Independence, Technology, and Connection in Older Age
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REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT Independence, Technology, and Connection in Older Age Executive Office of the President President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology March 2016 REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT Independence, Technology, and Connection in Older Age Executive Office of the President President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology March 2016 About the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) is an advisory group of the Nation’s leading scientists and engineers, appointed by the President to augment the science and technology advice available to him from inside the White House and from cabinet departments and other Federal agencies. PCAST is consulted about, and often makes policy recommendations concerning, the full range of issues where understandings from the domains of science, technology, and innovation bear potentially on the policy choices before the President. For more information about PCAST, see www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/pcast The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Co-Chairs John P. Holdren Eric S. Lander Assistant to the President for President Science and Technology Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy Vice Chairs William Press Maxine Savitz Raymer Professor in Computer Science and Vice President Integrative Biology National Academy of Engineering University of Texas at Austin Members Wanda M. Austin Christopher Chyba President and CEO Professor, Astrophysical Sciences and The Aerospace Corporation International Affairs Director, Program on Science and Global Security Princeton University Rosina Bierbaum S. James Gates, Jr. Professor, School of Natural Resources John S. Toll Professor of Physics and Environment Director, Center for String and University of Michigan Particle Theory University of Maryland, College Park Christine Cassel Mark Gorenberg Planning Dean Managing Member Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine Zetta Venture Partners v Susan L. Graham Ed Penhoet Pehong Chen Distinguished Professor Director Emerita in Electrical Engineering and Alta Partners Computer Science Professor Emeritus, Biochemistry and University of California, Berkeley Public Health University of California, Berkeley Michael McQuade Barbara Schaal Senior Vice President for Science and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences Technology Mary-Dell Chilton Distinguished Professor United Technologies Corporation of Biology Washington University of St. Louis Chad Mirkin Eric Schmidt George B. Rathmann Professor of Executive Chairman Chemistry Alphabet Director, International Institute for Nanotechnology Northwestern University Mario Molina Daniel Schrag Distinguished Professor, Chemistry and Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology Biochemistry Professor, Environmental Science and University of California, San Diego Engineering Professor, Center for Atmospheric Sciences Director, Harvard University Center for Scripps Institution of Oceanography Environment Harvard University Craig Mundie President Mundie Associates Staff Marjory S. Blumenthal Diana E. Pankevich Executive Director AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow Jennifer L. Michael Ashley Predith Program Support Specialist Assistant Executive Director vi PCAST Independence, Technology, and Connection for Older Adults Working Group Working Group members participated in the preparation of an initial draft of this report. Those working group members who are not PCAST members are not responsible for, nor necessarily endorse, the final version of this report as modified and approved by PCAST. Co-Chairs Christine Cassel Ed Penhoet Planning Dean Director Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine Alta Partners Professor Emeritus, Biochemistry and Public Health University of California, Berkeley Working Group Members Jo Ivey Boufford Susan L. Graham President Pehong Chen Distinguished Professor New York Academy of Medicine Emerita in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California, Berkeley Sara J. Czaja Thomas Kamber Leonard M. Miller Professor Executive Director Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Older Adults Technology Services Sciences Scientific Director, Center on Aging University of Miami Miller School of Medicine David Dring Jason Karlawish Executive Director Professor of Medicine Selfhelp Innovations Perelman School of Medicine Selfhelp Community Services University of Pennsylvania S. James Gates, Jr. Arthur Kramer John S. Toll Professor of Physics Director Director, Center for String and Beckman Institute Particle Theory Professor of Psychology University of Maryland, College Park University of Illinois at Urban Champaign vii David Lindeman William Press Director Raymer Professor in Computer Science and CITRIS Health Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley University of Texas at Austin Michael McQuade Maxine Savitz Senior Vice President for Science and Vice President Technology National Academy of Engineering United Technologies Corporation Chad Mirkin Kai Stinchcombe George B. Rathmann Professor of Chief Executive Officer and Founder Chemistry True Link Financial Director, International Institute for Nanotechnology Northwestern University Craig Mundie Charlotte Yeh President Chief Medical Officer Mundie Associates AARP Services Inc. Elizabeth Mynatt Executive Director Institute for People and Technology Professor, School of Interactive Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Staff Marjory S. Blumenthal Diana E. Pankevich Executive Director AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow Jennifer L. Michael Ashley Predith Program Support Specialist Assistant Executive Director Technical Writer Robert Saunders Senior Advisor to the President National Quality Forum viii EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT PRESIDENT’S COUNCIL OF ADVISORS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20502 President Barack Obama The White House Washington, DC 20502 Dear Mr. President: We are pleased to send you this PCAST report on Independence, Technology, and Connection in Older Age. It is the second and final installment of PCAST’s work on the topic of technology for graceful aging. The first was our letter report to you in October 2015 on technologies for hearing assistance. The average age of the American population is increasing, and Americans want to continue to have active and productive lives as they age. The older adult population is diverse, made up of individuals with different economic circumstances, living situations, geographic locations, and language backgrounds, but predictable changes occur as people age. Technology has played an important role in increasing life expectancy, but it also has an important role to play in increasing the quality of life, by maximizing Americans’ ability to function in their later years. Last year marked the 50th anniversary of Medicare, Medicaid, and the Older Americans Act. At the 2015 White House Conference on Aging, discussions and new ideas inspired the direction of aging policy for the next decade. Building on these ideas, PCAST looks in this second report at three areas where older adults experience change: social engagement and connectivity, cognitive function, and physical ability. PCAST investigated technologies that promote individuals’ continued independence and productivity as these changes happen. The report includes four cross-cutting recommendations that span a wide range of technologies and eight targeted recommendations concerning specific applications to improve mobility, cognitive function, and social engagement. Internet access, telehealth, monitoring technology, emergency preparedness systems, and intentional design are some of the technologies that will support healthy aging for all Americans. The report focuses on near-term Federal actions to advance these possibilities. Older adults can bring the experiences and knowledge of their lifetimes to be vital, contributing, and productive members of society. Implementing these recommendations will help that happen, by ensuring that Americans now and in the future remain independent and connected as they age. Sincerely, John P. Holdren Eric S. Lander Co-Chair Co-Chair Table of Contents The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology ........................................................ v PCAST Independence, Technology, and Connection for Older Adults Working Group ............ vii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................. xi Executive Summary and Recommendations .......................................................................................... 1 Study Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Social Connectivity and Emotional Health (Chapter 2) .............................................. 1 Changes in Cognitive Ability (Chapter 3)............................................................................... 2 Changes in Physical Ability (Chapter 4) ................................................................................. 3 Recommendations in Summary ................................................................................................... 4 Cross-Cutting Recommendations .......................................................................................... 4 Issue-Specific Recommendations .........................................................................................