The Journal of American Science, 2(1), 2006, Zhang, Artificial Real Gravitational Black Hole (BH)
Mankind May Be Impossible to Manufacture out Any Artificial Real Gravitational Black Hole (BH) Forever ---- Part 3 of “New Concepts to Big Bang and Black Holes” [6][7]------A incidental comment to BBC News about artificial BH on 3/17 /2005----
Dongsheng Zhang Graduated in 1957 From Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. China. Permanent address: 17 Pontiac Road, West Hartford, CT 06117-2129, U.S.A. Email: [email protected]
Abstract: Recently, many scientists in different countries did some alarmist talks to “artificial black holes”. Probably, those scientists only depended upon their unreal image to talk about “artificial black hole”. They might not conscientiously study the characteristics of a real gravitational BH, and not calculated out the exact values of various parameter of a real gravitational BH in detail. Most scientists hankered after new modern theories, such as string theory, but almost neglect to apply classical theories, such as Hawking’s formulas about BHs in calculations of BHs. However, BH is the product of classical theories, it can be correctly explained only by classical theories. Some experimental scientists probably made up news about manufacturing artificial BHs for their special purpose. Thus, they did not apply the suitable formulas to calculate out correct value of every parameter of a real gravitational BH so that they might consciously or unconsciously obscured the principal differences between a real gravitational BH and non-BH with specious arguments. The calculated fundamental formulas in this article originate from GTR and Hawking about theory of BH, through qualitatively analyses and detailed calculations to various parameters of different real BHs, this article will show that, any “artificial BH ” will have no possibility to be manufactured out by mankind forever. [The Journal of American Science. 2006;2(1):31-37].
Keywords: artificial black hole; real gravitational black holes; calculations to various parameters of black hole
Introduction said: “There is something unusual about it. Ten times as Previously, some Russian scientists had advertised to many jets were being absorbed by the fireball as were produce artificial bombs of mini BHs or so-called predicted by calculations.”[2][3][4] Otone, mass of 1 Otone = mass of 40 atoms = English famous cosmologist, Martin Reez predicted in 401.6710-24g 10-22g. Russian scientist Alexander his book
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In my former article “New Concepts to Big Bang and From (2a), the total energy-matters Eau of the formed Black holes —Part two”,[6] author pointed out clearly “fireball” gotten from RHIC would be, 2 2 2 - that, BH would be the simplest object in nature, the Eau = 2Moauv /2 + 2MoauC 3MoauC = 1.56.5810 relationships between its various parameters are simple 22(31010)2=0.89erg = 6.2421011 0.89eV = 555GeV and single value, once the value of a parameter is given, =5551094.4610-26kW*h = 2.510-14kW*h (2b) the values of all other parameters would be solely In ideal state, the highest temperature Tau of decided with the first one. In that article, author further 17 “fireball”, Tau = Eau/ ≈ 10 k (2c) demonstrated that, any BH had no possibility to exist in -5 [6][7] Er—energy expended by RHIC for collision of 2 nature, if its mass was less than 10 g. gold-nucleons (i.e. for 6.5810-22g), For a formed real gravitational BH, the formulas of its -14 Er =Eau/3 185GeV = 0.810 kWh (2d) various parameters are below, if Mb —mass of a BH, It shows that, if mankind could successively Rb—its Schwarzchild’s radius, Tb--temperature on manufacture a BH of mass = mo with collision of Event Horizon, ρb --density on Event Horizon, G-- particles on a Colliders, mankind should expend gravitational constant, κ-- Boltzmann’s constant, h— 2 33 energy Er moC /3,terrible costs! Plank’s constant, M--mass of sun 210 g, C—light 2 Er moC /3 (2e) speed. According to the definition of GTR and 2 Hawking’s theory about BH, to a real gravitational Er moC /3, (2e) Thus, if M was a new formed real gravitational black hole, formulas (1a), (1b), (1c) and (1d) below bau BH, its values of various parameters should be: should not be violated. -24 -22 2 2 [6][7][8] Mbau =3Moau=31971.6710 g = 9.8710 g, Rb=2GMb/C or C =2GMb/Rb (1a) 28 -49 From(1aa), Rbau=Mbau/0.67510 =1.510 cm, (1a) is the necessary condition for existence of any 48 real gravitational BH. (1a) From (1ba), Tbau = 0.1154/Rbau = 0.7710 k, -27 3 -27 -22 According to Hawking’s formula about BH, From (1c), τ bau ≈ 10 Mbau (s) = 10 (9.8710 3 -6 3 -90 Tb = (C /4GMb)(h/2πκ) ≈ 0.410 Mθ/ ) 10 s 27 [6][7][8] -16 48 32 ≈ 10 / Mb (1b) From (1d), Ebau=T=1.3810 0.7710 =10 erg (2e) 3 125 3 According to Hawking’s another formula about BH, From (1e), bau = 3Mbau/(4Rbau ) 0.7 10 g/cm the lifetime of a BH is decided by the energy emitting It can be seen that, above values of Rbau, Tbau, Ebau out Hawking’s radiation from BH in unit time, and τ bau as a real gravitational micro BH had no -27 3 [6][7] [8] τ b ≈ 10 Mb (s) (1c) possibility to appear in nature, because above values 3 It can be seen from (1a), (1b) and (1c), τ b 1/Tb . greatly exceed the beginning values of Plank’s Era -5 5 1/2 Particle and radiation at extremely high temperature (Plank’s mass mp = 10 g, Plank’s time tp = (Gh/2πC ) -43 3 1/2 (energy) would have three forms of energy (E1, E2, E3), =0.53910 s, Plank’s length lp=t pC=(Gh/2πC ) in some special states or conditions, they might be =1.610-33cm, ).[7] The deep interior of Plank’s Era identical and transform between each other. might not be known and not detected by mankind at all 2 E1 = mpC , E2 =T, E3 = Ch/ (1d) forever. 3 Mb = 4bRb /3 (1e) Assume “fireball” made in RHIC was still a BH after It can be seen that, Rb, Tb, τ b, ρb, are all simple and absorbing 10 times jets of particles as called by Prof. single functions of Mb. Nastase, values of various parameters of such BH (M10) For convenient calculation, formula (1a) can be are respectively changed into different values below. -22 -21 altered to M10 = 10Moau = 109.8710 g = 9.8710 g, R10 = 2 28 28 -48 47 -87 Mb/Rb=C /2G≈0.67510 g/cm≈10 g/cm (1aa) 1.510 cm, T10 = 0.7710 k, 10 10 s. Formulas (1a)(1b) is equal to It can be seen that practical values of “fireball” 3 2 detected by Prof. Nastase is still too far away from a TbRb = (C /4GMb)(h/2πκ)(2GMb/C ) = Ch/ 4πκ ≈ 0.1154 cmk (1ba) real gravitational BH. 2. The collision of two gold-nucleons with (B). The almost same temperature value of that approaching light speed in RHIC of New York “fireball” or so-called BH calculated out and got from cannot become a real gravitational micro BH at all experiment by Prof. Horatiu Nastase was 176MeV, its -24 (A). To a particle mo of speed v, its total energy E can lifetime was about 10 s, the surface temperature of be expressed as below, mo—static mass of a particle, “fireball” was about Tsur = 300 5,800 (surface 2 2 [9] 6 E = mov /2 + moC (2a) temperature of Sun)1.7410 k. They are far away from Suppose 2 gold-nucleons (Au) had formed a values of a real gravitational micro BH above. Thus, “fireball” in the collision in RHIC with speed v, v “fireball” was not a real gravitational BH at all. -24 approached to light speed C, Moau—mass of a Au: First, lifetime 10 s of “fireball” in RHIC showed -24 -22 2Moau = 197 H2 = 21971.6610 g = 6.5810 g that “fireball” is not a real gravitational BH at all. To a real gravitational BH, if its lifetime is 10-24s,
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correspondingly, its mass M-24 should be about 10g, between protons or gold- nuclei exerted heat movement -24 -27 3 because according to (1c), 10 10 M-24 , M-24 and formed a ball of blazing gas, i.e.”fireball”, because 10g. the practical collision was a process, all protons in Then, what does lifetime 10-24s of “fireball” mean? It gold-nuclei of two sides had no way to participate in may mean that, gold nuclei after collision rapidly collision at the exact same time, its wave length 10 -27 -16 formed a “fireball” and instantly decomposed into sur = Ch/Tsur = 310 6.6310 /(1.3810 particles other than integrating a real BH, because the 1.74 106) = 810-7cm. -7 disappearance of a BH would be bound to follow a burst According to sur = 810 cm, “fireball” should emit of strong explosion and to emit -rays of extremely high x-rays and become a real “fire ball”. energy. The relatively quiet disappearance of “fireball” Fourth, assume “fireball” were a real BH, it could not express that, the energy of “fireball” is not so high to endanger anything as well as mankind, because its become a real BH needed by the same mass. lifetime was just 10-90s, if it could move with light speed -24 -24 10 -80 If distance dau = 10 C (light speed) = 10 310 C, it only went 10 cm. However, the real lifetime of -14 -14 -24 310 cm, hence, dau = 310 cm may be “fireball” was 10 s as Prof. Nastase’s said, it could approximately considered as the distance of the closest only move 10-14cm with light speed C, 10-14cm is just protons in gold-nuclei, or the distance of two closest the distance between two closest nucleons in any atom. gold-nuclei jetted from RHIC with approaching light In a word, object produced by the collision of 2 gold- speed, thus, lifetime 10-24 of “fireball” only shows the nuclei (Au) in RHIC was not a real gravitational micro time from the beginning collision of the first pair of BH at all, but just a “fireball” of mixed quarks and gold-nuclei to second pair of gold-nuclei, and to other gluons, because a real BH could have no visibility and 10 times gold-nuclei non-stop jetted from RHIC. That not be detected except Hawking’s radiation, besides, the process is complete difference with a real micro BH to death of a real BH should have a burst of very strong engulf energy-matters from outside. The existence of explosion and emit -ray bursts with high frequency. “fireball” could keep in 10-24s only due to more gold- However, visibility, very long lifetime and quiet nuclei continuously jetted by RHIC. Therefore, lifetime disappearance of “fireball” have proved that, “fireball” 10-24 of “fireball” just indicate that “fireball” is not a produced by Prof. Nastase in RHIC had no any similar real micro gravitational BH. with a real gravitational BH. Second, what does 176MeV of soliton (black hole (C). It can be known with the same reasons and called by Prof. Nastase) got in experiment and calculations that, micro BH Otone advocated by calculated by Prof. Nastase mean? Let Epk is the kinetic Russian scientists would have more impossibility to be 2 energy of a proton in gold nuclei, and Epk = mprov /2 < manufactured out by mankind forever, because mass of 2 -24 10 2 -4 mproC /2 = 1.6710 (310 ) /2 = 7.510 erg = Otone is equal to mass of 40 atoms 1/10Mbau. It is 7.510-46.242 1011eV = 47107eV = 470MeV, said, assume Otone is a real BH, its temperature would Epk < 470MeV. be higher and its lifetime shorter than above collision of After collision, Epk would not be completely altered gold-nuclei in RHIC. into heat energy, greater part of Epk transformed into (D). It can be seen from (2b), assume a bomb of other energies, such as radiation, so, 176MeV artificial BH had been made out, its explosive total measured by Prof. Nastase are just heat energy energy was Eau, but the expended energy in laboratory 2 transformed from partial kinetic energy of every was 2Moauv /2 1/3Eau, it was the worst business for particle in collision. The process of manufacturing real producer of BH. BH should accumulate most energy-matters, however, (E). About energy of RHIC: It can be seen from greater part of energy has to lose in collision in RHIC. above calculation, the energy of RHIC for the collision If “fireball ” was a real BH, heat energy of 176MeV of 2 gold-nucleon is 1/3Eau 1/30.89erg 0.3erg could not be measured by Prof. Nastase. A real 0.36.2421011eV 1.871011eV 187GeV. It is gravitational BH should have no way to be detected. rather high to RHIC. A detected object is not a real BH. It has conversely (F). Assume Mbau became a real micro BH, could it proved that “fireball” is not a real BH at all. exist in a long time? From above calculation, its lifetime -90 Temperature Tpro corresponding to heat energy 176MeV was just 10 s, only if it could engulf energy-matters 6 -12 -90 should be: Tpro = 176MeV/ = 17610 1.60210 from its surrounding within time of 10 s, it would /(1.3810-16) = 21012k vanished certainly. 10-93C=310-80cm, it is said, if -80 Third, what does the surface temperature (Tsur = energy-matters depart from Mbau beyond 310 cm, 6 1.7410 k) of “fireball” mean? Temperature on the Mbau would have no way to grow up and vanish 6 surface of our Sun is about 5,800k, so, Tsur = 1.7410 k instantly. -5 [7] -6 was temperature on the surface of “fireball”. It shows (G). Could BH Mbu = 10 g, (i.e. 1010 g), which that, before or after collision of protons, interactions is equal to BHs at the genesis of our universe, be
http://www.sciencepub.org 33 [email protected] The Journal of American Science, 2(1), 2006, Zhang, Artificial Real Gravitational Black Hole (BH) manufactured artificially by the new Super Hardon 3. The necessary condition of existence and Collider (SHC) of European Particle-physical growth for a new-born micro BH, as assuming that Laboratory in 2007 or exist in atmosphere of our earth? an artificial real gravitational BH had been No way, SHC will only manufacture a little bigger and manufactured out more “fireballs” than RHIC. Short-lived micro BHs had (A). A new-born micro BH, whether it is an artificial no way to appear in our atmosphere, even if the energy or a natural, always had too much high temperature and of universal particle was high to 1011GeV[11], but it only too much shorter lifetime, hence, the necessary became a little bigger “fireball”, because its mass is still condition of growth for a new-born micro BH (its mass too small. = Mb1) is that, in its lifetime, its gravity at least could From (2c), if energy Ebu is needed by artificially reach to energy-matters of its surrounding. b—lifetime -5 -33 manufacturing a Mbu = 10 g, as a result, Rbu=10 cm, of BH, C—light speed, dbp —distance from new-born 32 Tbu = 10 k, that state has been on the border of Plank’s micro BH to particles outside BH, then, -5 2 15 18 Era. Ebu 10 C /2 = 4,510 erg =310 GeV. bC > dbp (3a) 9 1/3 5 1/3 (H). Mankind can’t triumph over nature From (1c), Mb1>10 (dbp/C) or Mb1 >3.210 dbp (3b) “Fireball” made in RHIC by Prof. Nastase had no Assume an artificial BH Mb1 has been successfully possibility to become a real gravitational BH. manufactured in a laboratory, mass of Mb1 is heavy Mankind would have no way to attain energy of enough and dbp is short enough for increase in mass of 18 every particle high to (310 GeV), which only Mb1. It is said, assume new-born Mb1 instantly shoot or appeared at the genesis of our universe forever. Such fall into some object, (such as atoms, white dwarf or high energy was the result of gravitational collapse neutron star in form 1) in which the distance dp between of our whole universe in its past life or could be two closest particles must be less or equal to dbp. For considered as a God’s masterwork. comparison, three different objects will be offered. EeV, -22 Assume above micro BH of Mbau = 9.8710 g was Ekwh—energy needed by manufacturing a corresponding 48 a real BH, its temperature Tbau would attain 0,7710 k, artificial BH. however, the highest temperature of our Universe at its genesis was 1032k.[7] Mankind has no way to restrain the energy emission of BH.
Form 1 3 Objects o (g/cm ), dp dbp (cm), Mb1 (g), b (s), Rb (cm), EeV (eV), EkWh (kWh) Atoms 101 10-8 700 3.43 10-19 10-25 21026GeV 9109 6 -10 -21 -26 25 9 White dwarf 10 10 150 3.3810 2.2510 410 GeV 1.710 Neutron star 1015 10-13 15 3.3810-24 2.2510-27 41024GeV 1.7108
Values of Mb1 calculated from formula (3a) or (3b) much heavier than Mb1, and then might engulfed some on above form 1 were just a fictitious necessary particles from outside, (3a) should be modified as condition for a new-born BH to have a possibility to below, b Vp > dbp (3c) engulf some energy-matters from outside in its lifetime. According to laws in physics, if a new-born BH shoot However, Energy-matters of outside just felt the into an object, distance S—between particle of object 2 . gravity of the new-born BH but had no more time to and BH of Mb2, a = GMb2/dbp , a-- Accelerating speed, be surely engulfed, besides, the new-born micro BH G—gravitational constant, from (1c) and 2 2 [9] was rapidly losing its energy-matters with Vp = 2aS 2adbp and S = at /2 (3d) Hawking’s radiation. Therefore, M were all still too 7/2 27 3/2 1/2 b1 So, Mb2 > 10 dbp /(2G) (3e) -8 small, their lifetime were all too short. For example, let dbp = 10 cm = distance of atoms, Furthermore, the energy EeV needed by Colliders for 5 Mb21.810 g, so, Mb2 >>(Mb1 = 700g) (on form 1), producing new-born BH is too much great. Now, energy 1/2 3 because Vp (2adbp) 1.610 cm, Vp< http://www.sciencepub.org 34 [email protected] The Journal of American Science, 2(1), 2006, Zhang, Artificial Real Gravitational Black Hole (BH) 3 -23 Mo = 4oS /3= 0.810 g. is the decreased mass of BH in the period t = 38.7s, As a result, Mo << Mb2, if Mb2 shot into an big object, hence, -23 10 10 7 only its partial mass of (Mo= 0.810 g) is engulfed by Mbd= Mb3 - Mbr = 210 - 1.99710 = 3 10 g, as a 7 7 Mb2. So, Mb2 has still no way to grow up, but just can result, Mbd (310 g) < Mo (4.210 g). - 7 prolong its lifetime a very little. In reality, Mo = 0.810 If Mo is bigger than 4.210 g, it can be completely 23 g is more than mass engulfed really by Mb2, because engulfed by Mb3 within longer time. Mb2 is gradually decrease in its mass with emitting All above calculation are approximate, they may be Hawking’s radiation. considered as estimated calculations and qualitative In case Mb2 was shot in a neutron star, its density is analyses, because the state and structure of BHs have 15 3 -8 10 g/cm , so, Mo < 10 g. Mb2 could not grow up yet. almost be unknown. (C). For the growth of a new-born BH, it needs (D). Assume a new-born BH Mb4 has been more strict condition, the energy-matters engulfed manufactured by a collider or an accelerator, what by BH from outside object must be more than the conditions could ensure the growth of Mb4? For the energy-matters emitted by BH in the same time. growth of Mb4, matters continuously shot in a row by Assume a new-born BH Mb3 is formed, its lifetime b a accelerator should be more than energy-matters -27 3 -27 2 = 10 Mb3 , d b = 10 3Mb3 dMb3, emitted from Mb4 at the same time. 27 2 27 2 dMb3/d b = 10 /(3Mb3 ) (3f) From (3f), d Mb4/d b =10 /(3Mb4 ) (3l) 3 Assume outside object Mo = 4oRo /3, let o = Suppose Mo —mass shot by a accelerator, mp — constant = density of Mo, Ro—radius of Mo, mass of a particle in Mo, n—total numbers of shot 2 particles, l —distance between two closest particles, l— dMo/dt = 4oRo dRo/dt (3g) p length of n particle in a row, hence, Growing condition of new-born BH (Mb3) must be: Mo = mpn, d Mo = mpdn =(mp/lp)dl d Mb3/ d b < dMo/dt (3h) 27 2 2 dMo/dt = (mp/lp)dl/dt So, 10 /(3Mb3 ) < 4oRo dRo/dt (3i) 2 1/2 let dl/dt light speed C, so, To find out dRo/dt, from (3d), S = at /2, S = 2 1/2 d M /dt C m /l (3m) (GMb/2S ) t, suppose Mb3= constant (really Mb3 o p p constant, so, Mb3 should be bigger), For the growth of Mb4, d Mb4/d b < d Mo/dt, as a 3/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 27 2 S = (GMb/2) t, 3S dS/2 = (GMb3/2) dt, hence, result, 10 /(3 Mb4 ) < C mp/lp (3n) 1/2 1/2 -22 dS/dt = (GMb3/2) 2/(3S ) (3j) Let mp = 3.2910(3j)g (mass of a gold-nucleon), lp -13 13 dRo/dt of (3i) may be considered to be equal to dS/dt 10 cm, Mb4 > 0.1810 g. of (3j), so, from(3i) and (3j), 4. Analyses and conclusions 27 2 2 1/2 1/2 10 /(3Mb3 ) < 4oRo (GMb/2) 2/(3Ro ), after Different real gravitational BHs, bigger or smaller, simplifying, are calculated on above paragraphs, they are: Mbau = 5/2 27 3/2 1/2 -22 -5 Mb3 > 10 /[8oRo (G/2) ] (3k) 9.8710 g, Mbu = 10 g, Mb1 = 15~700g, Mb2 3 5 10 13 Let Ro = 100cm, o = 10g/cm , hence, 1.810 g, Mb3 = 210 g, Mb4 > 0.1810 g, but no 10 Mb3 >>1.36610 g. one can be artificially manufactured out in future. Why? Above calculations may indicate that, if a formed Analyses and demonstrations are seen below. 10 (A). All calculations in this article are on the basis of new-born BH of Mb3 > 1.36610 g could be shot into a formulas (1a), (1b) and (1c), which originate from GTR metal ball Mo of radius Ro = 100cm, and its density o = 3 and Hawking’s theory about BH as well as the 10g/cm , Mb3 would become bigger and prolong its application of thermodynamics, author had got already lifetime b until all mass of metal ball absorbed by Mb3, because energy-matters emitted from M were less than many principal conclusions on the past article—“New b3 Concepts to Big Bang and Black holes, Both had No matters of Mo absorbed from the metal ball. [6][7] Let’s check up the result below. Singularity at All”. Some important conclusions 10 10 can be accurately applied in this article to solve greatly Let Mb3 = 210 g > 1.36610 g below. 10 -27 3 difficult problems about artificial BHs. In case Mb3 = 210 g, its lifetime b = 10 Mb3 = 28 First, the relationships between each other of various 8,000s, its Schwarzchild’s radius Rb = Mb3/0.67510 = -18 parameters of a BH are single and sole correspondence. 2.9610 cm, absorbed mass of metal ball Mo = 4o It is said, to a real gravitational BH, whether it is 3 7 Ro /3 = 4.210 g, time t is needed by BH to absorb natural or artificial, if a certain value of a parameter 2 2 2 metal ball, Ro = at /2, a = GMb3/ Ro , so, t = 0.38710 s has been determined, such as its mass Mb, the sole = 38.7s. and certain values of all other parameters are However, b – t =8,000 – 38.7 = 7961.3s, the rest respectively and solely determined by Mb from mass Mbr of Mb3 corresponding to the rest lifetime ( b – formulas (1a), (1b) and (1c). There would be no any -27 3 10 t) is 7961.3 = 10 Mbr , so, Mbr = 1.99710 g, if Mbd two different BHs, which could have the same value http://www.sciencepub.org 35 [email protected] The Journal of American Science, 2(1), 2006, Zhang, Artificial Real Gravitational Black Hole (BH) of only one parameter, but have the different value than 10-33cm, so, the researched object and of all other parameters. foundation of string theory are Plank’s physical Second, owing to that, lights in BH could not shake world, but not our real world of (BH’s size > 10- off the very strongly gravitational trammel of BH, a real 33cm), thus, those scientists hankered after new gravitational BH had no way to emit out any modern theories seem to write out the insufficient information, which could be directly detected by prescriptions for solve problems of BH of our external world. Of course, BH emits Hawking’s physical world. Whether in the past or in future, if any radiation, but right now, it cannot be detected yet. formed particle (its mass << 10-5g) with high energy Therefore, if any so-called “BH” included artificial BH (temperature) is a detected collision on collider (for was advocated by some people either in the past or in example, on RHIC), values of its parameters would future to have been directly detected, it would not be a have no possibility to accord with formulas (1a), (1b) real gravitational BH at all. and (1c), because its temperature had no way higher, Third, real micro gravitational BHs of (mass = 10-5g and its Schwarzchild’s radius had no way smaller than = Mbu) formed our new-born Universe at its genesis. what a real gravitational BH should have. Therefore, the -5 Mbu= 10 g was, and still will be, the heaviest particle greater collider of higher energy in future can only [7][6] and the minimum BH in our universe. Energy Ebu manufacture out greater or more “fireball”, but not a 19 [7] of every Mbu, Ebu = 10 GeV, it was the greatest real gravitational BH at all. energy for a particle (BH) in our universe, and cannot Now that any smaller real BHs of (mass < 10-5g) be reached by mankind forever. It is said, mankind will could not be manufactured out by any Collider in future, absolutely have no way forever to reach energy it would only be a small “fireball” and be impossible to >1019GeV in one collision to manufacture out an become a bigger BHs of (mass > 10-5g) with sustained artificial BH (particle), which mass 10-5g. jetting particles in a collider, because the lifetime of Could mankind manufacture out any smaller artificial “fireball” was still too short, even if “fireball” could BH, which mass < 10-5g) in future with smaller energy become a little bigger, it would not have enough gravity 19 than Ebu (i.e. < 10 GeV)? No way, according to inside to become a real BH at all, just because “fireball” formula (1b), for a BH of mass < 10-5g, its temperature was not a real BH, particles in “fireball” after collision 32 must be > 10 k. On the contrary, suppose its Ebu < would be instantly ejected back and dispersed each 19 32 10 GeV, i.e. its really temperature = Ebu/ < 10 k. other, and the caused “fireball” must be immediately Thus, the created particle of (mass < 10-5g) would not disintegrated. be a real gravitational BH at all. It’s really a pity that Fifth, furthermore, even if at the collision of 2 gold- many modern scientists are still attempting to nuclei in RHIC, all protons in gold-nuclei of each side manufacture out micro BHs of (mass <<10-5g) with did not collide at the exactly same time, hence, strong collider according to such incorrigible idea. lifetime 10-24s of a formed “fireball” in RHIC might Fourth, theories of BH are built up on the foundations really only reflect the time of sustained collision of of gravity and stability of protons (quarks). It is said, in protons in 2 gold-nuclei, but a real gravitational BH, its composition and state are not be the lifetime of a real gravitational BH protons and accordance with GTR as well as Hawing’s (B). It may be a fundamental principle that, the -5 -33 theory. In a BH of Mbu = 10 g, its Rbu = 10 cm, Tbu = collision produced by objects of any two non-BHs 32 -43 10 k, bu = 10 s. Those states are at the border of would have no possibility to become a real gravitational Plank’s Era,[7][11] which is the limit of our real physical BH. No matter whether a star-formed BH or any world. As assuming that, a real gravitational artificial much smaller BH, their most common characteristic BH of (mass < 10-5g) could be manufactured, its is that, plasma in BH would have extremely high temperature > 1032k, its Schwarzchild’s radius < 10- density, on the layer of radius of same curvature, the 33cm, its lifetime < 10-43s. It shows that, in a BH of heat pressure should keep balance with gravity. mass < 10-5g, its physical states has entered a However, gravity is a very even central force, the heat complete Plank’s Era,[11] i.e. Plank’s quantum states, state of extremely high density on every layer should be it is another unknown physical world. In that world, even and approximately ideal state. Thus, any BH could protons (quarks) have not existed, the present only be formed by the gravitational collapse of a large gravitational theory may have lost its some amount of matters in nature, but not by the collision of important effects, can some present important two objects with high speed, just as the collision of two theories and formulas about BH be applied? That bodies of movement with high speed could not form an world has neither been detected nor demonstrated even body. by a correct theory of common sense, thus, any real In a word, the process of forming a real BH is an gravitational BH of (mass < 10-5g) might not appear accumulative process of energy-matters, but any and exist in Plank’s Era (another physical world) at collision of particles with the highest speed can only all. In string theory, the size of strings are smaller let accumulated energy-matters before collision to be http://www.sciencepub.org 36 [email protected] The Journal of American Science, 2(1), 2006, Zhang, Artificial Real Gravitational Black Hole (BH) [6][9] instantly diffused after collision, thus, P = nT = T/mp (4a) 2 manufacturing a real BH with any collision of the Ep MbGMb/Rb = MbC /2 (4b) highest speed is principally impossible. In above formula (4a),T—temperature on Event (C). For getting an artificial BH, the sole way for Horizon, n—numbers of particles in unit volume, -- scientists may be to put very high circular pressure to Boltzmann’s constant, --density, mp —mass of particle original materials as to be able to attain the extremely -24 in BH, let mp = mass of a proton = 1.6610 g, Ep— high density needed by an artificial BH in its expanded energy, C—light speed. Schwarzchild’s radius. Can mankind overcome all Pressures P (atm) are calculated by different BHs on difficulties to do so? its Event Horizon (Border) on form 2. Assume high pressure to manufacture a real The pressure in the core of our sun is about gravitational BH could be reached. Might mankind 31011atm,[10] so, mankind may have no way to probably expend smaller energy to get bigger BH? How manufacture any artificial BHs with high pressure can the limit of high pressure be got by mankind in needed in form 2 in remote future. remote future? Form 2 3 Mass of Mb(g) Rb (cm) Tb (k) b (s) b (g/cm ) P (atm) Ep (eV) Ep (kwh) -21 * -49 48 -90 125 175 2 -15 Mbau = 10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 10 G ? 10 ? -5 -33 32 -43 94 128 18 Mbu = 10 , 10 10 10 10 10 10 G 10 -27 26 -24 80 108 24 7 Mb1 = 15, 10 10 10 10 10 10 G 10 5 -23 22 -12 74 98 28 11 Mb2 = 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 G 10 10 -18 17 3 64 83 33 16 Mb3 = 10 , 10 10 10 10 10 10 G 10 15 ** -13 12 18 10 53 67 38 21 Mb4= 10 , 10 10 10 (10 yrs) 10 10 10 G 10 * Mbau made in RHIC was a “fireball” and had no way to attain above various values needed by a fictitious gravitational BH. All values are hypothetical and just for reference. ** Energy for manufacturing any Mb with high pressure total energy emitted by sun in 3 minutes. (D). Even if an micro artificial BH could be by a micro BH could kill a billion people. manufactured by mankind in future, how might it be http://www.seawolfnet.com/forum/recommend- show.php3?id=5566&page=&history-url. 12/18/2002 controlled? For example, assume that, an artificial BH [2]. The Epoch Times, 3/25~27/2005, P.O.Box 381426, -5 of Mbu = 10 g or Mb1 = 15g had been successfully Combridge, MA 02238-1426 [3]. Horatiu Nastase: The RHIC fireball as a dual black hole, manufactured out, how could its short-lived lifetime b Http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0501068 and very high temperature Tb be controlled? It is said, [4]. BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Lab fireball ‘may be such short-lived micro BHs have no way to exist and to black hole’, Thursday, 17 March, 2005,11: 30 GMT grow up. For bigger BHs, such as Mb3 or Mb4, they http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4357613.stm might have possibility to grow up, but their needed [5]. Scientists proposed that there would be countless short- energy might not be reached by any collider forever. lived micro BHs in atmosphere of our earth. http://tech.sina.com.cn/other/2003-12-15/1811268554.shtml Black holes (BH) were produced from [6]. Dongsheng Zhang: New Concepts to Big Bang And gravitational collapse of massive mass in nature, Black Holes—Both Had No Singularity at All (Part 2). they had no possibility to be produced from collision Nature and Science, 3(1), or debate-001, 2004, ISSN:1545-0740, Published by Marsland Company, of particles with extremely high speed in collider or P.O.Box 753, East Lansing, Michigan, MI 48826 U.S.A. produced in machines of extremely high pressure. Or http://www.sciencepub.org/nature/debate Therefore, mankind may not be able to manufacture [7]. Dongsheng Zhang: New Concepts to Big Bang And out any artificial BHs at all. All declarations or Black Holes—Both Had No Singularity at All ( Part 1) Nature and Science, 2(4), or debate-001, 2004, propaganda about artificial BH were alarmist talks ISSN:1545-0740, Published by Marsland Company, in the past and must not be trusted in future. P.O.Box 753,East Lansing, Michigan, MI 48826 U.S.A. If theories, formulas, demonstrations and calculations Or http://www.sciencepub.org/nature/debate used in this article have no theoretically mistakes and [8]. Wang, Yong-Jiu: Physics of Black Holes; Hunan Normal can be passed by the experimental examinations in University Publishing House, China. 2000. [9], Xiang, Yi-huo: The Physical Instructions of University. future, it will conversely prove that, those new concepts Publishing House of Qinghua University, Beijing, China.1999 in author’s former article (New Concepts to Big Bang [10]. John & Gribbin: Companion to The Cosmos, And Black Holes—Both Had No Singularity at All) ISBN 7-5443-0145-1, Hainan Publishing House, China, 2001, 9. may be all right. [11]. He, Xiang-tao: Observational Cosmology. Science References Publishing House. Beijing, China. 2002. [1]. Micro BHs existed in earth everywhere. Weapon made http://www.sciencepub.org 37 [email protected]