Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science
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TRANSACTIONS OF THE MISSOURI ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOLUME 35, 2001 .. About the Academy Scientists of the State of Missouri organized in 1934 to form approximately 750 members of the Academy. Statewide interest the Missouri Academy of Science. By Apri16, 1934, a Constitution at a high level continued until activities made necessary by World and By-Laws were prepared and on August 14, 1934, the organ War II caused disruption of Academy affairs except for some ization was incorporated. activity in the College Section. The purposes of this Academy were presented in the fourth Post-war revival of Academy activities started at a meeting "article of agreement" as follows: on April 20, 1963, at Drury College. From the group of twelve "This corporation is organized, not for profit but for the persons who initiated the reactivation of the Academy in 1963, purposes of promoting the increase and the diffusion of scientific the membership has grown steadily to more than 800. Activities spirit, and of promoting cooperation between the scientific of the Academy have expanded to include the awarding of interests of Missouri. It proposes to accomplish these purposes: modest grants for projects proposed by high school and college a. By holding meetings for the presentation of scientific students, and to sponsor the establishment of a Junior Academy papers embodying the results of original research, teaching of Science. experience, or other information of scientific interest. Since its reactivation in 1963, the Missouri Academy of b. By fostering public interest in scientific matters,through Science has regularly held annual meetings at 16 different sites open meetings, press releases and in such other ways as around the state. The refereed publications, the Transactions of seem feasible. the Missouri Academy of Science, has been published consistently c. By encouraging local scientific organizations in every since 1967. Six Occasional Papers have also been released. possible way. Presently, 49 colleges and universities around the State of d. By promoting acquaintance in harmonious relationships Missouri hold an Institutional Membership status. Many indus between scientists in Missouri and among all who are tries and other private businesses are supporting the Academy interested in science. with Corporate Memberships. e. By supplying, so far as finances permit, a medium for the Membership into the Academy is a year-round opportunity for publication of results of original work, particularly those everyone and runs from January 1 to December 31. Benefits of special interest in this state. include four quarterly Bulletins, one annual Transactions, and f. By concerning itself with legislation on scientific matters, annual meeting lower pre-registration fee. and providing opportunity for discussion of such legislation. The Missouri Academy of Science is a non-profit organization g. By working in any and all other ways which may prove and is supported solely by membership dues and donations. That feasible, for the advancement of science in Missouri." is why we appreciate each new member and the current members The Academy held its organizational meeting on April13-14, who renew so faithfully each year. And it is because of their 1934, with 250 people attending. At the December, 1934, meeting, interest that the Academy continues its success as a fine more than 400 people registered and by May, 1935, there were scientific organization. TRANSACTIONS OF THE MISSOURI ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Volume 35 2001 EDITOR Cheryl A. Schmidt EDITORIAL OFFICE W.C. Morris 306 Central Missouri State University Warrensburg, MO 64093-5000 BUSINESS OFFICE Attn: Paula Macy Grinstead 245B Central Missouri State University Warrensburg, MO 64093-5053 iii Missouri Academy of Science OFFICERS 2001-2002 President President-Elect Mary F. Haskins Tamera S. Jahnke Rockhurst University Southwest Missouri State University Vice-Presiden Past-President Steven H. Mills David Naugler Central Missouri State University Southeast Missouri State University Secretary Treasurer Cheryl A. Schmidt Frederick Worman Central Missouri State University Central Missouri State University Historian Collegiate Division Marshall L. Andersen TedGoudge Rockhurst University Director, Northwest Missouri State University Junior Division Michelle Norgren Director, Southwest Missouri State University iv Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science Table of Contents Volume 35 Page Officers of the Academy . iii Table of Contents ................................................................... iv Publications of the Missouri Academy of Science . ..... v Contributed Papers Effect of CaS04 (Gypsum) on Cotton Lint Yields, Soil Fertility, and Physical Soil Properties of ....... 1 Heavy Clay Soils in Missouri - David Dunn, Bobby Phipps, Gene Stevens, and Andrea Phillips The First Distributional Record of the Least Weasel, Mustela nivalis, in Northeastern Missouri ........ 7 - Orin B. Mock, Gary D. Sells, L. Scott Ellis, and David A. Easterla Reduction of 2- and 4-Alklylcyclohexanones with Sodium Borohydride in Alcohol Solvents: ......... 13 The Effect of the Stereochemistry of the Product. - Bruce A. Hathaway and Cheryl L. Chittenden The Influence of pH and Phosphorous on the Adsorption of Chromate on Smectites Having Synthetic . 17 Hydroxy-A! Interlayers -Michael T. Aide and Mark Cummings Valley Anticline Associated with the Warrensburg Sandstone in Missouri ........................ 25 -John W Emerson and John L. Nold Material Science: Internet and WebCT® Enhanced Laboratory in General Chemistry .............. 39 - Tadd P. Marshall, Melissa Short, Steven R. Boone, and Scott E. McKay Abstracts Papers presented at Annual Meeting, 2001 Senior Division ................................................................ 47 Collegiate Division . .. 69 v Publications of the Missouri Academy of Science The following Volumes of the Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science are available for 1. Symposium on Pests and Pesticides purchase. 2. Enzyme Characterization of Brown Recluse Spider The charge is $18.00 per Volume which includes a Venom $3.00 charge for shipping and handling for domestic 3. Timber-Wildlife Management Symposium postage. Overseas orders should add current postal 4. Callaway Plant Units I and II, Preconstruction airmail rate for international mail. Environmental Monitoring Volumes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8 (a double volume), 5. Second Woody Ornamentals Disease Workshop 9, 10 & 11 (a double volume), 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 6. CANCELLED 18, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29, 30. 7. Proceedings of Cedar Glade Symposium - out of The following Occasional Papers of the Missouri print Academy of Science are also available for purchase. 8. Lyme Disease in the Southcentral United States The charge is $8.00 per copy, which includes a $3.00 charge for shipping and handling for domestic postage. Overseas orders should add current postal airmail rate for international mail. Copyright statement: Copyright for each article and abstract in this volume of the Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science resides with the author(s). Permission to use, copy, or reproduce must be obtained by contacting the respective author(s) of the specific item of interest. 2001 Transactions, Missouri Academy of Science 1 Effect of CaS04 (Gypsum) on Cotton Lint Yields, Soil Fertility, and Physical Soil Properties of Heavy Clay Soils in Missouri David Dunn, Bobby Phipps, Gene Stevens, and Andrea Phillips University of Missouri-Delta Center, 14 7 State Highway T, Portageville, Missouri 63873 Abstract: Cotton production on clay soils in Missouri Excessive water is a limitation to the use of this soil is often limited by poor internal soil water drainage. because surface runoff is slow, and internal drainage is A two year study was conducted at the University of poor. Cotton requires good drainage as low soil Missouri Delta Center at Portageville, Missouri to oxygen levels limit root growth (Huck, 1970). determine whether gypsum (CaS04) soil amendments Saturated hydraulic conductivity is generally less than may improve soil physical properties and increase 4.2 E-5 em s -1 compared to 4.2 E-3 em s -1 or more cotton yields on a Sharkey clay soil (very fine, mont for the Malden soils (Garrett et al., 1978). The soil is morillonite, thermic Vertic Haplaquept). Gypsum firm and plastic and has a very high shrink-swell treatments were applied on small plots at 1.68 and potential because of a high montmorillonite content. 3.36 Mg ha-l rates. Gypsum improved soil drainage in Consequentially, the soils are difficult to till and the seedbeds as indicated by saturated conductivity seedbeds are difficult to prepare. In most years cracks measurements. Saturated hydrologic conductivity form as the soil is depleted of available water by the averaged 6.0 E-5 em sec-1 on untreated plots are growing crops. Furrow irrigation is difficult to manage comyared to 1.3 E-4 em sec-1 on plots with 3.36 Mg on Sharkey soils. These properties contribute to low ha - gypsum. Gypsum additions decreased soil pH productivity by limiting root growth and reducing from 6.5 (untreated check) to 6.3 (both gypsum treat plant available soil moisture. ments). Soil compaction as measured by bulk density Gypsum (CaS04) has long been used as an amend and penetrometer resistance was not significantly ment to condition clay soils (McCray et al., 1991). effected by gypsum. There was a slight trend towards Benefits of gypsum applications can include increased increased yields from gypsum.