Meanings of Leisure in China and Canada by Jingjing Gui a Thesis
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
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`S!3&1!RN-3,!%/!&'(!5.%/*4.U!"#$!"%&!674!#7*`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a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b!c743/3OO**&O%,>!FGGdZK!A/%&'! 3&!7&/%,.!/*4B.#>!W!:755.:,.1!5.%/*4.!3&1!&7&M5.%/*4.!/%,*3,%7&/!X%&!J4%,,.&!6740Z!6470!FD\!Q*47M P3&31%3&!3&1!FYG!_3%&53&1!P-%&./.!*&1.4'431*3,.!/,*1.&,/K!Q0257#%&'!3&!7&5%&.!/*4B.#>!W!,-.&! 3/O.1!3!1%66.4.&,!/3025.!76!DEe!Q*47MP3&31%3&!3&1!DD^!_3%&53&1!P-%&./.!*&1.4'431*3,.! /,*1.&,/!3"7*,!,-.!.T,.&,!,7!J-%:-!,-.#!X3Z!%&,.424.,!.3:-!76!43&1705#!/3025.1!/%,*3,%7&/!3/! 5.%/*4.!74!&7&M5.%/*4.!3&1!X"Z!3//.//!3&!%1.35!5.B.5!76!27/%,%B.!366.:,!J%,-%&!,-.!/%,*3,%7&/K!W&! ,.40/!76!,-.!53,,.4>!,-4..!1%/,%&:,!,#2./!76!27/%,%B.!.07,%7&!J.4.!0.3/*4.1a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c74,-!+0.4%:3!X.K'K>!5.%/*4.!3/!1.6%&.1!"#! c.*5%&'.4>!FGdYZ!"*,!35/7!:7&,4%"*,./!,7!,-.!6*4,-.4!1.B.5720.&,!76!&7&MN./,.4&!5.%/*4.!/,*1%./! "#!1.07&/,43,%&'!,-.!:702343"%5%,#!76!!"#$!"%&!J%,-!5.%/*4.!3&1!%&,471*:%&'!,-.!/%,*3,%7&! /3025%&'!0.,-71!,7!,-.!:47//M:*5,*435!/,*1#!76!5.%/*4.K! ! ! ! ! B! ! 5-#*$4#! ! L-%/!,-./%/!%/!3&!74%'%&35!J74O!"#!$%&'(%&'!)*%K!L-.!4./.34:-!247(.:,>!76!J-%:-!,-%/!,-./%/!%/!3! 234,>!4.:.%B.1!4./.34:-!.,-%:/!32247B35!6470!,-.!A&%B.4/%,#!76!+5".4,3!@./.34:-!Q,-%:/!f7341>!X3Z! ;47(.:,!c30.!R+!?*4B.#!?,*1#!76!,-.!_.3&%&'!76![.%/*4.S>!c7K!;47EEEdFY\E>!<."!DY>!DEFd>!X"Z! ;47(.:,!c30.!R+!?*4B.#!?,*1#!76![.%/*4.!3&1!c7&M5.%/*4.!?%,*3,%7&/S>!c7K!;47EEEdFYG\>!<."! DY>!DEFd>!3&1!X:Z!;47(.:,!c30.!R+!?*4B.#!?,*1#!76![%6.!?%,*3,%7&/!3&1!W1.35!Q07,%7&S>!c7K! ;47EEEddeeG>!c7B!FE>!DEFd>!c7K!;47EEEddeeGg+_QF>!c7B!FG>!DEFdK!! +!B.4/%7&!76!P-32,.4!D!76!,-%/!,-./%/!-3/!"..&!2*"5%/-.1!"#!L3#574!b!<43&:%/!%&!<."3)+.$=5".&5.3! 3/!)*%>!$K>!N35O.4>!)K!$K>!b!h34/-3J>!hK!NK!XDEFGZK!_.3&%&'/!76!T%i!T%j&!3&1!5.%/*4.a!P47//M :*5,*435!.T25743,%7&!76!53#2.725.V/!1.6%&%,%7&!76!5.%/*4.K!<."3)+.$=5".&5.3>!FMFGK!W!J3/!4./27&/%"5.! 674!,-.!%1.&,%6%:3,%7&!3&1!1./%'&!76!,-.!4./.34:-!247'430>!,-.!13,3!:755.:,%7&!3&1!3&35#/%/!3/!J.55! 3/!,-.!03&*/:4%2,!:7027/%,%7&K!N35O.4>!)K!$K!3&1!h34/-3J>!hK!NK!J.4.!/*2.4B%/74#!3*,-74/!3&1! :7&,4%"*,.1!,7!:7&:.2,!67403,%7&>!13,3!:755.:,%7&>!3&1!03&*/:4%2,!.1%,/K! ! ! ! B%! ! 146%)78#0'9#%3(! kB.4!,-.!23/,!6%B.!#.34/>!W!-3B.!"..&!/*447*&1.1!J%,-!/*2274,%B.!0.&,74/>!64%.&1/>!3&1! 630%5#K!_#!:7M/*2.4B%/74>!94K!)7417&!N35O.4>!247B%1.1!0.!J%,-!3&!3%4274,!2%:O*2!3&1!:302*/! ,7*4!J-.&!W!6%4/,!344%B.1!%&!P3&313K!94K!h7J%.!h34/-3J>!0#!24%034#!/*2.4B%/74>!357&'!J%,-! )7417&>!.&:7*43'.1!0.!,7!.T2574.!4./.34:-!,72%:/!%&!0#!6%4/,!#.34!3&1!6*55#!/*2274,.1!0#! 4./.34:-!%&,.4./,!%&!5.%/*4.!0.3&%&'/>!35,-7*'-!,-%/!8*./,%7&!%/!&.B.4!.3/#!,7!3114.//K!W!,4*5#! 3224.:%3,.!,-.%4!'*%13&:.a!)7417&!-31!&.B.4!/,722.1!23//%&'!0.!34,%:5./!*&,%5!-.!4.,%4.1!/.B.435! 07&,-/!".674.!0#!1.6.&/.I!h7J%.!35J3#/!5.6,!0.!J%,-!0.,%:*57*/!:700.&,/!7&!0#!J4%,%&'K!_#! -.34,6.5,!,-3&O/!,7!"7,-!76!,-.0!674!,.3:-%&'!0.!72.&&.//!,7!1%66.4.&,!2.4/2.:,%B./!3&1!4%'74!%&! :7&1*:,%&'!.02%4%:35!4./.34:-K! W!J3/!5*:O#!,7!-3B.!3!:700%,,..!,-3,!:57/.5#!35%'&.1!J%,-!0#!4./.34:-!%&,.4./,K!+/!,-.! 7&5#!P-%&./.!/:-7534!/%,,%&'!7&!0#!:700%,,..>!94K!h*%0.%![%*!6470!l-.(%3&'!A&%B.4/%,#!031.! 0.!4.B%/%,!3&1!4.,-%&O!,431%,%7&35!P-%&./.!:*5,*4.>!%&:5*1%&'!P7&6*:%3&%/0!3&1!L37%/0>!%&! /-32%&'!5.%/*4.!0.3&%&'/!%&!:7&,.027434#!P-%&3K!94K!L3O3!_3/*13!%/!3!:*5,*435!2/#:-757'%/,! J-7!%&,471*:.1!0.!%&,4%'*%&'!4./.34:-!0.,-71/!3&1!B%.J/!3"7*,!:*5,*4.!3&1!2/#:-757'%:35! ,.&1.&:%./!%&!-%/!6%.51K!94K!L343M[.%'-!_:h*'-!J3/!O..&!7&!0.,-71757'%:35!4%'74!3/!J.55!3/! 243:,%:35!%025%:3,%7&/!1*4%&'!0#!1.6.&/.K!94K!)344#!P-%:O!J3/!0#!.T,.4&35!.T30%&.4!6470! ;.&&/#5B3&%3!?,3,.!A&%B.4/%,#I!-.!:-355.&'.1!0#!1.6%&%,%7&!76!R:*5,*4.S!6470!3!:*5,*435! 3&,-472757'%:35!2.4/2.:,%B.K!! W!30!35/7!1..25#!'43,.6*5!,7!,-7/.!64%.&1/!3&1!:755.3'*./!J-7!'.&.47*/5#!1.B7,.1!,-.%4! ,%0.!,7!0#!,J7!/,*1%./K!L-.4.!%/!&7!J3#!W!:3&!1.B.572!0#!:71%&'!/:-.0.!%&!?,*1#!FJ%,-7*,!,-.! -.52!6470!:71.4/mmm94K!=%0!P*4,%&>!_/K!$3&.!h*45#>!_*!h.>!P5343M$3&.!f5#.>!n3&-*%!?-%>! Q53%&.!n%2>!3&1![%&'!P3%K!94/K!=%0!P*4,%&>!Hanhan Xue, and Mr.