Report After the Paris Attacks
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France 2016 International Religious Freedom Report
FRANCE 2016 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary The constitution and the law protect the right of individuals to choose, change, and practice their religion. The government investigated and prosecuted numerous crimes and other actions against religious groups, including anti-Semitic and anti- Muslim violence, hate speech, and vandalism. The government continued to enforce laws prohibiting face coverings in public spaces and government buildings and the wearing of “conspicuous” religious symbols at public schools, which included a ban on headscarves and Sikh turbans. The highest administrative court rejected the city of Villeneuve-Loubet’s ban on “clothes demonstrating an obvious religious affiliation worn by swimmers on public beaches.” The ban was directed at full-body swimming suits worn by some Muslim women. ISIS claimed responsibility for a terrorist attack in Nice during the July 14 French independence day celebration that killed 84 people without regard for their religious belief. President Francois Hollande condemned the attack as an act of radical Islamic terrorism. Prime Minister (PM) Manuel Valls cautioned against scapegoating Muslims or Islam for the attack by a radical extremist group. The government extended a state of emergency until July 2017. The government condemned anti- Semitic, anti-Muslim, and anti-Catholic acts and continued efforts to promote interfaith understanding through public awareness campaigns and by encouraging dialogues in schools, among local officials, police, and citizen groups. Jehovah’s Witnesses reported 19 instances in which authorities interfered with public proselytizing by their community. There were continued reports of attacks against Christians, Jews, and Muslims. The government, as well as Muslim and Jewish groups, reported the number of anti-Semitic and anti-Muslim incidents decreased by 59 percent and 58 percent respectively from the previous year to 335 anti-Semitic acts and 189 anti-Muslim acts. -
Islam and Republicanism in France Since 1989
MAHOMET OU LA RÉPUBLIQUE VERSUS MAHOMET ET LA RÉPUBLIQUE: ISLAM AND REPUBLICANISM IN FRANCE SINCE 1989 By KATHERINE EMILY PURBRICK-THOMPSON A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS BY RESEARCH Department of Modern Languages College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham November 2018 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis examines two opposing intellectual discourses furthered by the intellectual and political elite on the subject of the integration of Islam into the French narrative and identity. The hypothesis which underpins this dissertation is that, in France, it is the physical practice of Islam which is perceived to represent a threat to the nation. I have named the discourse which demands that Muslims demonstrate the predominance of their loyalty to the Republic over their devotion to their religion through the renouncement of orthopraxy Mahomet ou la République. Its development, I argue, is linked to the renewed enthusiasm for Republicanism which emerged in the 1980s. By contrast, the proponents of the counter position, which I have termed Mahomet et la République, argue that the full acceptance and integration of orthopractic Muslims is possible and desirable. -
Mosques in France: the Visible Presence of Islam
MOSQUES IN FRANCE: THE VISIBLE PRESENCE OF ISLAM Ashley Patricia Arnold, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2011 APPROVED: Marie-Christine Koop, Major Professor and Chair of the Department of Foreign Languages Christophe Chaguinian, Committee Member Lawrence Williams, Committee Member James D. Meernik, Acting Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Arnold, Ashley Patricia. Mosques in France: The Visible Presence of Islam. Master of Arts (French), May 2011, 84 pp., 33 titles. Numerous laws are being directed toward subduing the visible presence of Islam throughout France, and in return French Muslims are becoming bolder in the projection of their faith. This thesis examines the presence of Islam in France throughout history and in contemporary French civilization. Specifically, this thesis addresses the issues regarding the visible presence of Islam in France through such institutions as mosques and how they are the key symbols representing the prominence of Islam in France. It looks at what lies in the collective French mind that creates such an influence on today’s policies and outlook, as well as identifies the key characters that dominate the current affairs surrounding Islam in France. The thesis reviews the country’s past relations with the visible presence of Islam through the controversies surrounding the construction of famous mosques. In addition, this thesis underlines key areas where both the State and the Muslim population must make concessions in order to avoid further conflict. Copyright 2011 by Ashley Patricia Arnold ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2: THE CRESCENT AND THE HEXAGON ....................................... -
Fear, Hatred, and the Limits of Law
QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY BELFAST European Master’s Degree in Human Rights and Democratisation A.Y. 2014/2015 FEAR, HATRED, AND THE LIMITS OF LAW A Critical Analysis of French Political Discourse Following Terrorist Attacks Author: Moana Genevey Supervisor: Natasa Mavronicola 1 Abstract Regarding counter-terrorism and Islamophobia, many scholars highlight the law- makers’ responsibility in the creation and implementation of laws negatively affecting Muslim communities. Few, however, provide an in-depth analysis on how political discourse on terrorism can, by itself, create, convey and reproduce anti-Muslim prejudices. Being key actors of liberal democracies, politicians are expected to exercise their right to free speech for discussing socially valuable issues, such as terrorism. Nevertheless, when political discourses create prejudices and misconceptions about entire communities, they become potentially harmful for society. In this case, law can appear as a necessary tool for restricting dangerous speech. This thesis seeks to determine how political discourses on terrorism can create Islamophobia, and whether the law is an appropriate instrument to tackle this phenomenon. It is based on the elaboration of a Critical Discourse Analysis framework, rooted on the link between terrorism, Islamophobia and the notion of engineered moral panic. The framework is then applied to a selection of discourses, delivered by politicians from extreme-right and mainstream parties in France, following the two major terrorist attacks of 2012 and 2015. The findings of this analysis suggest that, while the political discourses selected are instilling fear regarding terrorist events and fueling hostility towards a wide spectrum of people held responsible for it, they are delivered in a cautious manner and do not constitute, per se, blatant examples of hateful speech directed towards national, ethnic and religious minorities. -
Constructing Muslims in France
Constructing Muslims in France Constructing Muslims in France DISCOURSE, PUBLIC IDENTITY, AND THE POLITICS OF CITIZENSHIP Jennifer Fredette TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright © 2014 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2014 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Fredette, Jennifer. Constructing Muslims in France : discourse, public identity, and the politics of citizenship / Jennifer Fredette. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4399-1028-3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4399-1029-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4399-1030-6 (e-book) . 1 Muslims—France—Social conditions. 2. Muslims— France—Ethnic identity. 3. France—Ethnic relations. I. Title. DC34.5.M87F74 2014 305.6'970944—dc23 2013014468 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48- 1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 To Matthew, my favorite Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction: Why Do We Ask Whether Muslims Can Be French? 1 2 Elusive Citizenship: The Consequences of an Undesirable Public Identity 23 3 Claiming Membership: French Muslim Identities, Political Goals, and Repertoires of Contention 47 4 Education: The (Undelivered?) Promise of Republican Equality 78 5 Employment: The Muslim Experience in (and out of) the Workplace 103 6 Housing: The Banlieues as a Geographic and Socially Constructed Place 126 7 The Contentious Concept of Frenchness: French Muslims Embracing, Reimagining, but Not Rejecting the Republican Triad 151 Appendix: Sample Questionnaire 175 Notes 183 References 193 Index 207 Acknowledgments am indebted to the Political Science Department faculty at the University of Washington (UW) who offered patient, fair, and tireless readings of my work. -
Muslim Communities of France
UNCLASSIFIED // FOUO Open Source Center AUDIENCE SEGMENT REPORT: Muslim Communities of France May 2012 This document does not represent US Government policy or views UNCLASSIFIED // FOUO UNCLASSIFIED // FOUO Audience Segment Report / Muslim Communities of France iii Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... 1 Master Narratives ........................................................................................................................... 7 “La République Laïque” ...................................................................................................................... 8 “Islamophobic France” ........................................................................................................................ 11 “La France Juste” ................................................................................................................................14 “Hell in the Banlieues” ........................................................................................................................ 17 “Turning to God” ................................................................................................................................20 “American Exemplars” ...................................................................................................................... 24 “American Imperialists” ....................................................................................................................