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Smaller, Better, More: Five Decades of Advances in Geochemistry
spe500-08 1st pgs page 1 The Geological Society of America 18888 201320 Special Paper 500 2013 CELEBRATING ADVANCES IN GEOSCIENCE Smaller, better, more: Five decades of advances in geochemistry Clark M. Johnson* Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Institute, Wisconsin Team Scott M. McLennan Department of Geoscience, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA Harry Y. McSween Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA Roger E. Summons Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Institute, MIT Team ABSTRACT Many of the discoveries made in geochemistry over the last 50 yr have been driven by technological advances that have allowed analysis of smaller samples, attainment of better instrumental precision and accuracy or computational capability, and automation that has provided many more data. These advances occurred during development of revolutionary concepts, such as plate tectonics, which has provided an overarching framework for interpreting many geochemical studies. Also, spacecraft exploration of other planetary bodies, including analyses of returned lunar samples and remote sensing of Mars, has added an additional dimension to geochemistry. Determinations of elemental compositions of minerals and rocks, either through in situ analysis by various techniques (e.g., electron microprobe, secondary ion mass spectrometry [SIMS], synchrotron X-ray fl uorescence [XRF], laser ablation) or bulk analysis (e.g., XRF, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry [ICP-AES], inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry [ICP-MS]), have become essential approaches to many geochemical studies at levels of sensitivity and spatial resolution undreamed of fi ve decades ago. -
The Geochemical News
TNumberHE 120, JulyG 2004EOCHEMICAL NEWS 1 Newsletter of The Geochemical Society in cooperation with The European Association of Geochemistry NUMBER 120 ISSN 0016-7010 JULY 2004 • Who Were the Top Ten Geochemists of the 20th Century? • Astrobiology and the Columbia Shuttle Disaster Newsletter of the Geochemical Society 2 The Geochemical News Newsletter of the Geochemical Society Number 120, July 2004 3 EAG OFFICERS - 2004 PRESIDENT Terry Seward, ETH, Zurich PRESIDENT ELECT Bruce Yardley, Leeds, UK OUTGOING PRESIDENT Francis Albarede, Lyon, France TREASURER Catherine Chauvel, Grenoble, France SECRETARY Mark Hodson, Reading, UK EAG COMMITTEE THE GEOCHEMICAL SOCIETY MIRA BAR-MATTHEWS, ISREAL Larryn Diamond, Switzerland Jérôme GAILLARDET, FRANCE Alex Halliday, Switzerland SUSAN STIPP, DENMARK Riccardo Vannucci, Italy The Geochemical Society is a nonprofit scientific society founded to en- GERHARD WORNER, GERMANY Bruce Yardley, UK courage the application of chemistry to the solution of geological and cosmologi- cal problems. Membership is international and diverse in background, encom- passing such fields as organic geochemistry, high- and low-temperature geochem- THE GEOCHEMICAL NEWS istry, petrology, meteoritics, fluid-rock interaction, and isotope geochemistry. The Society produces a Special Publications Series, The Geochemical News (this July 2004 quarterly newsletter), the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Series (jointly with the Mineralogical Society of America), the journal Geochimica et Editors Cosmochimica Acta (jointly with the Meteoritical Society), and co-publishes the Johnson R. Haas (Dept of Geosciences) electronic journal G3 (jointly with the American Geophysical Union: AGU); grants Carla M. Koretsky (Dept of Geosciences) the V.M. Goldschmidt, F. W. Clarke and Clair C. Patterson Awards, and, jointly Western Michigan University with the European Association of Geochemistry (EAG), the Geochemistry Fel- Kalamazoo, MI 49008 lows title; sponsors the V.M. -
The Emerald Planet This Page Intentionally Left Blank This Page Intentionally Left Blank the Emerald Planet
The Emerald Planet This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank The Emerald Planet How plants changed Earth’s history David Beerling 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß David Beerling 2007 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc ISBN 978–0–19–280602–4 10987654321 For Juliette Preface The great evolutionary biologist J.B.S. -
A to Z of Earth Scientists
A TO Z OF EARTH SCIENTISTS NOTABLE SCIENTISTS A TO Z OF EARTH SCIENTISTS ALEXANDER E.GATES A TO Z OF EARTH SCIENTISTS Notable Scientists Copyright © 2003 by Alexander E. Gates All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gates, Alexander E., 1957– A to Z of earth scientists / Alexander E. Gates. p. cm. — (Notable scientists) Includes bibliographical reference and index. ISBN 0-8160-4580-1 (hardcover) 1. Earth scientists—Biography. I. Title. II. Series. QE21.G38 2002 551’.092’2’—dc21 2002014616 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at 212/967-8800 or 800/322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan M. Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Chronology by Dale Williams Printed in the United States of America VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Entries vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii Entries A to Z 1 Entries by Field 307 Entries by Country of Birth 310 Entries by Country of Major Scientific Activity 312 Entries by Year of Birth 315 Chronology 317 Bibliography 322 Index 325 LIST OF ENTRIES Albee, Arden L. -
Robert A. Berner Autobiography, American Journal of Science
[American Journal of Science, Vol. 313, January, 2013,P.1–60, DOI 10.2475/01.2013.01] American Journal of Science JANUARY 2013 FROM BLACK MUD TO EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE: A SCIENTIFIC AUTOBIOGRAPHY ROBERT A. BERNER Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8109 dedication To my wife, Elizabeth Kay Berner, for her unstinting encouragement and understanding throughout the many years of my devoting myself to my research, and for her collaboration in the writing of three books. PROLOGUE This autobiography covers the past 55 years of my research in geochemistry. I try to show how chemical principles can be applied to a wide variety of geological problems, ranging from iron sulfide mineralogy, to carbonate chemistry in the oceans, to silicate mineral surface chemistry during weathering, to biogeochemical changes during early diagenesis, to plants and weathering, to models for the evolution of atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide. This may seem excessively broad but my approach to science has been and will be eclectic for which I do not apologize. My guiding principle is “How can chemical measurement or chemical theory solve a given problem?” PART I. THE EARLY YEARS, 1953–1979 THE MAKING OF A GEOCHEMIST The Beginning I was strong in math and science in high school, so I entered Purdue University in 1953 with the intention of majoring in chemistry. I became completely dissatisfied with Purdue after about two months and decided to transfer to the University of Michigan after only one semester. At Purdue they kept pushing me towards engineering and, more importantly, there was a large lack of female students there.