FAKUO.—• HEAD U1-' NAVIGATION ON RBD KIVBR.

THE COUNTY OF CASS AIVD THE CITY OF FARGO F 642 .C34 B7 1975 C.2

Green pastures; and vast wheat fields

F 642 ., C34 G7 197j (_ . .,-.:

Green pastures and vast w hi a a t -f i e 1 d s

NORTH DAKOTA STATE LIBRARY BISMARCK 58505 NORTH DAKOTA STATE LIBRARY lllllllll ' ""••"" ' NORTH DAKDTA | 3R AUTHI '3 3165 66030 391

DATE DUE

DEMCO 38-297

North Dakota State Library Bismarck, ND 58505 A BOX ELDER BUG PRESS REPRINT NORTH DAKOTA ' BDDK OR AUTHDR

A SKETCH

HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE AND STATISTICAL.

The Greatest Wheat-Producing County of the Greatest Wheat Territory or State in the Wheat Country of the World. Rich Resources, Unparalleled Increase in Population and Wealth, Illimitable Prospects for Agri­ culture, Trade and Manufactures.

THE COUNTY OF CASS

AND THE CITY OF FARGO, THE COUNTY SEAT

TERRITORY OF DAKOTA.

Prepared and Compiled under the Supervision of the Board of Trade of ihe City of Fargo by the Secretary.

FARGO, DAK.: REPUBLICAN STEAM PRINTING HOUSE.

North Dakota State Library Bismarck, ND 58505 PRINTED BY ACME PRINTING COMPANY PUBLISHED BY BOX ELDER BUG PRESS 350 7th AVENUE SOUTH FARGO, NORTH DAKOTA 58102 1975 THE COUNTY OF CASS

AND THE

CITY OF FARGO, THE COUNTY SEAT

TERRITORY OF DAKOTA.

'O longer ago than in the latter part of the last generation the geographers of the period marked out on their maps the region of which the Ter­ ritory of Dakota forms a part, as a vast, arid, sterile, and uninhabitable waste—designating it "The Great American Desert;" and thus the children at school were taught by their instructors, and, needless to say, the parents were no wiser. In truth, the country now forming Dakota,—which was a part of the famous Louisiana purchase from the first Napoleon—with an area greater than New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island, or England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, was a land fair to look upon, and of boundless resources, rich in gold, silver, iron, copper, tin, lead, mica, salt, gypsum and coal, and richer still in the amazing and phenomenal fertility of the soil; surpass­ ing, in reality, any in fable or story, and splendidly adapted for the production of all the kinds of grains and roots of the temperate zones, as well as for horses, cattle and sheep. Indeed, in Dakota, nature exhibits FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

Hwi iii«- Mtlwk&kk

HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING. FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

the most marvelous feats of its workmanship—a mas­ terpiece—for a stretch of fertile country, and for min­ eral resources as well. In the valley of the Red River of the North, the most fruitful in grain and roots of all the valleys, 300 miles long and IOO miles and over wide, cleared by nature, excepting the fringes of timber along the river and its tributaries, and ready for cultivation long be­ fore the discovery of America, lies Cass county, the center of the richest and grandest natural pastures, and the vastest and most productive wheat fields on earth. In the early summer, in a day's journey up or down the valley, as far as the eye can reach, is pre­ sented the most gorgeous of earth's carpeting, and of dazzling loveliness, the young wheat, the greenest of grasses, starred with blooming wild roses and flowers of various species and hues; and not a venemous rep­ tile haunts the field or wood. Here, within the present generation, were the most magnificent of hunting grounds, which the most imaginative romancer need not have exaggerated. Attracted by the most luxuriant vegetation the valley was the rendezvous of countless herds of buffalo and myriads of the most valuable of other wild animals and fowls, bears, wolves, elk, moose, antelope, differ­ ent sorts of deer, beaver, otter, marten, mink, swan, turkeys, geese, ducks, prairie chickens, partridges and grouse. Between the years 1872-82 no less than 4,000,000 buffalos were slaughtered in Dakota and the adjoining territories, mainly in Dakota, simply for their skins, at $2 each, their wholesome and delicious meat being left on the prairies for beasts and fowls, and to decay and taint the air. Antelope were slaugh­ tered with as much ease as domestic animals, and their flesh would satisfy the most dainty palate. Small game is still abundant. FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

NORTH SIDE SCHOOL. FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. 1

From early April until December, sometimes till Christmas, it would be impossible to find a climate upon earth more absolutely delightful, bewitching, salubrious and exhilarating, or one in which there is greater pleasure in merely living and breathing, or one where life's ills and cares press less heavily. And here the Sioux and the Chippewas, the most intelligent and warlike of the savage tribes, and who possessed the valley, held high revel, in a land over­ flowing with good things, and which might even have realized their expectations of the Happy Hunting Grounds in the Lands of the Great Spirit; and, with their allies the fur traders, guarded the secret of the country's salubrity and richness with jealous solici­ tude. In 1862 the Sioux made their descent from Dako­ ta upon the white settlements of Minnesota to beat back civilization, butchering nearly i,ooo men, women and children, sparing only the young women and girls, for a fate worse than death. Only a comparatively short time since, the slen­ der garrisons of the forts on the Red and in the valley would occasionally placate and keep the savages at bay, men, women and children, by pointing loaded cannon and throwing to them huge slices of their rancid bacon, as if they were so many wolves whose close proximity was considered both disagreeable and dangerous. But whispers of the magnificence of the Red river domain having transpired, the enterprising and adventurous genius of the race that has led in the van of civilization and struck the note of liberty of the world reached it, crowding the savages further west, tested its fertility with plow and seed and began its development. It was not, however, until the spring of 1872, when Jay Cooke, one of the ablest and most famous FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

RED RIVER VALLEY NATIONAL BANK. FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. 9 men of his time, was directing the Northern Pacific railroad across the Red and penetrating the territory, on the way to cross the Rocky Mountains and reach the Pacific Ocean, that the attention of the people of the old states was attracted hither to any extent with a view to settlement. Even then the settlers were few, living, with two or three exceptions, in tents, for the great majority of the people were still skeptical as to the country's resources, and deterred by false ideas of the severity of the climate, believing it so cold and unhospitable as to be utterly unfit for habitation by the people of the New England, Middle and Western states, not to speak of those of the South, who now compose a considerable part of the population. Moreover it was generally considered by the short­ sighted press and public that the railroad was but a hairbrained scheme of Mr. Cooke's; that, if it could be constructed across" the "sea of mountains," which was doubtful, there was no outlet for it; that it only led to the jumping-off place, so to speak; and in any event, that the enterprise was impracticable on account of there being no traffic for it, and that it would be blocked by frost and snow for the greater portion of the year, which would make collapse inevi­ table. Distinguished senators in congress descanted eloquently on the absurdity of the scheme. One illustrious senator said in all seriousness from his seat in congress that the only traffic of the country was a few muskrat skins, and that there would never be anything else. These opinions were strengthened by Mr. Cooke's financial embarrassments and the standstill of the Toad during the following winter, and immigration was retarded. Indeed, it seems as if the majority in congress are yet unable to divest themselves of antiquated notions 10 FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

FIRST NATIONAL BANK. FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. 11 and realize the actual importance of the country's illimitable resources and gigantic possibilities. It was reserved, however for the talents and energy of Mr. Villard to complete the road, and to him and Mr. Cooke, with their untiring co-adjutors, the honors are chiefly due.

As the last linkt was laid—in 1883—and the last spike driven, a golden one, the most conspi­ cuous figure in the ceremony of uniting the great artery of commerce from ocean to ocean was he who bore the most prominent part in the colossal struggle for the union of the nation—a happy augury and selec­ tion—our heroic and world-honored captain, U. S. Grant. There were also conspicuous among the dis­ tinguished personages, assisting and looking on at the ceremony, a number of the venerable senators who had, in their wisdom, heaped ridicule on the undertaking and predicted abject failure. The prophecies of the wiseacres have been con­ founded and Mr. Cooke's far-sighted sagacity most abundantly vindicated. The trains run as regularly and promptly on the Northern Pacific from Lake Superior to the Pacific Ocean—1918 miles—and on all its ramifications as upon any other road in the world. The road is rapidly opening up for settlement, devel- opement and commerce a country vast and infinitely rich, and it has become the most practicable and expedious highway for the rich freights of Japan, China, the Indies and the South Seas. So much has been said in the past few years, and justly, in favor of Dakota as a field for settlement and various enterprises, it is not strange that false reports; —mainly emanating from the Canadian government and press, but which have been spread broadcast throughout the continent and in Europe—should be set afloat of the terrible severity of the climate, of 12 FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

CITIZENS NATIONAL BANK. FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. 18

howling blizzards, of frequent and deadly cyclones, to counteract its rapidly advancing prosperity and pre­ vent wholesale emigration from the British provinces, which threatens alarming and serious depletion. Such reports are easily disposed of, however, without a residence in the Territory, by any one who takes the trouble to examine the national weather reports and trace the isothermal line. It is true that the thermometer occasionally registers a very low degree of temperature, but in the lowest temperature the air is so dry that it never chills and penetrates as does the damp atmosphere of the Atlantic states, and less suffering and incon­ venience is experienced, not to speak of the Canadian provinces farther north. Comparatively little snow falls during the winter and the rain, sleet and slush so common in the Eastern and Western states are comparatively unknown. Almost constant sunshine—the sun often accompanied by his dogs—and a clear, bracing, invigorating, inspiriting and health-giving atmosphere is the rule. Dakota is not within the cyclone belt and the oldest resident has never seen one here, notwithstand­ ing all the reports to the contrary, and blizzards are rarer than in Illinois or New York. There are the usual atmospheric disturbances, of course, but they are less frequent than in other parts of the Union. Such is the testimony of the residents from all parts of the Union and Canada—the latter composing a large and prosperous fraction of the population— endorsed by the democratic governor of the territory. The very general but false impression is in a measure accounted for from the fact that Dakota is a big country, and in a sweep of from SCO to 850 miles 14 FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

KA HI-..** * i**BR. ss

M HENCH BLOCK. FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. 15

whenever an unusually high wind or severe snow storm occurs, it is telegraphed to wherever the tele­ graph reaches in every part of the Union, and being as large gets the credit of the high winds and storms of half a dozen ordinary states to itse'f. Besides, the territory is prominently before the public knocking at the doors of congress for admission. Indeed, the territory is essentially a fair weather region, as the following table, compiled from the records of the United States signal office, showing the number of fair days in Dakota for last year, in comparison with some other states is convincing evidence of.

State. No. State. Xo. : State No. Dakota 175-4 Connecticut . .. 14S.4 1 Maine 143. J 174.O Wisconsin 159.1 ; Ohio I4.V? 161.0 Iowa 153.7JI Michigan 140.6 146.3 Pennsylvania .. 140.0 i New York U5-4 161. S Massachusetts . Illinois 147.2 Indiana 134.0 j New Hampshire. .. I4-2.4J Nay, more, it is, beyond dispute, remarkable as the most healthy part of the world. This is conclu­ sively proved by the following table of the death rate of different localities, compiled from the United States census report:

TABLE OF MORTALITY STATISTICS.

Minnesota 1 in S6 Norway . 1 in go Iowa 1 in S4 Denmark . 1 in 46 Wisconsin 1 in S2 Sweden . 1 in $0 Pennsylvania 1 in 67 Great Britain . . 1 in 46 Texas 1 in 64 Switzerland... . 1 in 41 All of the United States 1 in 66 Holland . .1 in 37 Dakota, (census of iSS^,) 1 in 166

In fact, the instances are numerous of climatic cures in cases where life had been despaired of else­ where. Pulmonary diseases seldom or never originate here. Dyspepsia, biliousness and insomnia are com­ paratively unknown. A childless married woman is a 16 FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

G. S. BARNES RESIDENCE. FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. 17

curiosity, and the population is increased—more fre­ quently than in other localities—by pairs and triplets. Dakotans are often heard to remark, after return­ ing from spending a winter at their old homes: "Dakota winters seem at times long, cold and mono­ tonous, but I find myself after all in more buoyant spirits and in better health here than in the climate I was born and brought up in." Those who have spent the winter south, in England and other parts of Europe, give similar testimony, The death rate of Fargo last year was less than five in each iooo, while the average death rate of the leading cities of the country according to the national census, is 20 to each 1000. It is an extraordinary fact, and unparalleled, that in a total of 1052 pupils for the year 1886-7 in the Fargo city schools there was not a single death, and that for the year 1887-8, in a total of 1165 pupils there was but one death. Although the progress of the United States gen­ erally has been marvelous, that of Dakota surpasses, without exception, all the other states and territories in the percentage of increase of population, which partially appears by the following table taken from the last national census:

1S70 JS70 State or Territory. to State or Territory. to- 1SS0 1S80 Alabama 20.6 Missouri 25-S* Arizona 3.3.7 Montana 00.1 Arkansas 05.fi Nebraska ...... , 267. S California 54-3 Nevada 46.S Colorado ;S7.4 New Hampshire. 9.0 Connecticut IJ.S New Jersey 24.S DAKOTA 853.2 New Mexico 30.1 Delaware 17.2 New York District of Columbia. 34.8 North Carolina.. 3°-6 Florida 43-5 Ohio 19.9 Georgia 3°.2 Oregon 92.2 Idaho 117.4 Pennsylvania.. .. 21.6 Illinois 21.1 Rhode Island 27.2 Indiana , 17.7 South Carolina .. 41.0- Iowa 36. o Tennessee , 22.5 Kansas 173-3 Texas 94-4 Kentucky.., 24. g Utah 65.8 Louisiana -9-3 Vermont °.5 18 FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

1S70 State or Territory. State or Tcrritorv to l.-So

Maine .!•:< Virginia A3-4 Maryland •9-7 Washington ... "3-$ Massachusetts "•3 West Virginia. 39.9 Michigan 3*.2 Wisconsin 24-7 Minnesota Wyoming 127.9 Mississippi .3'S-6

The wheat crop of Dakota for a year is alone more valuable in dollars and cents than the product for the same time of the gold milks of California, Colorado, Montana, Nevada and the Mexicos, and Australia to boot. In this territory with an area of 147,700 square miles, a population of 600,000, producing in the last nine years $35,000,000 of gold, from mines only par­ tially developed, not to speak of large amounts of silver and other metals; in the last year over 60,000,- 000 bushels of wheat, and capable of easily sustaining a population of 10,000,000; Cass county, having an area of about 1,317,000 acres, is the most populous and wealthy, and pays more into the territorial treasury. In little more than a decade, from the most mag­ nificent hunting grounds on earth, it has become the most magnificent pasture and wheat fields, studded with rapidly growing cities, towns and villages; where the buffalo and antelope and the other animals of the chase fed and increased, horses, sheep and herds of cattle graze and multiply; from a state of barbaric grandeur and the possession of the savages, it has reached the highest point of civilization, and become the splendid heritage of the freest and most progres­ sive people on the globe. The United States exceeds any country in the world in the amount of wheat growing—France com­ ing second; Dakota any state or territory in the Union, and Cass any county in the territory. Some conception of the country's resources and FARC.O AND CASS COUNTY. 19

rapid growth in population and wealth may be had from the following: 1S77. 1^7.

Population 2,213 2(,IT'~ Assessed value of real and personal property $200. ;V) $15.^74,1/10 Wheat grown, bushels ." 20,(,ooo 7,000.000 Corn -'3,000 Oats 2,722,000 Bailey 329,0.10 iSco. 1^5.

Woo], lbs I"5 0,010 Butler 52,200 310.310 Kggs, doz r 177,0 ;2 Potatoes, bushels 212,015

Number of schools. 137 " " scholars 3.72 0 " " teachers 19S

Collected for schools flfi),O«2.fi 0 Expended " " 102 ,55fi.So Value of school property. 3|o.50 7.0 0 County debt '75:.79 '.0 0 Bushels of wheat grown in the Territory 62,553,491 The percentage of those unable to read and write is smaller in Dakota than in any other state or terri­ tory, and with the exception of seven states it leads the van in the proportion of the pupils enrolled that attend school regularly. The county has the Minnesota state line, which is the Red River of the North, for its eastern bound­ ary, and is the second county north of the center line of the territory. The principal streams are the Red, Cheyenne, Maple, Wild Rice and Rush rivers. In addition to the rivers named there are numerous small streams and lakes, and nearly every section of the county is thus watered. The surface is generally level prairie, in parts undulating, broken only by the streams, lakes, a few ridges and isolated hills. Along the banks of the Red, Cheyenne and Maple rivers are good growths of timber. The soil is a rich vegetable mould, requiring no manure, and is believed to be inexhaustible, as the land at the sites of the oldest trading posts of the 20 FARGO AND CA68 COUNTY.

J. B. FOLSOM'S RESIDENCE. FABGO AND CABS COUNTY. 21

Hudson Bay Company is as productive as when the first furrow was turned, over fifty years ago. The sub­ soil is from three to four feet in depth, a spongy, porous clay marl, and fertile in itself. In the county and vicinity are operated the most extensive wheat farms in the world. The Grandin Brothers have this year seeded no less than 24,000 acres, which may almost be said to be but one vast wheat field without a fence. In harvesting they will employ about five hundred men, with 1,000 horses, up­ wards of 150 reaping machines and numerous threshing machines. The threshing is done from the shocks in the open field and is seldom interfered with by unfa­ vorable weather. Besides they have a steam-boat of their own of considerable dimensions, and luxuriously fitted up, to convey their employees to and fro and transport their grain to their Fargo elevator, thence to be transported to the mills and to every part of the Union and to Europe. They would doubtless take the prize from the world for the largest and best appointed wheat farm. The Dalrymples have a farm, of which 13,000 acres are in wheat. From these the fields range to the little field of the man who arrived last year in his white-topped prairie schooner, with his all, including wife and per-* haps a half-dozen or more children. Although there is no government land vacant, little more than half has yet been plowed, and an abundance may be had on very moderate terms. Mr. W. W. Warren, the manager of the Grandin Bros.' farm, says the cost of raising a bushel of wheat on that farm, including interest on capital, wear in machinery, wages, incidentals, etc., is a little less than twenty-four cents per bushel. The following table shows the actual result of 22 FABGO AND CASS COUNTY.

the cultivation of 155 acres in 1885, an unfavorable year: Plowing 15s acres, fall of 1S84 $194.00 Seed "9-25 Interestfor ten months at 10 per cent 25.85 Seeding 155-0° Boiling 30.00 Interest for four months 6.0S Harvesting and shocking 232.50 Threshing and delivering at elevator, 11 cents per bushel 357*5° Taxes • 25.00 Interest on money invested in land 130.00 Total cost $1,275.18 The yield was 3,255 bushels, which would make the cost about 36 cents per bushel. In ninety days from seeding the wheat is harvested. It may also be said that the scientists, learned doctors and chemists have given their verdict in favor of the superiority of the flour made from the No. I hard of North Dakota to any other, as well for its delicacy of texture and flavor as for its nutricious qualities. The baker or pastry-cook who can procure it and neglects to do so fails in one of his first duties. The Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia epicures are quite decided in their preference for it, and con­ siderable shipments are made direct to these cities from the mills of Fargo. At the World's Exposition —New Orleans, 1885—the wheat was awarded the first premium over competitors from all the wheat- growing countries of the world. The result of a national investigation and analysis is to establish the fact that in the two most important desiderata, dryness and richness in albuminoids, North Dakota wheat ranks the best of any on American soil —the Red River Valley wheat ranking the highest. The average per centage of albuminoids in the wheats of all the United States and British America is 12.15. In Dakota the average per centage is 14.95, leading every state, territory and province on the continent. The average per centage of dryness of the wheats of the United States and British America is 10.16. In this respect Dakota also leads every competitor, with FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. an average per centage of only 8.84 of water in the composition of wheat grown on her soil. Comment­ ing on the result of the investigation, the United States government chemist says: "As will be seen, the Dakota specimens are all extremely rich in albu­ minoids; one containing as high as 18.03 Per cent, which is the richest specimen ever analyzed in the United States." He also says, "Dakota makes a flour richer than any other. The hard wheats of the north­ west have furnished the country with a finer flour than it had before possessed; and in the baking experi­ ments, the bread made from these flours excelled all others in quality." The experiments carried on by authority of the National Government establish that a bushel of North Dakota wheat will make more bread than the same quantity of wheat raised in any other territory or state of the Union, and that the bread made from Dakota wheat flour contains more gluten and other of the materials which nourish and build up the human body than any other brands. While this brand is raised in perfection in North Dakota, and in large and certain crops in each succes­ sive year,—persevering efforts have proved, owing to- the conditions of the climate and the peculiar composi­ tion of the soil, that it cannot be raised successfully south of about the 46th parallel, that is to say south of North Dakota,—the experiment having been tried unsuccessfully in South Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska, Cal­ ifornia and other wheat regions. It is so admittedly superior to every other grade, that it commands in the market from ten to fifteen cents more per bushel. The crop averages about twenty-five bushels to the acre and has been known to reach over forty bushels to the acre. The country is also magnificently adapted for grazing, dairying and wool-growing—the rich grass of the natural pastures growing without any culture or seedincf. FARGO 1880 FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. 25

DISINTERESTED AND IMPARTIAL TESTIMONY.

N June an excursion party, consisting of editors of the leading agricultural papers of the east, ex­ plored the valley and various parts of Dakota, and passed through the territory, and the opinion of one, which is substantially the verdict of all, is as follows: "Of the Red River Valley there is but one verdict by all who have an intelligent conception of its char­ acteristics, and that is that it is superlatively fertile and grand. Occasionally, however, there is a differ­ ence of opinion as to a small portion of the Antelope valley. It is true that the soil is lighter, but the time is coming when the Antelope valley will be filled with some of the best farms in the country; and that will be true, too, of the Milk River Valley farther on. The emigrant now has the opportunity to select as good land as there is on earth, but when the time comes that the very best shall be taken, there will still be land good enough for any body to occupy and farm. This country has such an immense quantity of land, that when people find an acre that is not up to the highest mark, they turn up their noses, and there is a little land in Dakota that people pass over because it may not be quite as good as Red River Valley land, but which is better farming land than some that is selling from fifty to a hundred dollars an acre in the East. In all this long trip of twenty-seven hundred miles, we saw no absolutely poor land, except a com­ paratively little that is acknowledged to be "badlands" and untillable. Take a man from many a practically worn out farm in the East, and yet one that because of its surroundings would sell for a price outrageously 26 FAKGO AND CASS COUNTY.

in disproportion to its value, and put him upon a hun­ dred and sixty acres of any section that we saw, and that was capable of cultivation at all, and we would start him in the direction of prosperity such as he never even dreamed of as among the posibilities. # * * * * * There is nothing to be seen anywhere to compare with the sweep of land embraced by the Red River and its affluents in fertility, reliability and staying power as a great wheat country." On the authority of the gifted and indefatigable manager of the Northern Pacific, Mr. Oakes, the valley is so rich that it will support a railroad every seven miles. The Northern Pacific branch, which runs down the valley and parallel with other lines, last year paid expenses, the interest on the investment, and passed $500,000 to surplus. There are still upwards of 23,000,000 acres of gov-- ernment land in Dakota vacant and subject to home­ stead and pre-emption. It may be said parenthetically, strange as it may seem to a cursory observer,—a caprice of nature—that, while the Mississippi rises north and within about twenty miles of the source of the Red River of the North, the two rivers are found passing each other, the former flowing south and finding its way to the Mexican gulf, the latter passing Fargo flowing north, and finding its way finally to the Arctic ocean. FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. 27

THE CITY OF FARGO.

[(ARGO, the county seat, is the chief city of the great territory, both as to population and wealth, and must of necessity become one of the great cities of the Republic. It is situated on the western bank of the Red, in about the center of the grand valley, and, excepting at high water, at the head of navigation, and surrounded by the best farm­ ing land in the world, with advantages, natural and artificial, superior to any other point in the new north­ west. Its population with its immediate environments, is about 13,000, though it can hardly be said to be more than ten years old. RAILROADS. Three great trunk lines of railway, among the greatest in the world, enter the city: The Northern Pacific, the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba, which enters the territory at this point, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, which has its terminus here. The Northern Pacific railroad gives to the city of Fargo direct access to the east, not only by way of Lake Superior but, by St. Paul and Minneapolis; on the west, it opens up for trade with Fargo—the noted Devils Lake country and territory intervening; the fertile valley of the James river; the country to the southwest of Fargo, the rich valley of Cheyenne being traversed by the Fargo & Southwestern branch of the Northern Pacific railroad, thus making this country .^, „,...., . -^

CITY OF FARGO IN 1884. FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. 29

with its great wheat fields and thriving towns tribu­ tary to Fargo. To the north, but a short distance from here, a branch penetrates the great Red River valley, giving direct connection with Winnipeg, the capital of Manitoba, connecting at that point with the Canadian Pacific, which penetrates the vast territory lying to the west, and makes further country tributary to the city. Also on the west the Northern Pacific places this point in direct connection with the many large and enterprising towns and cities lying between Fargo and the Pacific coast, penetrating, as it does, the rich grazing, mining and wheat regions of Montana,. Idaho, Washington and Oregon, and giving direct connection with the state of California. No road is more solidly built or more magificently and sumptuously equipped. No other of the trans­ continental lines, or of the lines running through Dakota, operates dining cars for the benefit of their patrons. The management adopts all the present inventions for safety that sagacity and a care for the public welfare can suggest, and no road is more con­ siderate for the business interests of the localities- through which it passes. The machine shops, round houses, etc., of the Dakota division are located here, giving employment to about 300 men, with an annual expenditure in wages of upward of $200,000 in the city. The number of locomotives used on the division is seventy-five. The number of miles operated from this point is 3,280. The receipts at Fargo station for passengers and freight during this year will approximate $800,000. The St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba operates, chiefly in North Dakota, 2722 miles of road, substan­ tially constructed and splendidly equipped, the greater part tributary to Fargo, where, it is estimated, there will be received for passengers and freight the present year over $700,000. 30 FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

The main line entering Fargo and the territory, passes down to the British border, through thriving towns and a part of the valley unsurpassed, west through the Devils Lake country, branching to the rich Turtle Mountain region, and on to the Great Falls of the Missouri and Helena, Montana, making tribu­ tary to Fargo an immense and rich country. Two lines with branches on the west side of the Red, including the main line, and one on the east, pass through almost the entire length of the valley and its -wheatfields—a sea of wheat—and through towns and villages, all tributary to Fargo; also on the east side branches run from Fargo, as the Moorhead Northern and Moorhead Southern, up and down the valley for a considerable distance, skirting the river, through more wheat fields and towns, and making further country tributary to the city; and branches reach the prosperous agricultural towns, in an adjoining county, of Hope, Portland and Mayville, and the towns on the way, all tributary. It may not be out of place to say that the founder and moving spirit of this system of railway, Mr. Hill, may be ranked as one of the most remarkable men of the world. For rare foresight, great generalship and brilliancy in commercial exploits and momentous business affairs it is doubtless whether he has a supe­ rior. During a part of last year he commanded an army of upward of 13,000 men—employes. Though unassuming, few have done more in aid of civilization and the progress of the world. His career from boy­ hood would make reading as interesting as the chap­ ters of the most skillfully constructed novel, and has few parallels. The Chicago, Milwaukee, & St. Paul Railway, ex­ tending south between the Wild Rice and the Red Rivers, passes through an agricultural country unsur- FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. 31 passed in the world. Wahpeton, a city of 2,000 peo­ ple, and many other large towns are located on this railway in the Red River valley. It is hardly neces­ sary to say that this road ranks among the highest on the globe in every respect. This company owns and operates over 5,600 miles of thoroughly equipped road in Dakota, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri, and has 1214 miles in operation in Dakota. It has terminals in such large cities as Fargo, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Chicago, Milwaukee, Omaha, Kansas City, Sioux City and St. Joseph. This great line of road extends direct from Fargo to St. Paul, Minneapolis, Milwaukee and Chicago. On the main lines this Company run perfectly equipped trains of sleeping, parlor and dining cars and coaches, and between St. Paul ancr Chicago the magnificent Pullman vestibuled trains are run daily. This com­ pany is always up to the times in the adoption of modern improvements for the safety and comfort of its patrons. The mercantile interests of North Dakota have been largely benefited by the building of this road to Fargo, a fact which has been acknowl­ edged and appreciated by its merchants and the tra­ veling public. At Fargo this company has a fine brick station house, brick freight house, round house and machine shops, and prospects are good for an early extension of its lines in Dakota. The Duluth, Fargo and Black Hills Railway is projected and partially graded with every prospect of completion at no distant day; and the same may be said of the Minnesota and Dakota Railway. A Min­ neapolis and Pacific road is also projected. And a road is being surveyed and the right of way purchased from Fargo, down the valley, to Grand Forks. In all there were in operation last year in Dakota upwards of 5,000 miles of railroads.

FABGO AND CASS COUNTY. 33

It is not unfair to say, including the parts of the three systems and those mentioned as projected and in course of construction, that there will be in a com­ paratively short time substantially and in effect no less than nineteen lines of railway converging at Fargo, or at least directly contributing to its trade and prosper­ ity. There is no city of equal magnitude and no dis­ tributing point nearer than 250 miles, and that south­ east, and, as already intimated, none in Dakota. It is no mere surmise or conjecture that, with its manifest and manifold advantages, as the country which is rapidly filling up, becomes more thickly peo­ pled, an immense trade must inevitably gravitate to Fargo, not only from the splendid resources of the valley itself, which alone would certainly develope a great city, but from a vast section of rich outlying country. It has more than recovered from the reaction attendant upon the inflation incident to overspecula- tion, which has been a feature in the history of every prominent modern city, and substantial progress is everywhere evident. Although the city is but little more than in its inception, and while the field is open and ready for numerous and profitable commercial and manufac­ turing enterprises, its advancement and trade are far from inconsiderable, and all the elements are present, only awaiting developement, for the constitution of a great city, the metropolis of a grand state and of the new Northwest. Already colleges are founded and under way. There are seminaries and schools (including a Kinder­ garten school) with buildings in the city and its imme­ diate environs, aggregating in value nearly half a mil­ lion dollars. 34 FABGO AND CASS COUNTY.

Numerous churches: Episcopal; being the cathe­ dral town, and where the headquarters of the diocese of Dakota are located, under the charge of Bishop Walker; Roman Catholic, Rev. Father D. V. Collins, priest and pastor, with St. Mary's convent, academy and parish school, in charge of six presentation nuns, and the probable future location of the headquarters of the bishopric, with cathedral, college and bishop's palace; two Congregational, with large grounds for a college speedily to be erected; Presbyterian, Metho­ dist, Evangelical, two Baptist and five Lutheran, and in all seventeen church societies. Electric light tow­ ers and lighting, Brush and incandescent; Holly sys­ tem of water works; five miles of good sewerage, and about forty miles of well-kept streets with side walks; excellent fire department, with the Gamewell fire alarm system; the best appointed club house in the new northwest; Board of Trade, Chautauqua Literary club, a lawn tennis club, the champion base ball club of the territory; large G. A. R. post; opera house; United States Court; United States land office; Court house costing $76,000, Y. M. C. A. with building con­ taining a commodious hall, reading room, library, gymnasium, bath room, etc.; W. C. T. U. and Y. W. T. U; excellent militia company with fine armory and drill building; the northwestern headquarters for all the railroad societies; three national banks and two private banking houses; savings bank and loan com­ panies; the headquarters for A. and A. Scottish Rite Masonry for Dakota; uniformed bodies of Knights Templar and Odd Fellows; Good Templars and various social and secret societies; headquarters of the Western Union of Dakota, receiving and trans­ mitting an average of 1000 messages every day; the largest telephone exchange in proportion to the population of any city in the world; and almost as FABGO AND CASS COUNTY. 35

much may be said of the post office, which gives free delivery and disposes of, on an average, 14,000 let­ ters, papers, etc., daily; bottling works; two steam laundries; safety deposit vaults; express offices, with a business of $75,000 a year; mercantile agency, green house and nursery, two ice dealers, five lumber deal­ ers, fifteen retail grocers, ten dry goods dealers, five drug houses, three hardware dealers, besides various other establishments usual to a busy city. The hotels are numerous and well kept. The Headquarters contains seventy rooms, with good con­ veniences, and is one of the best and the largest at present in operation in the territory. The Columbia, a fine brick structure with 100 rooms and all the improvements of the age, is about completed, at a cost of over $100,000, and will be the largest and best appointed, except those of St. Paul and Minneapolis, of any from Chicago, by the Northern Pacific, to the coast, not excepting the latter. There are few vacant buildings and the number is rapidly diminishing. There are also numbers,of fine private residences —one costing $35,000—with carefully kept lawns. Withal the city has but a debt of $136,000. The banks are, the First National, M. B. Erskine, president; S. S. Lyon, cashier. Red River Valley National, L. S. Follett, president; L. W. Follett, cashier. Citizens National, H. S. Miller, president; C. C. Schuyler, cashier. Dakota Guarantee Savings Bank, P. B.Smith, president; B. F. Spaulding, treas­ urer, and the banking houses of E. C. Eddy and Mor­ ton & Morris. The combined deposits in a year amounting to $60,000,000. The three National banks have a large aggregate capital, and the business is by no means confined to the city and county, as their stability is so assured that a large share of the busi- 36 FABGO AND C2V8S COUNTY.

ARGUS BLOCK. FABGO AND CASS COUNTY. 37

ness of the territory is concentrated here, and their ramifications extending even further, while the pri­ vate banks have also the confidence of the community. So far in the history of the city there has not been a single bank failure, and the per centage of business failures for the year will compare favorably with any other city in the Union. The loan companies, which have abundant capi­ tal, are as follows. The Fargo Loan Agency, J. W. Smith, manager; the Northwestern Trust Company, H. M. Rich, manager; the Farmers Trust Company, A. H. Hazen, manager; the Northwest Loan Agency, L. H. Page, manager. The Northern Pacific Elevator Company, which handles in a year 6,000,000 bushels of wheat, have their headquarters here for Dakota and the northwest, under the management of P. B. Smith. As might naturally be expected, the leading man­ ufacturing line represented is that of agricultural macihnery and implements, no less than eighteen con­ cerns, with extensive warehouses, having headquar­ ters here, whose sales for the current year, it is safe to put at $5,000,000. J. A. Johnson, with large warehouses, represents the following manufacturers: The Minnesota Thresher Company. Three Rivers Thresher Company. Van Brunt & Wilkins Manufacturing Company, Horicon, Wis. Dowagiac Manufacturing Company. D. M. Osborne & Co., manufacturers of harvesting machines and mowers. Johnson & Field, fanning mills and land rollers. Aspinwall Manufacturing Company, Michigan. John D. Batson represents the manufacturing house of William Deering & Co., whose transactions in harvesting machinery are among the most extensive. 38 FABGO AND CASS COUNTY.

J. H. Forsyth, the Ames Iron Works. W. H. Bache, the Buffalo Pitts Manufacturing- Company. J. A. Stavely, the Walter A. Wood Mower and Reaper Manufacturing Company. Eggen Brothers, Deere & Co., manufacturers of plows. Warren Clark, the Van Brunt & Davis Company. F. W. Sheffield, the McCormick Harvester Com­ pany. George P. Kenyon, C. Aultman & Co., harvesting and threshing machinery. Edward Conklin, the J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company. P. P. Nokken, Fuller & Johnson Manufacturing Company. W. A. Fitzpatrick, the Warder, Bushnell & Gless- ner Company. Five wagon and carriage manufacturers also have houses here. MANUFACTURES. Carriages and wagons and windmills are manufac­ tured to some extent. Boiler works on a moderate scale are in success­ ful operation, and the capacity will be increased. A foundry, within a mile of the city limits, gives constant employment to about twenty men, and is doing a profitable business. There are three flour mills in the city and imme­ diate vicinity, the output of which is 700 barrels daily. Three breweries have a combined capacity of 44,000 barrels yearly. Two galvanized cornice works are in operation, a planing mill, four harness shops, four cigar factories, two extensive brick yards, besides numerous other small industries. FABGO AND CASS COUNTY. 39

RETAIL TRADE. Several dry goods and grocery dealers and a drug house have sales amounting to $100,000 per annum, a furniture dealer $75,000, a crockery dealer $50,000, a hardware dealer $25,000, a lumber dealer $125,000, and estimating the various lines and dealers, including machinery, the annual sales will fall but little short of $8,000,000. WHOLESALE TRADE. The Standard Oil Company, with headquarters here for Dakota and the northwest, under the man­ agement of H. C. Reihl, have tanks and warehouses with a capacity of 35,000 barrels, and sell from here to the amount of $500,000. The only exclusively wholesale mercantile house is that of E. M. Raworth & Co., groceres, whose sales are large and extend over a wide area. A harness, saddle and hardware establishment has also large and extended sales. There is also considerable jobbing in fruit. The total sales of the above may be estimated at, in round numbers, $1,200,000. COLD STORAGE. A cold storage house has capacity for storing upwards of $1,000,000 worth of ordinary commodities, and the ice box contains 1,200 tons of ice. NEWSPAPERS. There are seven newspapers: Fargo Posten, P. T. Julseth, editor; Vesten, A. A. Trovaten, proprietor; North Dakota Churchman, Rev. F. B. Nash, Jr., editor; Northwestern Farmer and Breeder, E. A. Webb, editor and publisher; Fargo Evening Sun, W. H. H. Matteson, editor and publisher; The Daily, Weekly and Sunday Argus, A. W. Edwards, editor, is pub­ lished from the largest and most complete building devoted to printing in all the new northwest. The

FARGO AND CASS COUNTY. 41

Daily Argus was established in 1879, and has a gen­ eral circulation throughout the territory. The Sunday Argus is devoted to social and society matters, and is circulated largely in the east. The Weekly circulates largely in Dakota, but especially in Cass county and the Red River Valley. Connected with the Argus is a completely equipped book bindery. The Evening Republican, daily and weekly editions, J. J. Jordan, editor and proprietor, was founded in 1878, and is one of the best daily papers in Dakota. In connection with the establishment is one of the best job printing offices in the Northwest. A TEST OF FARGO'S PRE-EMINENCE. A fair test, in judging of the wealth and business of the city, is made by a comparison of the amount of premiums paid for insurance. By an act of the terri­ torial legislature a tax is levied on the incomes of the fire insurance companies, a per centage of which is paid to the different cities and towns in proportion to the amount of premiums paid by each, for their fire companies, and Fargo ranks highest, paying in prem­ iums $58,368.89, and receives for its fire department $1,167.37. The following are the cities receiving the largest amounts: Fargo $1,167.37. Grand Forks..... 711.40. Dead wood 650.44. Aherdecn 567.43. Sioux Falls 549.20. Bismarck 533-94. Jamestown 526.23. Yankton 319.71. TEMPTING PROSPECTS FOR JOBBERS AND MANUFAC­ TURERS. With the exception of the few lines of wholesaling referred to, the field is open and ready to be harvested by those first entering it. As already said, there is no other wholesaling or jobbing point within 250 miles, to the south-east. Experience has proved that distributing points and populous centers must of 42 FABGO AND CASS COUNTY.

necessity develop,.as the population increases, at much shorter distances, and in sections of country with fewer advantages and much less favored by nature. No section has been more munificently endowed with natural advantages. The wholesale lines referred to in successful operation, have transactions as far west even as Helena, Montana; have a regular and profitable trade as far north as points in Manitoba; in the Devils Lake and Turtle Mountain region and further on to the west; over ioo miles east and south-east; and further south and south-west; and thus the practicability of a wholesale trade is demonstrated beyond a peradven- ture, and is no longer an experiment. It is not a mere speculation or conjecture. Fargo having taken the lead; it is abundantly mainfest to any one looking over the grounds that no other point in the rapidly growing new northwest has equal advantages. It is true that for the present only comparatively moderate capital could be profitably employed, but there can be no doubt that such would not long be the case. It is unnecessary to enlarge upon the opportuni­ ties for manufacturers, for what has been stated in re­ gard to the other enterprises applies with equal force to them; the circumstances are almost identical, and the experiment has been tried successfully. THE OUTLOOK. As sure as the sun shines and sheds its genial rays upon the fruitful land of Dakota; as that the rain falls and the earth gives forth its increase; as that the mines are rich in the most precious and useful metals; as that the Northern Pacific has scaled the Rocky mountains and reached the ocean, in spite of gloomy prophecies; as that water finds its level and capital seeks profitable investment; as that the young men of the old states must have a wider scope for their inborn talents and enterprise; as that the crowded FABGO AND CASS COUNTY. 43

millions—intelligent and energetic—of the British Islands, of Norway, Sweden and Denmark and the other states of Europe, love independence and liberty, and are attracted by the millions upon millions offer- tile acres ready for the plow and seek to better their fortunes and engage in extended industrial occupa­ tions—so surely must Dakota form one—if not two— of the greatest states of a free, glorious, united and mighty nation, and that Fargo must, inevitably, march in the van of its progress and prosperity.

The Deering "All Steel" Binder and Bundle Carrier, The Deering Giant Mower, 5, 6 and 7 ft. cut. The New Deering, M ft. cut. The Deering Twine. WM, DEKIUNO & CO., Manufacturers, Chicago, 111. JOHN D. BATSON, GENERAL AGENT

N. B.—Wm. t>eerinfr & Co., are Ihe only manufacturers of binders who make their own twine and who build a binder exclusively of steel, and who build a successful six-foot"mow(--r.

If you want to Buy, Sell or Trade,do 01CIT A WORDno t Fail to By adTertlsing in the make your "Wants" known. By adveri Republican "WANT" Column, You receive prompt answers. Best advertising med­ ium in the city. One cent a word. 44 FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

A. E. NUGENT. G. H. BROWN. H. VEASEY. NUGENT, BROWN & CO., Blank + Hnnk * MannfaEfnrErs, Booksellers, Stationers and Newsdealers. School Supplies and Office Stationery, Type Writing Materials, Base Ball Goods, Wall Paper and Decorating-, Printing-, Book-binding, Lithographing, Rubber Stamps made to order. Correspondence Solicited. 1uSSS^g£vt FARGO, DAKOTA. 'gZrzSS? ^STANFORD, ({pain, Feed and HaiJ, Lime, CegeqS AW» PLASTER. Bye Flour, Graham Flour, Bolted Meal and Oat Meal a Specialty. Hand and Corn Cultivators.' Agent for Mosley Creamery. * GARDEN AND FIELD SEEDS. • 519 N. P. Avenue, - - FABGO, DAKOTA. J. B. FOLSOM, DEALER IN Qaletft ^tets Staai AND STOCK RANCHES. Making a Specialty of First * Mortgage * Loans in sums of $500 to $40,000.

Being well acquainted with values of both farm and city property, no loans are placed except where absolutely safe, in proof of which I would present the fact of having made no foreclosures for my clients during my six years experience in this Territory. Special attention given to Payment of Taxes, Examination of Lands and Titles Leasing Farms and City Property, Collecting Rents and making Safe Investments for Non-Residents. lock Box 1731. FARGO, DAKOTA. FABGO AND CASS COUNTY. 45

L. S. FOLLETT, STEPHEN GABDNER, L. W. FOLLETT, President. Vice-President. Cashier.

OF FABGO, DAKOTA. Capital Paid Up, $100,000.00. Surplusf$2j,ooo.oo. DIRECTORS.—Stephen Gardner, G. R. Freeman, O. W. Francis, L. S. Follett, J. G. F. Schneidler, L. W. Follett, J. W. Von Nieda, E. A. Perry. MAGILL & CO.

-»8- -^JSJEZGTO- -8*-

Good Milling "Wheat shipped on order to All Points in the Northwest. We buy Oats, Corn, Barley, Potatoes, Flax, Baled Hay, etc., in carloads at any station on railroads tributary to Fargo. We sell in carlords Oats, Corn, Hay, Ground Feed, Bran, Shorts, etc., for shipments in bulk or in sacks to all points in Minnesota, Dakota, Montana or Manitoba. |[(jJiean,*)l(j]Sllillan*$*[[o. GROCERS, No. 9, EIGHTH ST., FABGO.

We carry in addition to a complete Stock of STAPLES a full line of FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC FANCY GROCERIES AND TABLE DELICACIES. Families in the country and neighboring towns can save time and rely on as fresh goods carefully packed and promptly shippped as in eastern cities. Telephone connection with> Moorhead, Minn., and Mapleton and Casselton, Dakota. 46 FAEGO AND .CASS COUNTY. C. H. LAIZURE, ATTORNEY AT LAI AID IOTART PUBLIC COLLECTIONS A SPECIALTY.

Farm Land for Sale. Money Loaned for Eastern Capitalists. FABGO; -~ ~ - - DAKOTA.

T. C. MOSI.BT. C. E. SMITH, SPSCIAX. FARGO FURNITURE CO. Common and Fine tata DRAPERIES AND HOUSE DECORATIONS. Funeral Directors and Embalmers.

THE NORTHWESTERN TRUST CO.

J. O. JRWETT, DEALER IN EsfEu^nrnans^EsiEU^Ffaims,, And many cheaper grades of Instruments, Domestic and New Home Sewing Machines. Repairing a Specialty. Instruments for rent. Machines for rent. 221 BROADWAY. - FARGO. DAKOTA. FAROO AND CASS COUNTS'. 47

* SAVE YOUR PROPERTY FROM * Pipe, liighlmipig. §ail, ^©imad®.

ST. PAUL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY. W. C. McKINSTRY,

FARM DEPT. GEN. AGENT, FARGO, DAKOTA.

mm

ALL KINDS OF Musical Instruments, Sheet Music

AND

MUSICAL MERCHANDISE.

MAXCY BROS. OPERA HOUSE OORNER, FARGO, DAK.

DAILY AND WEEKLY EDITIONS.

BEST GVENING EAPEI^ IN DAKOTA

LARGEST JOB AND BOOK ESTABLISHMENT * WEST OF MINNEAPOLIS. + jPgUjj,»IS • (gents • per • jgfamtfj»

J. J. JORDAN, Editor and Prop. 48 FARGO AND CASS COUNTY.

HarriwarE * SIEVES * TlnwarEF GLASS AND TOOLS,

EXCLUSIVE AGENTS FOR THE INCOMPARABLE • STEWART* SHEET* I RON* STOVES.* We supply trade al any distance at St. Paul prices. ^CAMTGE BROS, EIGHTH STREET SOUTH, - - - FARGO, DAKOTA. FARGO LUMBER CO. General Lumber Dealers. AGENT8 FOR THE NEW VICTORY THRESHER AND HUBER ENQINES.

NORTHWESTERN AGENTS FOR THE Diamond Feed Hills, Diamond Horse Powers, Hazen Wind Hills. NORTHWESTERN DEPOSITORY FOR THE Moline. Milburn & Stoddard Co., handling "The Flying Dutchman" Plows, "The Dakota" Harrows, "The Milburn Wagon," "The Havana Kress Drill."

FARM BUILDINGS OF N. WHITMAN. "The County of Cass and the City of Fargo" was published in 1888 under the auspices of the Commercial Club, a forerunner of today's Chamber of Commerce. Like many pieces of promotional literature it found its way more readily to the waste basket than the library shelf; after sixty years Allen was able to locate only two copies while compiling "Dakota Imprints". In the 1950's it was certified as a bona fide bit of rare Americana when Wright Howes tagged it C222a. But as far as the Box Elder Bug Press is concerned its value lies more in its content than in its scarcity. Put together in the waning days of the great Dakota land boom it still evokes the spirit of that amazing age when the rainbow was almost guaranteed to descend on every man's south forty. The land was new, the sky the limit, and a fortune was within the grasp of anyone, providing of course that anyone was industrious, enterprising, sober and so forth. Well, the sky has fallen a few times since, and even the most enthusiastic of latter day boosters have never quite been able to match the gusto and unbounded optimism of those golden days when growth was unparalled and prosperity illimitable. BOX ELDER § -JOEL, o PRESS

The Box Elder Bug Press, a venerable institution established since 1974, rummages through attics and other dusty places seeking items of regional interest, historical or otherwise, to publish. This is the second it has found, and the search has just begun. Why does the box elder bug do this? Because it is a creature drawn by an inexorable fate toward light, like the moth. Only unlike the moth the box elder bug does not wish to arrive empty handed. So generally he brings something along; an old manuscript liberated from dingy archives, a new idea closeted in someone's skull - - some little thing that will, like him, enjoy the light again. For a more thorough and scientific discourse on other aspects of the box elder bug we refer you to our first publication "Dakota Wheatfields, 1880", where we examine the subject in excruciating detail. BOX ELDER HA. B g Al g PRESS