Journal of Research Initiatives

Volume 4 | Number 2 Article 10

4-2019 Grice Cooperative principles in Kabul times sayedrahman sial Sr.Sial Shanghai Jiao Tong University

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Recommended Citation sial, sayedrahman Sr.Sial (2019) "Grice Cooperative principles in Kabul times," Journal of Research Initiatives: Vol. 4 : No. 2 , Article 10. Available at: https://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/jri/vol4/iss2/10

This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journal of Research Initiatives at DigitalCommons@Fayetteville State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Research Initiatives by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Fayetteville State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Grice Cooperative principles in Kabul times

About the Author(s) Sayed Rahman Sial is a Master Student at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Foreign Languages.

This research article is available in Journal of Research Initiatives: https://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/jri/vol4/iss2/10 Journal of Research Initiatives Vol. 4 No. 2 April 2019

GRICE‟S COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES IN KABUL TIMES NEWS REPORTS

Sayed Rahman Sial, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

Abstract From the beginning, most data are transported through written communication and news media play an important part in the transportation of hot topics of the day, and this news language has had concern for the courtesy of both media experts and linguists for an extended period of time. This analytical-descriptive research linked the destruction and acceptance of Grice's (1975) cooperative principles (CPs) in news reports published in Kabul Times and classify which of these four CPs (quality, quantity, manner, and relation) have been dishonored most and which ones the least. For this purpose, 100 news stories were randomly selected from the newspaper of Kabul Times, in which the implementation and defilement of these CPs were coded by two independent raters. Ten news stories which were published in 2016 were randomly selected from 100 news stories. The results reported that the largest percentage of maxim was associated with the social news among all four types of news namely, political news, economic news, security news, and sports news. Maximum of quality was dishonored the most among the four types of news, in relations to social news; the results present that the second highest violated maxim was the maxim of quality in the total maxims in the economic news compared to the other four news types. The results of this study can be used by EFL learners and teachers as well as reporters in multimedia.

Keywords: Grice's Cooperative Principles, Kabul Times, Media Research, News Reports, Maxims. Introduction Most of the times, we know how to start and end a conversation; people can exemplify what is essential to having a efficient conversation. Grice (1975) observes that language is an inventive and stretchy system that makes communication possible, but for the communication to be both possible, and successful, it should enjoy specific presences. Grice (1975) recommended that in the ordinary discussion, both listeners and the speakers share a set of CPs. Grice (1975) defined the CP as follows: make your conversation inspiration such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted determination or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged" (p. 45). This means that speakers do not have to transport data that speakers can assume what listeners already know. Grice's (1975) CPs of the manner, quality, relation and quantity maxims are represented in the most recent principles in the pragmatics (Brown, 1989; Davies, 2008; Mukaro, Mugari, and Dhumukwa, 2013; Yule, 2013); given that in pragmatics the main purpose of communication is an exchange of data. Usually, people cooperate with each other to explain their meaning and the implication of their statements. Thus, all things being undistinguishable, discussions on cooperating activities are based on shared background and purpose. Grice's (1975) work on CPs directed to the appearance of pragmatics as a leading discipline within linguists (e.g. 2012; Hadi,2013, Jia, 2008; Yunxiu, 2012; etc.). Logic and Conversation, Grice (1975) examined collaboration as including four maxims. Grice (1975) argued that the speakers should give complete and not much information if they

ISSN: 2168-9083 digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/jri 1 Journal of Research Initiatives Vol. 4 No. 2 April 2019 want to follow the maxim of quantity, that they are honest and genuine, speaking fact and truths; if they want to follow the maxim of relation so that the exclamations are relevant to the context of the speech, and that the speakers try to present the meaning obviously and curtly, circumventing the ambiguity if they want to follow the maxim of manner. His CPs are built on the assumption that language users indirectly agree to cooperate by making their contributions to the conversation as is obligatory in the present stage of the talk or the track towards which it goes. Cooperative principles are intended to elect what certainly happens in a conversation. That is, when speaking, we usually have something like CP and its maxims in the mind to direct and guide us, though subconsciously. Speakers try to utter things which are accurate, relevant, as well as informative enough in a transparent manner. Hearers will on the other hand attempt to deduce what is said to them in this way. Most of the time the speaker has to be aware of his speech, in case if he did not want to interpret the hearer in some particular way s/he will make it plainly clear that s/he does not mean that specific Implicature (Channel, 2000) Grice's CP is principally the theory through which the people make use of the language for a better communication. Pan (2012) specified that Grice dignified "his reflection in this way, say, when we have the conversation, we try to be supportive," is called CP (a p.3). He suggested that speakers try to produce the explicit message "within the context of any specific discussion, and listeners assume that the speakers are doing this. The principle includes both sides knowing and using the rules of conversation which Grice called it maxims" Grice (1975, p.45). English news can be observed as a kind of written conversation, in which reporters play the role of the speakers and the readers are the hearer (addresses). Henceforward, the reporters want to become significance, reporters are believed to apply the law, custom, and rule of four maxims of cooperative principles. So, English news should be reported more truthfully (quality), clearly (manner), to give the complete amount of information (quantity), and directly address the target of customers (relation). Therefore, to find a piece of English news which follows all four maxims is not an easy job. Recently, the publishing organization or the reporters do violate the maxims of CP. For example, reporters are used to imprecision (political and economic reports) and lack of the quantity in sports news to technically and skillfully present consisting problems or social matters to readers. Moreover, the readers are also tolerable to know or accept the news item from their own perspectives. So, using indefinite language, lack of data, or lack of exactness, the news becomes more reasonable in the eye of organization and their reporters. Therefore, the relationship between the listeners and speakers included in the discussion (here, writers and readers) is just the onset to make sense of what is expressed. If the reporter (speaker) purposes at the deceptive the readers (hearers), or the speaker (reporter) does not have complete amount of information or basically does not want to continue discussion, Grice's cooperative principles can also assist as an effort to describe how conversation prospers in the face of desecration of the maxims (Jiang, 2000, p. 43). Khairtabad and Aghagolzadeh (2012) specified that "the norms through which the news journalists and editors choose about the newsworthiness of a story or an event, extensively known as news values, have been one interesting aspect of news production procedure mainly for critical dissertation analysts (p. 1). Ambiguity is an essential distinctive feature of a language and is obvious in communication because not every natural language can make a satisfactorily correct statement of anything. It’s supposed that a statement is unclear where there consist possible sates of things regarding which it is essentially unknown and that all languages are less or more unclear. Chanel

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(2000) claims that unclear languages include unclear additives, unclear words, and unclear implicature. Through the linguistic features of the news, unclear language can be divided into three types, specifically, hedges, unclear words, and unclear Implicature. Hedges are the essential of unclear language. Hedges are describing as a word or phrase "to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy. There consist of certain types of terminologies speakers use to spot that they may be at risk of not completely following the principles. Yule (2000, p, 38) called these types of terms as "Hedge". For example: "I am not sure if this is right…." As far as I know…." to respect the maxims of quality and many of us will use this cliché terms" So, to cut a long story short…." to respect maxim of quality in the conversation process. Many such kinds of sentences and phrases can be seen in the news stories. The focus of this study is to investigate the instances of appropriation and violation of Grice’s adages in a corpus comprising of 100 news reports (taken from the last arrangement of daily paper Kabul Times) to figure out which kind of proverbs are received most, and which was damaged and which of them was embraced minimum. As discussed before, the dissertation of English news in Afghani context has been investigated as it deserves. According to the present study can be worthy in that it is between the very first efforts aiming the ways for a concrete examination of the English news in the Afghani context in the light of Grice's cooperative principles. Another main point of this study is that it's done in the English news. English is not the official language of Afghanistan but attracts the attention of many people especially the young generation. Literature Review There are some studies that deals with the CP in different spoken and written communication which wants to discover the scope of speakers (writers) desecrated or assumed the CP. A few studies will be presented here as an example to which researchers stuck (Dale& Ryde, 1996; Halaman, 2010; Hamidi, 2009; Lee, 2010; Lumsden, 2008; Warner, 2001; Wharton, 2002; Zor, 2006) some studies were found here considers completing a relative report on utilization of Grice maxims in various news types (Keshvardoost, 2014). Pratiwi (2008) discovered the non-observation of Grice's CPs in the movie entitled "Before Sunset". "the result showed that there were four maxims which were disobeyed in Scene one and two. Their deceitful response triggered the implicit connotation that speakers used mostly. However, the speaker disobeyed the CPs, the audience (listeners) still understand the conversation behind the words so mostly conversations still worked well. Zhu (2009) explored CPs in oral English teaching and argue that CPs could skillfully exemplify what is literary meaning and its implication in a communication. Applying CPs in oral English teaching can be helpful in developing student's communicative ability which is viewed as the final objective of spoken English teaching. Pavlickova (2011) suggested a way in which language functions in the legal setting. The author examined the language of the law which was constructed on the study of performances and bills (legislative texts), and agreements, contracts, last wills and evidence, affirmations and other conducts (legal documents). The article focused on pragmatics of the language of the law, mainly on the problems of broadcast, status, and quality of messages in the legal setting, and the nature of the language of law, the relations which occur among law and language, the article further examined legal communication in light of Grice’s CP and looked for reasons that disrupt these CPs. Pan (2012) aimed at searching into the linguistic basis in the process of language comicality from Grice’s cooperative principle point of views to expose the relation among humor of creation and violation of CPs, and then he gave a critical comment on Grice’s CPs which specifically depends on the limitations of Grice's cooperative principle. Spoken humor as a type

ISSN: 2168-9083 digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/jri 3 Journal of Research Initiatives Vol. 4 No. 2 April 2019 of linguistics communication often in daily conversation. Pan (2012b) aimed to examine certain examples selected from some English newspapers using Grice's CP to shows the unclear language can be efficiently stand out the correctness of English newspapers. Next, results exposed that unclear language helps and strengthens the creative possessions of news items which cannot be directly expressed by the detailed number or complete information in English newspapers. Keshvardoost (2014) an expressive study designed to compare the violation and adoption of Grice' s cooperative principles in political and sports news in American media and classify which of the four principles were desecrated most and which least. According to this, the selected 100 news stories casually from American Newspapers and News Agencies and the violation and adoption of these maxims were studied in those stories. The results remarked that Grice's cooperative principles were more assumed in political news compared to sports news and among these maxims, the principle of manner was most desecrated in both sports and political news. According to the results, the principle of quality was most approved in sports news, and the principle of relation was most approved in political news. Recently, Li (2015), research on the observation and non-observation of CP in English announcements, extended its proper area by connecting it with several English announcements. Based on the observation and non-observation of CP, the author examined a large number of English announcements and determined that it is a principal characteristic of advertising language to produce Implicature by deliberately not observing the maxims of CP. Li proposed that advertising, as the critical part of the social language, has directly affected people’s daily lives and work through many ways, and uses all kinds of techniques to induce the customers‟ attention. Thakur (2017) "toughly believes in Black's (2006) remark that conversational cooperation Maxims of Grician have an extensive degree of significance for the processing of literary dissertation on the inmost level of character-to-character connections" (p. 1). Hence, he aimed to prove the way in which logical measurement of literary studies can be extended by involving Grice's (1975) pragmatic stylistic theory of CPs and determines the way in which the fictional discourses could be better understood by renovating inferential chains of interpretation along with several issues of implications in the dialogic discourses of the characters from Vikram Seth's magnum opus A Suitable Boy. He believes that cooperative principles contribute to the contextualization of the text, affords descriptive potentials that explain the way in which people draw inferences from the conversation, and suggestions to interpretations of how indirect and direct dissertations are worked in literary works of fiction. He (2017) found that the real value and richness of Cooperative Principles lie not in minding them but in breaking them and that the "major motivation for sacrilegious the necessities of these maxims are related to characters‟ socio-cultural worries such as politeness, tact, social power, and taboos and also to the inter- personal factors like several cross-purposes, attitudes, personal tensions, conflicts, etc." (p. 1). Fang and Xin (2017) emphasized that in all the language declaration exercises, there is a procedure of comprehension amongst speakers and listeners to accomplish a clear target; and the two sides should stand the standard. They examined the helpful standards in Nirvana in Fire which was distributed in 2015. It turned around a young fellow Lin Shu who was quick to remunerating for his dad and Chi Yan Army. They basically utilized the hypothesis of CPs and Implicature to analyze the exchange in Nirvana in Fire. In the wake of inspecting the specific illustrations, the character, the plot, and the topic could be better comprehended. Because of the confinement of the material and the fitness of the writer, the chose illustrations were chiefly

ISSN: 2168-9083 digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/jri 4 Journal of Research Initiatives Vol. 4 No. 2 April 2019 traditional cases, and they investigate maxims of violating CPs to allow per users to more readily comprehend the attributes of the characters and the advancement of the plot. A recently released research, Igwedibia (2018) pursued to define the degree to which cooperative principles could be applied to the reading of the nominated poetries of Lorde. He also intended to discover the extent to which Lord's nominated poems conform or violate these maxims. Findings showed that Audre Lorde in some of her poems violated the maxims as well as adhered to them both in the same breath. Consideration was not paid to the news reports in Afghani daily papers that were published in English, despite the tremendous number of students who speak English. Thus, this investigation tried to answer the accompanying examination questions: What kind of news between all that news assumed Grice maxims most and which of the Grice's Cooperative Principles are desecrated most and which of them are desecrated least in this corpus containing Cof (100) news columns which are published in Kabul Times? And which of the following four Gricean maxims was desecrated most and which one was desecrated less in the news reports released in Kabul Times during the one year? Methodology This corpus was designated from the up-to-date daily news which was published from April/10/2017 till to April/10/2018. To have a standardized corpus, 11 columns from the newspapers which were published in every month in Kabul Times. To have a trustable data, the corpus was examined by two independent raters. In the collection of news columns, care was taken to integrate only news columns with the length of 180-400 words. Furthermore, in the collection of news columns, researchers tried to have almost a standardized number of columns in the groups of sports, economic, social, political, and cultural news. Corpus examination did this descriptive-analytic research study; the results were obtained using this formula: Pi=(Fi/Ni).100. In this study Pi stand for relative frequency, Fi stands for absolute frequency, and Ni stands for the total frequency of the data. The data were randomly selected from the Kabul Times newspaper, after the data selection the adoption and violation of Grice cooperative principles were tested in this study. This study was based on Grice's CPs which explained the way in which the people interact with each other (Grice, 1975, 1989, 2001). Cooperative principles consist of four maxims: The first one is Quantity: the input should be as useful as it is required for the communication to proceed. It should be not too much and not too less; the contribution must be made as informative as is required and, we should not make our contribution more informative than it is required. The second one is Quality, in this principle the speakers must be right, and they don't think that what they are saying is false or make statements for what they have no proof. The third one is Relation, in this principle, the contribution that speakers make should be relevant and clear to the purpose of the conversation. The last principle is Manner, in this principle, the speakers' influences should be perspicuous (Grice, 1975, p.47). Data Analysis and Results In this part, the information depends on the corpus take out one by one from the news sections which tallied and checked one by one. As indicated by the substantial measure of the information and absence of room in this part, just a couple of cases will be exhibited here (from every news one example). A portion of the examples of the infringement of Grice's CPs in the daily newspaper of Kabul Times in 2016 is incorporated as information gathering corpus between all reports distributed in that year.

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Considering this report and considering the opinion of non-state analysts about the rate of development in Kabul, it can be supposed that the report disregarded the maxim of quality in furnishing users with correct data on the swelling rate. Since some exceptionally qualified non- state analysts hold that the swelling can be figured through several comparisons, and the writer simply stuck the announcement by one authority without regarding the vagueness of such an expansion rate.

Table 1: Violation of Grice Maxims in Sports News Cooperative Principle Percentage of Violation Relation 8.32 Quantity 10.53 Quality 11.20 Manner 9.40 The review of Table 1, we can understand that the maxim of quality was violated mostly in the sports news and relation maxim is violated less in the sports news of Kabul Times.

Table 2: Violation of Grice Maxims in Political News Cooperative Principle Percentage of Violation Relation 10.82 Quantity 14.18 Quality 20.64 Manner 30.43 According to Table 2, we can know that the maxim of quality was violated more than the maxim of relation was violated less between all of them.

Table 3: Violation of Grice Maxims in Economic News Cooperative Principle Percentage of Violation Relation 9.13 Quantity 12.40 Quality 30.18 Manner 25.23 Based on Table 3, we can easily understand that the maxim of manner was commonly violated, and the maxim of relation was violated least.

Table 4: Violation of Grice Maxims in Security News Cooperative Principle Percentage of Violation Relation 10.43 Quantity 8.40 Quality 31.88 Manner 15.57

According to the data collected in Table 4, this table shows that the maxim of quality and the maxim of manner were violated highly, and the two maxims (quantity and relation) were violated least. The results show that the maxim of quality is violated maximumly, and its highest amount of violation among the four types of news is related to the security news, that the maxim

ISSN: 2168-9083 digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/jri 6 Journal of Research Initiatives Vol. 4 No. 2 April 2019 of quality is violated higher, and the lowest amount of violation among the four types of news associated to the sports news; the second higher desecrated maxim violated maxim was the maxim of manner, and in the all maxims such as economic and security news were the highest violated compared with the other two categories of news. According to figure 1, so it would be settled that the manner and quality maxims were violated more than other maxims, and the relation and quantity maxims were desecrated less. Discussion and Conclusion The research by Keshvardoost (2014), exposed that the Grice’s Cooperative Principles were more accepted in the political news connected to the sports news and between these maxims, the maxim of manner was most desecrated in both sports and political news. The above results show the maxim of quality was more accepted in the sports news and the principles of relation were more accepted in the political news. Simian, Bahadori, and Bagherzade (2016) analyzed how to use the maxim of quantity by Persian speakers from both genders in the different texts to close their communications. Findings that Afghan Pashto and Persian male and female speakers engaged the maxim of quantity inversely in unlike contexts according to the reserve structures. Results also showed that male speakers used more maxim of quantity in casual contexts while female speakers use mostly the maxim of quantity in their conversation and in casual contexts. Our results in this study, regardless of gender, are in the line with their results because maxims were desecrated in the different percentages in the news in altered topics such as political, social, sports, and cultural news. Furthermore, the results of this study are in the line with results of Darighoftar and Ghaffari, 2012 who determined that distinguishing the components in violating the maxims in the different homeopathic characters, not the gender in differences. The results for this study are partially in the line with the results of Jia (2008); Yunxiu (2012); Hadi (2013); Saghebi & Sobhani (2014); Tajabadi, Dowlatabadi, & Mehri (2014), to the name of a few. Analyzing the corpus about the English news in Kabul Times, this study considered on the Cooperative Principles and discovered in the way in which the organization and reporters the news which are published based on the CPs and the maxims of manner, quality, relation and quantity planned by Grice (1975) from the examples of the news, so can be understood that the reporters do not want always to explain their convincing force by the exact meaning of the language. Sometimes, they try to make the use of the words such as (vague, implicit, etc.) to draw the reader's attention and motivation by someway constructing, operating, showing one side while hiding the other, understanding the news for some parties and against others.

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