opossum trade 159 Plateau in the opossum crop 161 vii Prices fall 164 A nuisance? 166 Re-opening the opossum season, 1933 167 More skins, lower prices 168 The shuttle trade 174 Fickle demand for opossum skins 175 6.2 Rabbit farming 177 6.2 The weasel family 181 6.3 Hares 182 6.4 Foxes 182 6.5 Dogs 182 6.6 Seals 183 Protection for seals 184 Open season proposed 187 International protection 187 Open seal seasons 189 Dunedin sealers 189 Joseph Hatch 190 Size of the seal trade 191 Chapter 7 193 The tariff 193 7.1 The importance of the tariff to the fur trade 193 Tariff Review, 1918 193 7.2 Background to the Tariff 195 Colonial Industries Commission, 1880 196 Tariff reviews and State intervention in industry 198 Preferential tariffs 201 1907 tariff review 202 1917 review 204 Protectionism 204 7.3 Employment growth in the fur garment manufacturing trade 207 7.4 Dealing with Australia 212 Dumping of Australian furs 212 Tariff Agreement Ratification Bill 212 7.5 Tariff Reviews 213 1927 tariff review 213 1930 revision 214 More Australian dumping 215 Tariff increases, 1931 216 viii The Ottawa Agreement 217 Depression and the Government's need to raise money 218 Tariff Inquiry, 1933 218 More dumping 221 7.6 Import control 222 7.7 Fur trade lobbying 225 All fur imports prohibited 228 Opposition to prohibition of fur imports 228 Limited imports of raw skins allowed 231 Chapter 8 237 Supplying the domestic demand for fur 237 8.1 Supplying and retailing of fur garments prior to 1920 237 Furs, fashion and Dunedin 237 Retailing furs in Dunedin before 1920 238 The viability of local fur manufacturing 238 8.2 The start of fur dressing in Dunedin 240 Depression 254 Lower costs and an increase in imports of raw and dressed fur skins 254 Fur Dressers & Dyers Ltd and the depression 258 Fur Dressers & Dyers Ltd after 1939 263 8.3 The development of the Dunedin wholesale furriers 264 Mooneys Ltd 264 8.4 Manufacturing retailers 270 Mutual Furs 273 New Zealand Fur Company 274 Arctic Fur Company 278 Fur Agencies Ltd.