Archaeological Excavation and Survey of Scheduled Coastal Alum Working Sites at Boulby, Kettleness, Sandsend and Saltwick, North Yorkshire

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Archaeological Excavation and Survey of Scheduled Coastal Alum Working Sites at Boulby, Kettleness, Sandsend and Saltwick, North Yorkshire Archaeological Excavation and Survey of Scheduled Coastal Alum Working Sites at Boulby, Kettleness, Sandsend and Saltwick, North Yorkshire ARS Ltd Report No-2015/42 OASIS No: archaeol5-208500 Compiled By: Samantha Bax, Rupert Lotherington PCIfA and Dr Gillian Scott Archaeological Research Services Ltd The Eco Centre Windmill Way Hebburn Tyne and Wear NE31 1SR Checked By: Chris Scott MCIfA Tel: 0191 4775111 [email protected] www.archaeologicalresearchservices.com Archaeological Excavation and Survey of Coastal Alum Working Sites at Boulby, Kettleness, Sandsend and Saltwick, North Yorkshire Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................. 3 List of Tables .............................................................................................................. 7 Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 8 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 11 2 Results ............................................................................................................... 16 3 Specialist reports ..............................................................................................101 4 Discussion .........................................................................................................105 5 Publicity, Confidentiality and Copyright ............................................................118 6 Statement of Indemnity ....................................................................................118 7 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................118 References ..............................................................................................................118 Appendix 1- Context Register ..................................................................................121 Appendix 2- Photograph Register ............................................................................125 Appendix 3- Figures ................................................................................................129 Appendix 4- Appendix to Sandsend Alum Quarries, North Yorkshire- Aerial Survey Interpretation and Mapping Report…………………………………...................150 2 Archaeological Excavation and Survey of Coastal Alum Working Sites at Boulby, Kettleness, Sandsend and Saltwick, North Yorkshire List of Figures Figure 1: Post-excavation photograph of Trench 1. (Scale- 2 x 2m & 2 x 1m). 18 Figure 2: NNW-facing section through south-western cistern (106) 18 (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2m)……..…………………………………..…………………… Figure 3: NW-facing section through south-western cistern (106) 20 (Scale- 2 x 1m)….…………………………..……………………………………………… Figure 4: NE-facing section through cistern (322) displaying collapse 23 deposit (114) (Scale- 1 x 2m & 1 x 1m)………………………..……………….. Figure 5: West facing oblique view of structure (118). (Scale 1 x 1m)….……… 24 Figure 6: SE-facing section through linear/liquor trough F.131 25 (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2m)……………………………………………………………….. Figure 7: SE-facing section through potential liquor trough F.131. 26 (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2)……………………..…………………..…….………………… Figure 8: SW-facing view of structure (207). (Scale- 1 x 1m)…..…………………… 27 Figure 9: NNE-facing view of structure (207) bordered by parallel 28 beamslots F.209 and F.211. (Scale- 1 x 2m)………………………………..… Figure 10: Post excavation view of potential post-pit cut [215] 29 (Scale- 1 x 0.10m)…………………………………………………………………………. Figure 11: Building platform levelling deposits (205) and (204) associated 30 with quarry dess [221]. (Scale- 1 x 1m)……………………………….………… Figure 12: NE facing view of wall (304) with deposits (312) and (301) visible 31 overlying the structure. (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2m)…….…………………… Figure 13: SE facing view of wall (304). Note sockets [307], [309] and [311]. 32 (Scale- 2 x 1m)……………………………………………………………………………… Figure 14: S-facing view of Trench 3. (Scale- 2 x 1m)….…………………………………. 33 Figure 15: S-facing view of Trench 1 displaying retaining wall (103) 35 (Scale- 2 x 1m)……………………………………………………………………………… Figure 16: SW-facing view of retaining wall (103) (Scale- 2 x 1m)……………..…… 35 Figure 17: ENE facing section through Trench 2 (Scale- 2 x 1m)….………………… 36 Figure 18: S-facing view of Trench 2 (Scale- 2 x 1m)………..……………………………. 37 Figure 19: NW facing section through calcining clamp 39 (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2m)……………………………………………………………….. Figure 20: SW-facing view of Trench 3 displaying thermal layer (306) and 40 retaining wall (302) (Scale- 2 x 1m)………………………………………………. Figure 21: SW-facing view Trench 3 displaying thermal layer (306) levelling 41 deposit (307) (Scale- 2 x 1m)………………………………………………………… Figure 22: NNW facing view of Trench 1 (Scale- 2 x 2m & 1 x 1m)….……………… 43 Figure 23: NNE facing view of drain F.214. Note revetting wall 44 (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2m)…………………………………………….…………………. Figure 24: NW-facing section through wall (220) and deposits (207), (212), 45 (219) and (221) (Scale- 1 x 2m)……..……………………………………………... Figure 25: ENE facing view of Trench 1 displaying compacted working 46 surfaces (216) and 219) (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2m)……….…………...…… Figure 26: NE facing view of Trench 1 (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2m)….…………………. 47 3 Archaeological Excavation and Survey of Coastal Alum Working Sites at Boulby, Kettleness, Sandsend and Saltwick, North Yorkshire Figure 27: West facing view of the slipway at Saltwick 49 (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2m)……………………………………………………………..… Figure 28: East facing view of the slipway at Saltwick 49 (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2m)……………………………………………..………………… Figure 29: NNW facing view of the slipway at Saltwick. 50 (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2m)……..………………………………………………………… Figure 30: NNW facing view of the slipway at Saltwick displaying the 51 grooves/tracks cut into the superior surface of the stonework. (Scale- 1 x 1m & 1 x 2m)……………………………….………………………………. Figure 31: N facing view of the slipway and associated stone-cut trackway 52 within the foreshore.……………………………….…………………………………… Figure 32: SSW facing view of the slipway ….………………………………………………… 53 Figure 33: Results of the Aerial Photography and Lidar Transcription …..……… 55 Figure 34: View into Gaytress Quarry, looking south-west ..…………………………. 58 Figure 35: Spoil heap within Gaytress Quarry looking south-east ………………… 59 Figure 36: Western extent of Gaytress Quarry ..…………………………………………… 59 Figure 37: French drain within the quarry floor at Gaytress Quarry ……………… 60 Figure 38: Northern extent of Gaytress Quarry …………..……………………………….. 61 Figure 39: Area to the east of the Witby, Redcar and Middlesbrough Railway 61 Figure 40: Possible barrowway looking south-east ….…………………………………… 62 Figure 41: South bank of the possible barrowway………………………………………… 63 Figure 42: Top of the possible barrowway, looking north-east …..……………….. 63 Figure 43: Drainage gully and railway cut ……………………..…………………………….. 64 Figure 44: Retaining wall adjacent to a rubble-filled French drain within the 65 quarry floor at Gaytress Quarry ……………………………………….………… Figure 45: The lower quarry area on the eastern side of the railway line .…… 65 Figure 46: Remains of a stone retaining wall on the eastern face of the 66 southern ‘arm’ of the lower quarry …………………………………………….. Figure 47: Remains of a stone retaining wall on the western face of the 67 northern ‘arm’ of the lower quarry……………………………………………… Figure 48: Stone-lined water channel to the north of the area of steeping 68 pits …………………............................................................................... Figure 49: East-west aligned bank to the north of the area of steeping pits… 68 Figure 50: Stone-lined banked feature interpreted as a possible reservoir …. 69 Figure 51: A 90° angle forming the south-east corner of a rectangular 70 feature interpreted as a possible reservoir…………………………………. Figure 52: Possible building platform in the lower quarry area……………………. 71 Figure 53: View into Ness End Quarry from the top of Asylum Hill………………. 72 Figure 54: View into Ness End Quarry from the top of Asylum Hill 73 Figure 55: Partially eroded lip of unquarried shale around the east and 73 north-east sides of Ness End Quarry……………………………………………. Figure 56: Spoil heap on the south-eastern extent of Ness End Quarry……….. 75 Figure 57: Asylum Hill looking north…………………………………………………………….. 75 Figure 58: Sandsend Quarries from Sandsend Village to the south………………. 76 Figure 59: Erosion to the south-east end of Asylum hill……………………………….. 76 Figure 60: Square-shaped depression on the top of Asylum Hill…………………… 77 4 Archaeological Excavation and Survey of Coastal Alum Working Sites at Boulby, Kettleness, Sandsend and Saltwick, North Yorkshire Figure 61: Square-shaped depression on the top of Asylum Hill, looking 77 north……………………………………………………………………………………………. Figure 62: Embanked railway line across the quarry floor of Ness End…………. 78 Figure 63: Possible barrowway (Feature 7) running around the base of 80 Asylum Hill…………………………………………………………………………………… Figure 64: Possible barrowway (Feature 26) running eastwards from the 80 quarry face at Ness End…..…………………………………………………………... Figure 65: The likely continuation of the possible barrowway (Feature 26) on 81 the east side of the railway line…………………………………………………... Figure 66: Inclined routeway (Feature 13)……………………………………………………. 81 Figure 67: Inclined routeway (Feature 13)……………………………………………………. 82 Figure 68: View of Feature 10 from the railway embankment……..………………. 83 Figure 69: Possible
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