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Digitalization of Diplomacy: a New Way of Making Diplomacy?

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Digitalization of Diplomacy: a New Way of Making Diplomacy? Rivista elettronica del Centro di Documentazione Europea dell’Università Kore di Enna DIGITALIZATION OF DIPLOMACY: A NEW WAY OF MAKING DIPLOMACY? Paula Sullaj (MsC) University “Ismail Qemali” Vlorë, Albania ABSTRACT: Information and Communication Technology has made great developments these past decades. Its manifestation through the Internet has not only affected the way people interact but lately even the way States communicate with their audiences. This however, leads to new situations which international arena has to deal with and quickly adapt. Such an occurrence happens to be even more new to the way Diplomacy conduces itself. Authors and ambassadors have taken different approaches on the topic but they all agree at one point, Classic Diplomacy is not prepared for this. Thus, it is important to have a look on how these occurrences can be interpreted in the lens of the current international right. The existing treaties on diplomatic and consular relations offer the space for an extended interpretation of certain articles, yet there is a point where this interpretation cannot be done. Simultaneously, the Internet is a phenomenon from which Diplomacy has no escape. Therefore Diplomacy is left with two choices: either to keep up the pace of its legal aspects at the same level of the technological development, or to wait until a customary attitude takes place. Key words: E- Diplomacy, Internet, International Law, Diplomatic Law, Consular Law, Vienna Conventions, E- governance. 1. Introduction The international context has changed through various developments, but still some things find change as a hard thing to do. Through diplomacy States interact with each other, in order to come down to settlements or improve relationships. Whilst the Internet is the new way society widely communicates nowadays, it cannot exclude from such an effect even the ways diplomacy conducts itself through it. The Internet has connected the world in such ways that it would have not be considered possible before. Activism and political changes, sometimes, occur only through and because of it. This big impact has pushed diplomats to use it in the best ways they could think of, keeping in www.koreuropa.eu Rivista elettronica del Centro di Documentazione Europea dell’Università Kore di Enna mind the limits diplomacy itself imposes. We can see now Foreign Ministers using social media such as Twitter or Facebook, to communicate with each other and also with their public. This has grown the role of non-governmental organizations and interested public to have a bigger impact on the policies taken by States. Thus, it is now happening what many call “the democratization of diplomacy”. Not only technology and the Internet could be used as a means for public diplomacy and exchanging messages between diplomats. It has been possible that through the Internet diplomats can develop negotiation processes. Of course, this isn’t widely practiced, but anyhow steps have been made into this. E-negotiations, as they are called, would have many beneficial aspects regarding costs, time and also discreteness. A negotiation process made in through such tools would become less visible to the public and thus the decision-making would be done without much pressure. But as everything, it has its drawbacks. As much as secrecy may happen, at the same time cyber attacks, can happen so the information exchanged between diplomats can be used in other means. This is why this whole activity needs also to be regulated in legal forms. Currently there are no treaties made from States on the diplomatic activity and the Internet. This possibly, because there isn’t yet a created custom attitude of States to fall upon agreements. In this essay, we will try to discuss even further the impact of the Internet in diplomacy. We will see how diplomacy applies its functions via the Internet through the first chapter. Whilst in the second chapter we will be making an interpretation of the Vienna Conventions, regarding the Internet usage from diplomats. And thirdly, we will make some conclusions regarding digital diplomacy. 2. The Internet, a new path to diplomacy? Although the conception of the Internet dates back to the 1960s it was only until the 1990s that the Internet gained popularity, and together with other technologies deriving from www.koreuropa.eu Rivista elettronica del Centro di Documentazione Europea dell’Università Kore di Enna microprocessors gave rise to what is known as the information revolution.1 New communication tools have allowed a free flow of content and information. As a result information is no longer limited to privileged government officials but is accessed by the general public. Info on a population of a country, its economy or demographics, international statistics and rankings, updates on political events and many other basic information one may access instantly via numerous Internet services such as country’s official site, Wikipedia, “CIA World Fact- book”[...]or publicly available sources.2 Generally speaking the world has never witnessed more transparency than now as the result of the Information Revolution. Information and news is immediately available, and developments in any part of the world have become visible.3 But, technology creates the means. The people that use it define the ends to which it is put4. Thus Wescott continues arguing that the Internet has three fundamental impacts on international relations: • it multiplies and amplifies the number of voices and interests involved in international policy-making, complicating international decision-making and reducing the exclusive control of states in the process; • it accelerates and frees the dissemination of information, accurate or not, about any issue or event which can impact on its consequences and handling; • it enables traditional diplomatic services to be delivered faster and more cost effectively, both to ones’ own citizens and government, and to those of other countries.5 Following these impacts, we realize the growing influence of states, and also non- governmental organizations, businesses and even citizens in decision-making. So, despite how 1 GRECH , Virtual Diplomacy: Diplomacy of the Digital Age. Diss. U of Malta, August 2006. p. 3. 2 RADUNOVIC, The Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Diplomacy and Diplomatic service. Diss. U of Malta, 2010. P. 36. 3 GRECH, op. cit., p. 6. 4 WESTCOTT, Digital Diplomacy: The Impact of the Internet on International Relations. OII Working Paper No. 16. 1 Jul. 2008. P. 3. 5 WESTCOTT., op. cit., p. 2. www.koreuropa.eu Rivista elettronica del Centro di Documentazione Europea dell’Università Kore di Enna many state structures still exist, in places they are becoming disaggregated or hollowed out. Most people still vote in national elections and pay taxes to national revenue authorities; but their interest, loyalty and activities are becoming more focused at a global, as well as local and national, level.6 Potter on Cyber-Diplomacy: Managing Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century says that this only means that the new technology’s possibilities have “leveled the playing field” in which public diplomacy is conducted.(Qtd.in. H. Hoffman172)7 So, continue Khatib, Dutton and Thelwall in Public Diplomacy 2.0 “the Internet is used as the starting point for journalists in traditional media for the gathering of topics and opinions. Thus, online content can be very influential in “intermedia agenda setting”, but at the same time it can only realize its power through the old media’s cooperation.(Qtd.in. H. Hoffman175)8 Also, one key element of public diplomacy, the explaining of policy becomes even more important when citizens are confronted with different, contesting information from sources that all follow their own political agenda. Moreover, public diplomacy actors need to establish a credibility that makes them one of the voices that is heard and trusted among users.9 At this point, the role of diplomacy, and what is called public diplomacy, has changed in the need to adapt to these fast changes. This change has been reflected not only in the growing number of subjects, when it comes to international decision-making, but also how governments and diplomats communicate, interact and accomplish their functions with this wider global public. In Transformational Diplomacy, O’ Keefe states that traditional means of public diplomacy such as participation at public events or appearance in media may allow some space only, commonly for the ambassador, while the potential of other mission staff might not get the 6 WESTCOTT, op. cit., p. 4. 7 HOFFMAN, Twitter as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy: A Case Study of Sweden and Germany. Thesis. University of Göttingen, University of Uppsala, 2013. Stockholm: 2013. P. 31. 8 Id., p. 32. 9 HOFFMANN, op. cit., p. 32. www.koreuropa.eu Rivista elettronica del Centro di Documentazione Europea dell’Università Kore di Enna opportunity. (Qtd. in. Radunovic)10 Whilst using the Internet, the communication with the public may be more direct and also staff members may be able to do it, in order to create real contact with the audience, be it of the hosting country, or the global audience. For this reason the Information Revolution is the increased risk of being misunderstood. With the constant pressure of diplomats into public diplomacy, information which was traditionally intended for diplomatic recipients is now being delivered also to the non-diplomatic community. Moreover, besides other diplomatic opponents sources which may scrutinize diplomats are increased to the media and public in general, together with non-government and other organizations.11 This is a side-effect of the fast decision-making diplomats are faced to do when faced with too much information in a very little time. However, we shall discuss the diplomatic functions on the Internet more extendedly below. 10 RADUNOVIC., op. cit., p. 40. 11 GRECH, op. cit., p. 9 www.koreuropa.eu Rivista elettronica del Centro di Documentazione Europea dell’Università Kore di Enna 3.
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