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Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, Volume 3C: System Programming Guide, Part 3

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Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, Volume 3C: System Programming Guide, Part 3 Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual Volume 3C: System Programming Guide, Part 3 NOTE: The Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual consists of seven volumes: Basic Architecture, Order Number 253665; Instruction Set Reference A-M, Order Number 253666; Instruction Set Reference N-Z, Order Number 253667; Instruction Set Reference, Order Number 326018; System Programming Guide, Part 1, Order Number 253668; System Programming Guide, Part 2, Order Number 253669; System Programming Guide, Part 3, Order Number 326019. Refer to all seven volumes when evaluating your design needs. Order Number: 326019-049US February 2014 INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL PRODUCTS. NO LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INTEL'S TERMS AND CONDI- TIONS OF SALE FOR SUCH PRODUCTS, INTEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER AND INTEL DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRAN- TY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE OF INTEL PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. A "Mission Critical Application" is any application in which failure of the Intel Product could result, directly or indirectly, in personal injury or death. SHOULD YOU PURCHASE OR USE INTEL'S PRODUCTS FOR ANY SUCH MISSION CRITICAL APPLICATION, YOU SHALL INDEMNIFY AND HOLD INTEL AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES, SUBCONTRACTORS AND AFFILIATES, AND THE DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, AND EMPLOYEES OF EACH, HARMLESS AGAINST ALL CLAIMS COSTS, DAMAGES, AND EXPENSES AND REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES ARISING OUT OF, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, ANY CLAIM OF PRODUCT LIABILITY, PERSONAL INJURY, OR DEATH ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF SUCH MISSION CRITICAL APPLICATION, WHETHER OR NOT INTEL OR ITS SUBCONTRACTOR WAS NEGLIGENT IN THE DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, OR WARNING OF THE INTEL PRODUCT OR ANY OF ITS PARTS. Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. Designers must not rely on the absence or char- acteristics of any features or instructions marked "reserved" or "undefined". Intel reserves these for future definition and shall have no responsi- bility whatsoever for conflicts or incompatibilities arising from future changes to them. The information here is subject to change without notice. Do not finalize a design with this information. The products described in this document may contain design defects or errors known as errata which may cause the product to deviate from published specifications. Current characterized errata are available on request. Intel® AES-NI requires a computer system with an AES-NI enabled processor, as well as non-Intel software to execute the instructions in the correct sequence. AES-NI is available on select Intel® processors. For availability, consult your reseller or system manufacturer. For more in- formation, see http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-advanced-encryption-standard-instructions-aes-ni/. Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology (Intel® HT Technology) is available on select Intel® Core™ processors. Requires an Intel® HT Technology- enabled system. Consult your PC manufacturer. Performance will vary depending on the specific hardware and software used. For more informa- tion including details on which processors support HT Technology, visit http://www.intel.com/info/hyperthreading. Intel® Virtualization Technology requires a computer system with an enabled Intel® processor, BIOS, and virtual machine monitor (VMM). Func- tionality, performance or other benefits will vary depending on hardware and software configurations. Software applications may not be com- patible with all operating systems. Consult your PC manufacturer. For more information, visit http://www.intel.com/go/virtualization. Intel® 64 architecture Requires a system with a 64-bit enabled processor, chipset, BIOS and software. Performance will vary depending on the specific hardware and software you use. Consult your PC manufacturer for more information. For more information, visit http://www.in- tel.com/info/em64t. Enabling Execute Disable Bit functionality requires a PC with a processor with Execute Disable Bit capability and a supporting operating system. Check with your PC manufacturer on whether your system delivers Execute Disable Bit functionality. Intel, the Intel logo, Pentium, Xeon, Intel NetBurst, Intel Core, Intel Core Solo, Intel Core Duo, Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Extreme, Intel Pentium D, Itanium, Intel SpeedStep, MMX, Intel Atom, and VTune are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. Contact your local Intel sales office or your distributor to obtain the latest specifications and before placing your product order. Copies of documents which have an order number and are referenced in this document, or other Intel literature, may be obtained by calling 1- 800-548-4725, or go to: http://www.intel.com/design/literature.htm Copyright © 1997-2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 23 INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL-MACHINE EXTENSIONS 23.1 OVERVIEW This chapter describes the basics of virtual machine architecture and an overview of the virtual-machine extensions (VMX) that support virtualization of processor hardware for multiple software environments. Information about VMX instructions is provided in Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 2B. Other aspects of VMX and system programming considerations are described in chapters of Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 3B. 23.2 VIRTUAL MACHINE ARCHITECTURE Virtual-machine extensions define processor-level support for virtual machines on IA-32 processors. Two principal classes of software are supported: • Virtual-machine monitors (VMM) — A VMM acts as a host and has full control of the processor(s) and other platform hardware. A VMM presents guest software (see next paragraph) with an abstraction of a virtual processor and allows it to execute directly on a logical processor. A VMM is able to retain selective control of processor resources, physical memory, interrupt management, and I/O. • Guest software — Each virtual machine (VM) is a guest software environment that supports a stack consisting of operating system (OS) and application software. Each operates independently of other virtual machines and uses on the same interface to processor(s), memory, storage, graphics, and I/O provided by a physical platform. The software stack acts as if it were running on a platform with no VMM. Software executing in a virtual machine must operate with reduced privilege so that the VMM can retain control of platform resources. 23.3 INTRODUCTION TO VMX OPERATION Processor support for virtualization is provided by a form of processor operation called VMX operation. There are two kinds of VMX operation: VMX root operation and VMX non-root operation. In general, a VMM will run in VMX root operation and guest software will run in VMX non-root operation. Transitions between VMX root operation and VMX non-root operation are called VMX transitions. There are two kinds of VMX transitions. Transitions into VMX non-root operation are called VM entries. Transitions from VMX non-root operation to VMX root operation are called VM exits. Processor behavior in VMX root operation is very much as it is outside VMX operation. The principal differences are that a set of new instructions (the VMX instructions) is available and that the values that can be loaded into certain control registers are limited (see Section 23.8). Processor behavior in VMX non-root operation is restricted and modified to facilitate virtualization. Instead of their ordinary operation, certain instructions (including the new VMCALL instruction) and events cause VM exits to the VMM. Because these VM exits replace ordinary behavior, the functionality of software in VMX non-root operation is limited. It is this limitation that allows the VMM to retain control of processor resources. There is no software-visible bit whose setting indicates whether a logical processor is in VMX non-root operation. This fact may allow a VMM to prevent guest software from determining that it is running in a virtual machine. Because VMX operation places restrictions even on software running with current privilege level (CPL) 0, guest software can run at the privilege level for which it was originally designed. This capability may simplify the devel- opment of a VMM. Vol. 3C 23-1 INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL-MACHINE EXTENSIONS 23.4 LIFE CYCLE OF VMM SOFTWARE Figure 23-1 illustrates the life cycle of a VMM and its guest software as well as the interactions between them. The following items summarize that life cycle: • Software enters VMX operation by executing a VMXON instruction. • Using VM entries, a VMM can then enter guests into virtual machines (one at a time). The VMM effects a VM entry using instructions VMLAUNCH and VMRESUME; it regains control using VM exits. • VM exits transfer control to an entry point specified by the VMM. The VMM can take action appropriate to the cause of the VM exit and can then return to the virtual machine using a VM entry. • Eventually, the VMM may decide to shut itself down and leave VMX operation. It does so by executing the VMXOFF instruction. Guest 0 Guest 1 VM ExitVM Entry VM Exit VMXON VM Monitor VMXOFF Figure 23-1. Interaction of a Virtual-Machine Monitor and Guests 23.5 VIRTUAL-MACHINE CONTROL STRUCTURE VMX non-root operation and VMX transitions are controlled by a data structure called a virtual-machine control structure (VMCS). Access to the VMCS is managed through a component of processor state called the VMCS pointer (one per logical processor). The value of the VMCS pointer is the 64-bit address of the VMCS. The VMCS pointer is read and written using the instructions VMPTRST and VMPTRLD. The VMM configures a VMCS using the VMREAD, VMWRITE, and VMCLEAR instructions.
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