The world of Aquatic Will you know an aquatic invader when you see it??

SOME CHALLENGES . . .

The Littoral Zone • all the plants: “wet green stuff” • few have conspicuous • shapes and size can vary with growing conditions • they are always in wet places!

Plan of Action . . .

1: Aquatic Communities 2: Plant Structure 3: Maine’s Eleven Most Unwanted and Part 1: Aquatic their Common Native Look Alikes Plant 4: A Dry Run 5: Practice with Live Plants Communities Emergent Plant Community

• shallowest zone • from moist soil to knee-deep water

Life at the water’s edge can be challenging

Adaptations

• plants can tolerate fluctuating water levels & wave action • most have spongy, buoyant leaves and tough, interlocking roots

Floating Leaved Plant Community

• knee-deep to chest-deep water

•submersed Life on the surface plants may reside can also be under this canopy challenging Adaptations

• buoyant leaves, smooth margins, leathery texture, waxy “cuticle” • tough, elastic leaf stalks; grow rapidly to surface • some are free floating • reproduction from seeds, turions,

Submersed Plant Community

• from shoreline to several meters deep • maximum depth is limited by:  species specific adaptations  light availability Life underwater is calmer . . . but still challenging!

Adaptations

• stems and leaves often flexible, leaves adapted to maximize surface area & gas exchange, lack cuticle

• most set flowers above the surface for pollinators; heterophylly (2 leaf types) often occurs in these species

• plants overwinter as rhizomes, tubers, turions (winter buds), whole plant

• Reproduction primarily by clonal expansion, also root Plant Communities Overlap division, seeds Leaf Arrangement

Part 2:

Plant Structure Opposite

Whorled

Alternate

Elliptical Lance shaped Leaf Types Divided Leaf Patterns

ENTIRE TOOTHED or DIVIDED SERRATED

Forked

Branched Feather Divided Heart Shaped Triangular

. . . and their most Part 3: common native “lOOK ALIKES” MAINE’S ELEVEN MOST UNWANTED . . . 3 invaders are 4 are submersed plants floating leaf plants with finely-divided leaves arranged on stems

4 are submersed plants EVERYTHING with blade or strap-shaped ELSE . . . leaves arranged on stems

Opposite Opposite Whorled Alternate

Floating Leaved Water Chestnut Plants (Trapa natans)

water chestnut infestation, Mount Holyoke, MA European Frog Bit (Hydrocharis morsus- ranae)

Water Chestnut Native to Europe Confirmed: CT, MA NH, NY, RI, VT,

European Frog Bit

European Frog Native to Europe Bit Confirmed: NY, VT

Yellow Floating Heart Yellow ( peltata) Floating Heart

Native to Europe Confirmed: CT, MA, NY, RI, VT Spatterdock ()

Fragrant Waterlily ( odorata) Little Floating Heart (Nymphoides cordata)

Submersed Plants with Fanwort Finely Divided Leaves (Cabomba caroliniana) Attached to Stems

Eurasian water-milfoil infestation, Pleasant Hill Pond, Scarborough, ME

Fanwort Native to South Fanwort America (and SE US*) Confirmed: CT, MA, NH, NY, RI, VT Variable Water-milfoil Variable Water-milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

Variable Water-milfoil

Hybrid Milfoil Native to Europe & parts of US (M. heterophyllum x Confirmed: CT, ME, NH, NY, MA, RI, VT M. laxum)

Eurasian Water-milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)

Eurasian water-milfoil infestation, Kirk Lake NY Eurasian Eurasian Water-milfoil Water-milfoil

Native to Europe Confirmed: CT, MA, ME, NH, NY, RI, VT

Parrot Feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)

Parrot Feather Parrot Feather

Native to South America Confirmed: CT, NY Maine has six lake-friendly Bladderworts native milfoils (Utricularia spp.) Large Purple • Alternate- • Farwell’s • Low Common • Northern • Whorled • Dwarf (leafless)

Common Large Purple Hornworts (Ceratophyllum sp.) Crowfoot (Ranunculus sp.)

Water Marigold Submersed Plants with (Megalodonta beckii ,Bidens beckii) Blade or Strap-shaped Leaves Attached to Stems

Brazilian elodea infestation, Nepean River, New South Wales, Australia

Curly-leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus)

curly-leaf pondweed infestation, West Pond, ME Curly-leaf Pondweed

Pondweeds Curly-leaf (Potamogeton spp.) Pondweed

Turions

Native to Europe Confirmed: CT, MA, ME, NH, NY, RI, VT Large leaf pondweed Clasping-leaf pondweeds P. amplifolius P. perfoliatus & P. richardsonii

European Naiad European Naiad (Najas minor)

Native to Europe Confirmed: CT ,MA, ME, NH, NY, VT Egeria densa (South Naiads Brazilian Elodea American Waterweed, Anacharis) (Najas sp.) European

Slender (N. flexilis)

Brazilian Elodea

Native to South America CT, NH, MA, NY, VT Brazilian elodea is a common aquarium plant

Common Hydrilla Waterweed (Hydrilla verticillata) (Elodea canadensis) and Slender Waterweed (and Elodea nutallii) Form and Habit One of The World’s Most Notorious Invaders . . .

Form Comparison Hydrilla’s Edge

• Thrives in low light •Grows to depths exceeding 30 ft • Extreme rapid growth • Wide tolerance range •Propagates by clonal expansion Theirs Ours

The Clinchers! Tubers and Turions are Resilient to . . .

Tubers • Ingestion by waterfowl • Ice cover •Drying •Herbicides • Time! (Tubers remain dormant for years in Turions the sediment) Part 5 (finally!!) Common A Dry Run . . . Waterweed (Elodea canadensis) and Slender Waterweed (and Elodea nutallii)

YOU ALL PASS! 1 You are ready to practice with real live plants! 3 1 2 4 5