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Kurt Lewin and Experimental Psychology in the Interwar Period

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Kurt Lewin and Experimental Psychology in the Interwar Period '55#466'21 @744)1%71%"#5("#0'5!&#14"#5 2!6243&')2523&'#F4D3&')DG !& ( ) E @7#4)'1 921 11 #4)'1B #4 4 5'"#16"#4 70 2)"6E 1'9#45'6 6@7#4)'1C 42$D4D 1E #1"4'() #46@ #4#(1"#4 &')2523&'5!&#1(7)6 6 C 42$D'!&#)#")#B & 76!&6#4C PD 42$D4D 84%#1#11 QD 42$D4D'6!&#))D 5& #46#'"'%60SD'QIPR Forward I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Dr. Jürgen Renn, Director of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, who supported my pre-doctoral research from the early ideation, through all of its ups and downs until the final line of the disputatio at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Beyond that, the Institute enabled my research project by granting me a PhD scholarship and providing a fruitful work environment, while the well-organized MPIWG library offered me the opportunity to assemble the majority of the material for this book. I am obliged to Professor Dr. Mitchell Ash for his commentaries and insights from his vast knowledge in the history of psychology, as well as for being part of my PhD committee de- spite the geographical distance. I would like to also thank Dr. Alexandre Métraux for advising me on questions related to Lewin’s philosophy of science. Moreover, I am highly indebted to Dr. Massimilano Badino for his scholarly advice, but even more so for his friendship and moral support whenever I needed it. In addition to that, he en- couraged and prepared me to present my work in a variety of international conferences. I warmly thank my co-fellows, soon-to-be Dr. Sascha Freyberg and Dr. Sebastian Zacharias for being good friends during the joint work on our dissertations. Besides that, Sascha’s ad- vice was crucial in reconstructing the many historical and intellectual facets of the Weimar academic culture while Sebastian helped to stringently organize and structure my text. Further acknowledgements go to the sadly deceased Dr. Peter Damerow, who stayed late after hours and took me out for lunch to discuss the progress on my thesis. I am grateful to Dr. Matteo Valleriani, Dr. Matthias Schemmel and Dr. Pietro Omodeo for delivering valuable commentaries and suggestions during the writing-up of my dissertation. Beyond that, I am most indebted to my numerous friends – albeit I wouldn’t want to press them into a long meaningless list but rather to thank them personally – for being there for me in good and in bad times, sharing cookies and tea, at times commenting on pieces of my thought and supporting me with their positive words and attitudes. Last but not least, I thank my dear husband, Tal Schechter, for saving the dissertation after a computer breakdown and helping with the final editing. Finally, it is my parents, who taught me the value of knowledge and education from the infant age on, thereby laying the groundwork for the entirety of my academic achievements. The bottom line: The years spent on the PhD have made me stronger, taught me to deal with disappointments, loss of energy and self-confidence, and at the end of the day always, al- ways pick myself up and continue striving for my goals. Finally, and most importantly, this arduous path of my doctorate taught me how important it is in life to choose the right goals and to carefully pick your battles. Anna Perlina Contents Introduction 4 0.1 Between two poles: Psychology as an academic discipline ................. 4 0.2 Kurt Lewin and the challenges of his experimental program ................. 5 0.3 Theoretical framework, state of research and contribution of this work ........... 6 0.4 Methodological note ....................................... 11 0.5 Main sources ........................................... 12 0.6 Contexts of Lewin’s psychological work ............................ 13 0.7 Structure of the work ....................................... 14 I Experimental psychology between two poles 16 1 Networks of the pioneers of experimental psychology (1879–1910) 16 1.1 Psychology as a Geisteswissenschaft: Roots of experimental psychology ......... 16 1.2 The first experimental laboratory: Wundt in Leipzig ...................... 19 1.3 Measurement of higher mental functions: Hermann Ebbinghaus in Breslau and Halle . 21 1.4 Psychology as an exact science: Georg Elias Müller in Göttingen ............. 22 1.5 A mediation attempt: Carl Stumpf in Berlin ........................... 23 1.6 Revival of introspection: The Würzburg School ........................ 24 1.7 Early experimental styles in summary ............................. 25 2 Defining psychology’s territory (1910–1933) 28 2.1 Psychology’s struggle for existence: Lehrstuhlstreit ...................... 28 2.2 The functional commitment: Psychology as a Naturwissenschaft .............. 30 3 The whole and the parts: Gestalt in Weimar Germany 32 3.1 Gestalt psychology coming of age ............................... 33 3.2 Principles of Gestalt ....................................... 36 3.3 Stumpf’s heritage in the Gestalt theory: Continuity and discontinuity ............ 39 3.4 Institutional standing of the Gestalt school .......................... 41 3.5 Interdisciplinary ambitions ................................... 43 3.6 Hopes and disappointments in the socio-political arena ................... 45 Part I Conclusion: Experimental psychology between two poles 48 II Interdisciplinary roots of Lewin’s theory of human conduct 50 4 Kurt Lewin in context 50 4.1 A short intellectual biography: Kurt Lewin (1890–1947) ................... 51 4.2 Lewin in the early role conflict between epistemology and experimentation (1911–1921) . 52 4.2.1 The doctorate: Stick to experimentation! ........................ 53 4.2.2 The Habilitation: In no man’s land ........................... 54 4.3 Lewin and the (other) Gestalt psychologists (1922–1934) .................. 56 4.3.1 Lewin’s niche ....................................... 56 4.3.2 The contradictions .................................... 58 1 5 Constitution of new concepts in Lewin’s pragmatic philosophy of science 60 5.1 Cassirer’s impact ......................................... 61 5.2 Main traits of Lewin’s comparative theory of science ..................... 63 5.3 Phenomenological vs. conditional-genetic concepts ..................... 64 5.4 Rule vs. law ............................................ 65 5.5 Experiment and the construction of psychological types ................... 66 5.6 Experiment and the revelation of the “ideal” case ....................... 67 5.7 Challenges of Lewin’s philosophy of science .......................... 69 6 Towards a dynamic psychology of human conduct 71 6.1 Associanist psychology ..................................... 71 6.2 Early experimental psychology of will .............................. 72 6.3 Replacing images through processes ............................. 74 6.4 From psychology of will to Lewin’s dynamic holism ...................... 74 6.5 Comparative summary and implications ............................ 78 7 Natural-scientific analogies in psychology of human conduct 81 7.1 The place of natural-scientific concepts in the psychological theory ............. 81 7.2 Lewin’s dynamic model of psychic processes ......................... 83 7.3 The field concept ......................................... 85 7.4 The field in Gestalt and in Lewin’s psychology of human conduct .............. 87 Part II Conclusion Interdisciplinary roots of Lewin’s theory of human conduct 93 III Berlin Experimental Program 95 8 Styles and practice of the Gestalt experiments 97 8.1 The Berlin micro-culture ..................................... 98 8.2 Types of experiments ....................................... 100 8.2.1 Perception ........................................ 100 8.2.2 Quantifiable invariant relations ............................. 101 8.2.3 Psycho-physiological Gestalt correlates ........................ 102 8.3 Experimental principles ..................................... 103 8.4 Implications of the Gestalt experiments ............................ 104 8.5 “One long discussion”: Lewin’s student circle in Berlin .................... 105 8.6 Lewin’s experiments on human conduct ............................ 107 8.6.1 Experiment as a social situation ............................ 108 8.6.2 Deception methods ................................... 108 8.6.3 Experimenting with different hierarchies ........................ 109 8.6.4 Open research design, context-dependent conduct and preprogrammed interactivity110 8.6.5 Qualitative vs. quantitative research .......................... 111 8.6.6 Exemplary experimental design: Dembo’s study of anger .............. 112 8.6.7 Lewin’s experiments in context ............................. 112 9 Development of Lewin’s conceptual system: A roadmap 114 9.1 The analytical challenge of Lewin’s experiments ....................... 117 9.2 Resumption of interrupted activities ............................... 118 9.3 Level of aspiration ........................................ 120 9.4 Substitution ............................................ 123 9.5 Material properties of the field . ............................... 124 9.6 Topological extensions towards person-environment-interaction .............. 130 9.7 From experiment to concept formation ............................. 131 2 10 The analytical challenge of topology 134 10.1 From geometry to psychology . ............................... 134 10.2 The analytical procedure: Abstraction, representation, topological space .......... 136 10.3 Extensions of topological psychology: Distance and direction ................ 141 10.4 Functions of the topological
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