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Raffinose and Stachyose Metabolism Are Not Required for Efficient Soybean Seed Germination

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Raffinose and Stachyose Metabolism Are Not Required for Efficient Soybean Seed Germination ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Plant Physiology 166 (2009) 1329—1335 www.elsevier.de/jplph SHORT COMMUNICATION Raffinose and stachyose metabolism are not required for efficient soybean seed germination Emily C. Dierkinga, Kristin D. Bilyeub,à aUniversity of Missouri-Columbia, Division of Plant Sciences, 110 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA bUSDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Research Unit, 110 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA Received 14 November 2008; received in revised form 20 January 2009; accepted 20 January 2009 KEYWORDS Summary a-galactosidase Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), which include raffinose and stachyose, are inhibitor; thought to be an important source of energy during seed germination. In contrast to Carbohydrates; their potential for promoting germination, RFOs represent anti-nutritional units for Raffinose family monogastric animals when consumed as a component of feed. The exact role for oligosaccharides; RFOs during soybean seed development and germination has not been experimen- Seed germination; tally determined; but it has been hypothesized that RFOs are required for successful Soybean germination. Previously, inhibition of RFO breakdown during imbibition and germination was shown to significantly delay germination in pea seeds. The objective of this study was to compare the germination potential for soybean seeds with either wild-type (WT) or low RFO levels and to examine the role of RFO breakdown in germination of soybean seeds. There was no significant difference in germination between normal and low RFO soybean seeds when imbibed/germinated in water. Similar to the situation in pea, soybean seeds of wild-type carbohydrate composition experienced a delay in germination when treated with a chemical inhibitor of a-galactosidase activity (1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or DGJ) during imbibition. However, low RFO soybean seed germination was not significantly delayed or reduced when treated with DGJ. In contrast to the situation in pea, the inhibitor-induced germination delay in wild-type soybean seeds was not partially overcome by the addition of galactose or sucrose. We conclude that RFOs are not an essential source of energy during soybean seed germination. Published by Elsevier GmbH. Abbreviations: DGJ, 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin; DW, dry Introduction weight; RFO, raffinose family oligosaccharides; STD, standard deviation; WT, wild-type. Although the exact function of raffinose family ÃCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 573 884 0451; fax: +1 573 884 7850. oligosaccharides (RFOs; raffinose, stachyose, and E-mail addresses: [email protected], verbascose) in germinating seeds is largely un- [email protected] (K.D. Bilyeu). known, it is clear that seeds require a large amount 0176-1617/$ - see front matter Published by Elsevier GmbH. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2009.01.008 ARTICLE IN PRESS 1330 E.C. Dierking, K.D. Bilyeu of energy during germination (Bewley and Black, contrasting RFO levels that could be used to 1994). This energy is hypothesized to come from produce seeds for germination studies. stored carbohydrates; sucrose and RFOs are the Blo¨chlet al. (2007) directly tested the effect of most abundant of the soluble sugars (Peterbauer inhibition of the breakdown of RFOs on germination and Richter, 2001) but account for only a small in pea. The results of this study indicated that pea portion of the total carbohydrates present in the seeds exhibited a significant delay in germination seeds (Ziegler, 1995). RFOs have previously been when a-galactosidase activity and thus RFO meta- thought to be involved in seed protection during bolism was inhibited by 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin the desiccation process (Black et al., 1996; (DGJ). Further, the germination delay in DGJ- Obendorf, 1997; Bailly et al., 2001) by stabilization treated pea seeds could be partially overcome by of the membrane (Crowe et al., 1987). Recently, the addition of galactinol (Blo¨chlet al., 2007). low raffinose and stachyose and low raffinose, Because of the implication that RFOs play critical stachyose, and phytin lines were tested for their roles in seed development and germination, the sensitivity to imbibitional chilling (Obendorf et al., objective of this project was to determine (without 2008). The results indicated that lines low in any selection for agronomic properties) the germi- raffinose and stachyose were similar to control nation potential of soybean lines with low RFOs as lines, with no sensitivity, while lines low in compared to sibling lines with wild-type RFO raffinose, stachyose, and phytin were sensitive to content. In addition, we sought to examine the imbibitional chilling (Obendorf et al., 2008). How- effect of blocking RFO metabolism in soybean seed ever, many of the proposed functions of RFOs in the germination. developing, stored, and germinating seed have not been confirmed experimentally (Bentsink et al., 2000; Gurusinghe and Bradford, 2001), but are Materials and Methods generally considered valid. Since the breakdown of seed components during germination has been studied extensively, it is known that protein, oils Plant Material and polymeric carbohydrates each break down A ‘Williams 82’ (Bernard and Cremeens, 1988)X slowly over a period of several days (Bewley and PI 200508 cross was made in the summer of 2005 at Black, 1994). This period extends beyond germina- Bradford Research and Extension Center near tion and thus cannot be solely responsible for Columbia, Missouri. Successful crosses were carried fulfilling the energy demands of the germinating through F . A population of approximately 84 F seed. 2 2 plants was grown to maturity in the summer of A soybean plant introduction line, PI 200508, was 2007. The resulting F seeds were phenotyped for identified as having reduced levels of RFOs and 2:3 seed oligosaccharide content using high perfor- elevated levels of sucrose (Kerr and Sebastian, mance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For each 2000). Initial characterization of soybean line PI plant, eight individual seeds were analyzed (Dierking 200508 was carried out by Hitz et al. (2002). Seeds and Bilyeu, 2008). Five lines were selected with of PI 200508, in addition to reduced RFOs, had a 25- wild-type RFO phenotypes and five lines with low fold reduction in raffinose synthase enzyme activity RFO phenotypes. Three hundred F seeds from (Hitz et al., 2002). Each of these characteristics 2:3 each line were used for the germination experi- potentially improves the nutritional quality of the ments described below. The Williams 82 seeds used soybean meal and together highlights the soybean were produced in the summer of 2008. line PI 200508 as an important source for the low RFO trait. In a subsequent study, Neus et al. (2005) reported that the vigor of backcrossed PI 200508- HPLC Oligosaccharide Analysis derived low RFO lines was not affected as there were no significant differences in a number of seed Oligosaccharides were separated and quantified quality traits including field emergence, seed yield, by high performance ion chromatography with maturity, and fatty acid content as compared to pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) employing derived lines with a wild-type (WT) RFO phenotype. an Agilent 1100 series HPLC and an ESA Coulochem We recently determined that the molecular genetic III detector (Agilent Technologies, Chesterfield, basis for the low RFO trait in soybean line PI 200508 MO, USA). A 12.5 mg ground seed sample was was a variant allele of a raffinose synthase gene extracted with 0.5 ml 50% ethanol at 70 1C, (Dierking and Bilyeu, 2008). This discovery allowed 30 min. Samples were then centrifuged 15 min at us to develop closely related soybean germplasm 16,000 g. The supernatant was passed through a without direct agronomic selection, but with 0.2 mm filter. Sugars were separated on a Dionex ARTICLE IN PRESS Efficient germination of low raffinose and stachyose soybean seeds 1331 Carbo Pac PA 10 analytical column (250 mm  4 mm, tose. The experimental time points and data 10 mm) connected to a Carbo Pac PA 10 guard collection were carried out exactly as described column (50 mm  4 mm). The mobile phase was above except three replicates of 50 seeds were 90 mM NaOH with flow rate of 1.5 mL minÀ1, used for each treatment. maintained at 30 1C. Detection settings were: time 0, 0.1 v, time 0.41, À2.0 v, time 0.42, 0.6 v, and time 0.44, À0.1 v. Results and Discussion Germination Experiments Soybean seeds were produced in a field environ- Germination experiments for wild-type and low ment from plants which stably inherited wild-type RFO soybeans included two treatments, using water or low RFO phenotypes depending on their inheri- (control) or DGJ (Industrial Research, Wellington, tance of homozygous variant alleles of a raffinose New Zealand), and were carried out essentially as synthase gene (RS2) from the wild-type (Williams 82) described (Blo¨chl et al., 2007). Seeds were imbibed or low RFO (PI 200508) parent (Dierking and Bilyeu, at 25 1C in the dark in Petri dishes (50 seeds per 2008). The plants were related F2 individuals 15 mm Petri dish) with 25 mL of either water that produced F2:3 seeds, but were not selected (control) or 50 mM DGJ. Seeds were imbibed for for any particular agronomic characteristics. Five 16 h and then transferred to containers lined with F2:3 lines were selected with wild-type RFO profiles wetted paper towels (DGJ treatment was wetted and homozygous wild-type RS2 alleles, and five with 50 mM DGJ). One hundred fifty seeds were used lines were selected with low RFO profiles and per line, per treatment. The seeds were placed in homozygous variant alleles of RS2 (Table 1). In the 25 1C in the dark for germination. Germination was lines with the low RFO profile, sucrose was 165% defined as the point at which the radical pierced of the wild-type level, and raffinose and stachyose the seed coat. The number of germinated seeds decreased to 18% and 33% of the wild-type levels, was counted at six different time intervals: 23, 40, respectively, consistent with a reduction in raffi- 47, 64, 71, and 88 h; where 0 h is the time at which nose synthase enzyme activity in developing seeds seeds are introduced to either water or DGJ in the (Hitz et al., 2002).
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