Brief History of Special/Visual Effects in Film Early years, 1890s.

• Birth of cinema -- 1895, Paris, Lumiere brothers. Cinematographe.

• Earlier, 1890, W.K.L .Dickson, assistant to Edison, developed Kinetograph.

• One of these films included the world’s first known special effect shot, The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, by Alfred Clarke, 1895. Georges Melies

• Father of Special Effects

• Son of boot-maker, purchased Theatre Robert-Houdin in Paris, produced stage illusions and such as Magic Lantern shows.

• Witnessed one of first Lumiere shows, and within three months purchased a device for use with Edison’s Kinetoscope, and developed his own prototype camera.

• Produced one-shot films, moving versions of earlier shows, accidentally discovering “stop-action” for himself.

• Soon using stop-action, double exposure, fast and slow motion, dissolves, and perspective tricks. Georges Melies

• Cinderella, 1899, stop-action turns pumpkin into stage coach and rags into a gown.

• Indian Rubber Head, 1902, uses split- screen by masking areas of film and exposing again, “exploding” his own head.

• A Trip to the Moon, 1902, based on Verne and Wells -- 21 minute epic, trompe l’oeil, perspective shifts, and other tricks to tell story of Victorian explorers visiting the moon.

• Ten-year run as best-known filmmaker, but surpassed by others such as D.W. Griffith and bankrupted by WW I. Other Effects Pioneers, early 1900s. • Robert W. Paul -- copied Edison’s projector and built his own camera and projection system to sell in England. Produced films to sell systems, such as The Haunted Curiosity Shop (1901) and The ? Motorist (1906). Few survived, since he sold his studio and burned his films.

• Englishman G.A. Smith constructed his own movie camera, patenting double- exposure in England, using the method to make a ghost for The Corsican Brothers (1909). Airship Destroyer (1919) used a realistic model of London to create an air attack on the city.

• 1898, Albert Smith and J. Stuart Blackton, formed Vitagraph, and filmed The Battle of Santiago Bay using paintings and photographs. In The Windsor Hotel Fire (1899), miniatures fell from cardboard buildings with squirt guns simulating the fire department’s efforts

• Other studios: Biograph, Lubin, Selig and Edison -- mimicked recent events such as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Used tricks to further plot rather than for Edwin spectacle. S. Porter

The Great Train Robbery (1903)

- double exposure for train in window and passing landscape.

- three frames tinted red to simulate gun being fired, Left Edison in 1909 to head Rex. Moved into later used in 1945 by research and development but devastated by 1929 market crash. Hitchcock for Spellbound. 1910s • American Industry in SoCal.

• David Wark Griffith joined Biograph in 1907 and began to revolutionize film grammar with editing, camera movement, shot composition, and lighting.

• Dissolves, hand-cranking (fast slow v 16 fps), and iris effects in-camera.

• 1912 Bell & Howell facilitated split-screens and double exposures with fixed registration pin and accurate frame counter.

• Norman O. Dawn -- Hollywood’s 1st “effects man” -- glass shot and in-camera matte shot.

• 1916 - Frank Williams invents traveling matte system, later refined as blue-screen.

• Mark Sennett -- Keystone Kops. Gags requiring effects -- rubber bricks, collapsing telegraph poles, fake houses, car crashes, special patrol wagon. Chaplin, Llloyd, and even Capra worked here at one time. • “Special Effect” received first screen credit in 1926 Fox picture What Price Glory? 1920s • Continued use of traveling mattes, placing actors filmed in studio placed within settings of a different time and place.

• Use of miniatures such as in The Crowd (1928) and Just Imagine (1930).

• Dominance of German filmmakers in effects work such as

• Paul Wegener: Living Buddhas (1923)

• Fritz Lang: Die Niebelungen (1924) 60 ft dragon, Shuftan process combining full-size sets with miniatures using mirrors. Metropolis (1926) -- models, animation, matte painting, rear projection, and full–scale mechanical effects. US: By Rocket to the Moon

• America tried to compete with opulent sets such as used in Thief of Bagdad (1924). Wires for the flying carpet. Linwood Dunn, RKO, optical printer. 1930s

• James Whale, Frankenstein (1931), electrical effects by Kenneth Strickfaden. Model work by John P. Fulton. Invisible Man (1934).

• Merian C. Cooper and animator Willis O’Brien -- King Kong (1933) -- stop-motion, miniatures, rear-projection, and optical compositing using live actors, puppets, and miniatures. 55 weeks for stop-motion.

• Departments such as at MGM: special effects -- rear projection, miniatures, and physical effects. Optical dept -- matte paintings and optical printing.

• 1939 -- first Academy Award in Special Effects given to “The Rains Came” featuring a tremendous flood, besting Gone with the Wind and Wizard of Oz. 1940s

• Citizen Kane (1941) -- matte paintings, miniatures, and advanced optical printing (not even nominated).

• Color film required many modifications to learned techniques.

• Gone With the Wind (1939) first Technicolor matte painting.

• Hitchcock less often credited as important sfx director began US career with Rebecca (1940).

• Willis O’Brien directed Mighty Joe Young with assistance by young Ray Harryhausen who went on to create more than 20 films such as Jason and the Argonauts and Sinbad and the Eye Color traveling mattes of the Tiger. first used in the 1940 film The Thief of Baghdad. 1950s

Paramount invents ‘repeater’, early mechanical motion control.

• Movie attendance drops as television grows. Effects-laden productions and larger-than-life formats such as CinemaScope, VistaVision, Cinerama, and 3-D.

• The Robe 1953, first CinemaScope film.

• Destination Moon, The War of the Worlds (1953), George Pal.

• The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1959) -- Harryhausen used perspective, splitscreen, improportional props, mattes, and stop-motion.

• Cecil B. DeMille’s The Ten Commandments -- blue screen, miniatures, pyrotechnics, 600 extras, matte paintings, 32-foot high dam. 1960s

Effects departments shut down, except for Disney -- The Nutty Professor and Mary Poppins.

• Extravagant budgets, sets, use of extras, costume, etc. in large and more violent productions to lure more audience after thousands of theater-closures.

• Ivan Sutherland invents Sketchpad in 1961.

• Cleopatra (1963). $44 million (approx $300 million today). Roman forum larger than original. Full-scale barge with gilded stern.

• Fantastic Voyage (1966) enormous sets and wire- suspended actors.

• Planet of the Apes (1968).

• Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), early motion control, slit-scan technique for Stargate corridor, miniatures, front projection, etc. 1970s

• Disaster flicks: The Poseidon Adventure (1972), Earthquake (1974), Towering Inferno (1974), The Hindenburg (1975).

• Simultaneous release dates.

• ‘Movie brats’ -- Coppola, Spielburg, Lucas.

• Jaws (1975), Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), Star Wars (1977) herald era of the blockbuster.

• Lucas’s technicians built first computer-controlled camera (motion-control) invented by FX supervisor John Dykstra and used through space battles. Also optical effects, matte paintings, models, make-up, animation, and pyrotechnics.

• Superman (1978), Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979), The Black Hole (1979), and Alien (1979). • Continue trend, trying to mimic success of Star Wars. 1980s • Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan (1982) -- first all-digital CG sequence in feature film.

• Return of Jedi (1983) has optical compositing with over 300 separate film elements for space battle shot.

• Young Sherlock Homes (1985) first CG character -- medieval knight from stained glass.

• TRON (1982) and aftermath.

• Ghostbusters (1984), Back to the Future (1985), E.T. (1982)

• ILM disbanded after Star Wars but permanently rebuilt for Empire.

• Effects houses bid for shots based on script breakdown. • Film scanning and recording becomes fast and reliable. Computers have more power.

• Terminator 2 (1991) -- 5 1/2 min for 100 CGI elements. After 60+ years of optical printing, all effects are digitally 1990s composited.

• Jurassic Park (1993) -- first CG characters rather than stop or go motion.

• Toy Story (1995) first entirely CG feature. 1000 GB of data with 800,000 machine hours of rendering.

• Titanic (1997) -- over 450 effects shots by Digital Domain and 16 other companies.

• Star Wars: The Phantom Menace (1999) heralds CG characters, location, mixed sets, HD, and digital projection.

• The Matrix (1999) -- bullet-time, CG sets, Academy Award.

• Fight Club (1999) -- photogrammetry -- image-based modeling. 2000s • O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) -- brings in the “digital intermediate” era.

• Hollow Man (2000) -- first anatomically correct, 3D model of a human body.

• Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001) -- first hyper-real, CGI feature film.

• The Lord of the Rings (2001, 2002, 2003) three- time Academy Award Visual Effects (defeating Spiderman, Attack of the Clones, Pirates of the Caribbean), Andy Serkis - performance capture for Gollum, Massive for battle scenes, other simulation. • Spiderman (2002) -- extensive CG body doubles and CG sets for NY. Also, IBL. 2000s

• Attack of the Clones (2002) -- first shot and exhibited completely in HD.

• Panic Room (2002) -- David Fincher, seamless fx, blending multiple mo-cap shots, recreated environments.

• XXX (2002) -- one of first “head replacements” Vin Diesel.

• The Matrix Reloaded & The Matrix Revolutions (2003) - universal capture for image-based facial animation, BRDF for rendering realistic clothes.

• The Polar Express (2004) -- Robert Zemeckis film used performance capture for most of the film, Tom Hanks playing many characters, extended later in Beowulf (2007).

• Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004) -- first photo-realistic, all CGI backgrounds with live actors. Also done in Able Edwards (2004), Sin City (2005), 300 (2006). 2000s • Spider-Man 2 (2004) -- Academy Award VFX, $54 million dfx budget, Light-Stage for IBL recreation of faces along with performance capture.

• King-Kong (2005) -- defeated Chronicles of Narnia for Academy Award VFX, 2510/3200 final shots (most ever FX shots).

• Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest (2006) -- performance capture for Davy Jones, sub-surface-scattering, Academy Award VFX.

• Superman Returns (2006) - light stage, complete body double, 3D Marlon Brando “delivering” new dialogue based on archival footage. 2000s

• The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008) -- David Fincher & Digital Domain (DD) -- used head-replacement practiced with Orville Redenbacher (2007) to age-progress Brad Pitt with elaborate techniques, FACs, Academy Award, 325 shots w/o Pitt.

• Avatar (2009) -- large portion of over $300 million budget for DFX, performance capture including eyes, native stereo 3D, hybrid CGI/ VFX.

• Inception (2010), Harry Potter films, Watchmen (2009), Green Lantern (2011), Smurfs (2011), etc.